Post on 15-Jan-2017
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EUREKA
3 Days International Workshop
on
Research, Writing and Publishing
1-3 September 2016
Organized by
Centre for Excellence in Research and Innovation
PA College of Engineering
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University Belgaum)
Mangalore, India
Compilation of Presentations
by
Dr. M. Abdul Mujeebu
Associate Professor, College of Architecture and Planning,
University of Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Founder and Chairman- RAASTHA (www.raastha.org) & IREEE (www.ireee.net)
Founder and Chief Editor – IJATR (www.ijatr.org) Email: mamujeebu@gmail.com
: 00966-505744705
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Preface
Unlike the earlier decades, in the recent past, there has been significant motivation among the
scientific and engineering community, towards improving their quality; the increasing numbers of
candidates enrolled for Master and Doctoral programs in various universities testify this fact. Thus,
research excellence has become a necessity rather than a mere symbol of reputation. Especially
the academic community has realized that it cannot survive in the current competitive environment
without the research and publishing skills being utilized or developed. This situation calls for
effective guidance and training for the researchers with a view to ensure quality and timely
publication of their incredible findings in a reputed global platform. On the other hand, many
excellent candidates are still at the oscillating stage, and need proper guidance to enable them take
constructive and wise steps towards research. It is also often noticed that many novel works are
left unpublished due to either negligence or lack of expert assistance in shaping a research article.
In some cases researchers feel satisfied by presenting their high quality works either in a
conference or in some local journals. While looking to the researchers, due to the time-bound
research provisions, and funding and other constrains, they often undergo heavy pressure in
finishing their work. They seek help from some writing consultants in shaping their theses and
papers, and consult any journal that could easily and quickly publish the paper. Once they manage
to get through the defence, most of them do not pay any attention on pursuing their valuable work,
and most regretting is that, majority of such doctoral degree holders fail in writing their own paper.
As a matter of fact, many research articles submitted to reputed journals have unacceptable
mistakes in terms of grammar and sentence structure, which often becomes the reason for rejection
of many excellent works. This could be addressed through proper exercise in improving writing
skills. Global visibility of researchers and their published works is another concern, which is
important to ensure their true recognition.
In the light of the aforementioned facts, the mentor tries to unveil his experience as a researcher
and a recognized author of research articles. The participants of this training program will be
prompted to rewrite their mindset and reach many productive conclusions such as:
Excellence in scientific research is synonymous to academic quality Further
Research is not beyond my limit, and my inherent skills are more than enough to do
wonders
Research is a responsibility, so I must be sincere and loyal to it
I can do the best independently within the time-frame and within all kinds of constrains
such as family, funding, lack of proper supervision, lack of software exposure, etc.
I can write my thesis by myself
I can write my paper by myself
I can publish in reputed journals
I will become one among who created history in research and publishing
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Note: Only the highlights of the presentations are provided here. Additional materials and exercises will
be provided as hard copies during the sessions. The participants are free to interact with the mentor for any
clarifications and assistance, personally or through email.
RESEARCH
Research – Not Beyond Your Reach
Basic Attributes
Confidence
Determination
Independence
Hard work
Systematic approach
Getting ready
Choosing the area
Preparation- Gathering background
Language and writing skills
Computer and internet
File management
Time management
Think of doing full time- on campus
You will really enjoy research and you will realize that your inherent skills are sufficient
enough to do wonders!!!
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RESEARCH PROBLEM
Research Steps
Selecting the domain (area)
Selecting the topic
Review of pertinent literature
Identifying the gap/problem
Defining the problem
Defining research questions/hypotheses
Formulating objectives
Designing Methodology
Data collection and analysis
Data interpretation
Communication
Research Topic
A topic you would like to address, investigate, or study, whether descriptively or
experimentally.
It is typically a topic, phenomenon, or challenge that you are interested in and with which
you are at least somewhat familiar.
Research Types
Qualitative (inductive)
Quantitative (deductive)
Descriptive
What is a Research Problem?
It is that aspect of the research topic/area, which causes the researcher to feel apprehensive,
confused and eager to find a solution for.
Ask yourself (while choosing a research area/topic/problem)
Why is it necessary and important to address the issue?
Who will benefit from my study, and how?
Will the results have social, educational or scientific value?
Will the results be worth for practical applications?
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Is there enough scope left within the area?
Can I find answers?
Is it viable within the limits?
Identification of the problem
Finding a problem is not difficult, but identifying a problem for the purpose of research is not
always easy- doesn’t mean impossible!!
A clear cut idea about the research problem will generate a convincing research proposal
Research originates from a need- Think on what caused the need to do the research
Ask yourself: Are there questions about this problem to which answers have not been found
so far?
Imagine a virtual brain-storming group, generate questions and objections on their behalf,
and try to answer them
Sources of problem identification
Personal experiences
Scientific literature
Theories – Shortcomings may be researched
Interaction with professionals and experts
Conferences, seminars etc.
Sub-problems
Problems related to the main problem identified
Flow from the main problem and make up the main problem
Help to reach the set goal in a manageable way and contribute to solving the problem
Research purpose
The purpose is to solve the problem; i.e. find answers to the question(s).
If there is no clear problem formulation, the purpose and methods are meaningless
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Literature Review
Objectives of literature review
To know the appropriate research methodologies
To see how your research fits into a broader framework
To prepare you for approaching the critical review
To know what researchers in the field already know about the topic
To know what those in the field do not yet know about the topic - the 'gaps‘
To know major questions in the topic
To provide background information for the reader
To ensure that new research (including yours) avoids the errors of some earlier research
To demonstrate your grasp of the topic
Critical review
Critical review doesn't mean criticizing a work; moreover if you are new you are not in a
position to 'criticize' the work of experienced and established researchers
Some critical comments may be available from other researchers. These criticisms and
conclusions can be reported in your review
The term critical indicates:
It should not be merely a descriptive list of a number of research projects related to the topic
You are capable of thinking critically and with insight about the issues raised by previous
researchers
The manner in which you choose theories and views of other researchers and the way you
synthesize these indicate your critical thinking
Building background
All published documents
Research articles are important
Sweep-out the literature- Reliability issue!!
Online resources- URL & downloading date
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Keep in order- File management (Follow citation style- Mendeley, EndNote etc. may help)
Reading, understanding, grouping and sequencing
Patience- don’t give up, keep reading!!!
Narrowing down
Research projects which are closely related to your own topic
Key studies which are widely cited by others in the field, however old they may be
Focus on the most recent papers
If there are several similar studies with similar findings, you should review a representative
study which was well designed.
Analyze their conclusions
Slowly reach to identifying the “gaps”
PROBLEM STATEMENT AND OBJECTIVES
Problem Statement
Defining the problem
Identifying the problem is the first essential step in designing a research proposal, but it must
then be followed by a process of problem definition
The research problem identified must now be defined in terms of its relevance, significance,
scope, scientific contribution, novelty, and usefulness to the research community and
ultimately to the Society/Nation.
Problem statement
Crucial element of thesis/ proposal/ research paper
Describes the central issue of the thesis and persuades the reader to continue reading it
You have successfully finished the most important part of the research-
Now don’t delay, proceed further!!
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Shaping Problem Statement - Six Basic Components
1. Problem – Describe the issue
2. Background – Describe the nature of the problem with background information
3. Scope - Describe how significant (how big) is the problem
4. Consequences – Describe the consequence of not fixing it
5. Gaps – Describe what is lacking, particularly in terms of research in the field
6. Solution – Describe how will the present study contribute to solving the problem
Sample problem statement
Problem Identified (PhD Work): “Need for the development of domestic porous medium
burners by using LPG as fuel”
Problem Statement
The combustion of fossil fuels has become integral part of most of the power production and
energy systems. Though extensive investigations have been carried out to study the premixed and
non-premixed flame characteristics, the issue of pollution and efficiency needs more effort. As far
as the combustion of hydrocarbons is involved, there is no feasible way to eliminate the CO2
formation. Therefore there is no need to discuss this issue. The major concern is the formation of
other pollutants such as NOx, SOx, CO and UHC (unburned hydrocarbons). The formation of
these products mainly depends on the type of fuel and physical and chemical mechanisms of the
combustion.
The indoor emission of NO2 from domestic appliances has been a focus of many researchers due
to its adverse health effects such as lung irritation, cough, respiratory illness and diarrhea. In houses
equipped with gas stoves, NO2 levels measured by passive sampling techniques varied from 10 to
126μg/m3. Values below 40μg/m3 were mostly in Europe and the United States, whereas
concentrations higher than 50μg/m3 were reported from few Asian countries such as Hong Kong,
Japan and Korea. It has been observed that, butane gas burners were the major sources of indoor
NO2 which reached to a level 4 times higher than outdoor NO2 (Ghosn, 2005). Even though the
present CO and NOx emission levels of conventional LPG burners are claimed to be within the set
limits of global emission norms, every attempt to further minimize these emissions would be an
added contribution to a clean environment. Moreover, the present trend of depletion of fossil fuel
reserves demands energy efficient combustion devices, so as to conserve energy.
The strategies for controlling the pollution can be classified as pre-, in- and post-combustion
processes. Fuel treatment before combustion, such as sulfur scrubbing, is called preprocessing.
Removing pollutants from flue gases, such as using a catalytic converter or scrubber, is called
post-processing. Controlling the mechanism of combustion is the in-process pollution control, and
it is the subject of the present research. Hence, understanding the mechanisms of combustion may
lead to the control and reduction of the formation of those pollutants mainly, NOx, CO and UHC.
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The conventional free flame combustion takes place in gases, and in general, the thermal
conductivity of gases is very low, of the order of 0.03 W/mK. Furthermore, most gases have poor
radiative properties (low radiative emission, absorption and scattering). Also, the heat transfer
from the flame and combustion products to the load is mainly by convection mechanism which
has diverse effects on the uniformity of the temperature. In drying processes, glass tempering and
painting, uniformity of the source temperature is essential on the quality of the products.
Combustion in porous media (PMC) is a means to alter the physical and chemical mechanisms of
the combustion. One of the essential mechanics of NOx formation is thermal, and this mainly
depends on the flame temperature and the oxygen availability. Therefore, controlling the physical
process of combustion, by avoiding high temperatures is essential to reduce the NOx formation.
Also, controlling the chemical process of the combustion by the redistribution of the oxygen supply
may help in reducing the NOx formation. On the other hand, the formation of UHC and CO
depends on the temperature and oxygen availability; high temperatures are required to crack down
the UHC and convert CO into CO2. Moreover, the formation of UHC and CO is related to the
efficiency of the combustion process. Hence, there must be a trade-off among NOx formation, the
formation of CO and UHC, and the efficiency of the combustion. This may be achieved by
engineering the thermo-physical properties of the combustion medium. PMC can play a
significant role in tackling this issue compared to the conventional free flame combustion.
As far as the global use of LPG is concerned, domestic sector is the major consumer (47%; source:
http://www.worldlpgas.com), and LPG consumption in domestic cooking is increasing every year
at the rate of around 10% (Pantangi et al., 2007). The thermal efficiencies of the commercially
available conventional domestic LPG burners fall in the range of 40 % to 56%; a maximum of
56.2% was reported for the advanced swirling flow type burner (Makmool et al., 2007). With
regard to developing burners based on PMC technique, substantial works have been done by using
various gaseous and liquid fuels; however, very few attempts were reported on the development
of LPG based PMC systems, especially for domestic (household) applications. Hence in both
energy saving and emission perspectives, the need for research and development in the area of
LPG based domestic burners, is quite obvious. As PMC has proved to be a feasible option to tackle
the aforementioned issues, its application to domestic sector needs further exploration.
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Research Question & Research Hypothesis
Research Questions
Clear, Focused and reasonably Complex questions a researcher attempts to find answers
for.
What, Why, How, etc. of a research problem
Use FINER (Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical and Relevant) criteria for generating
good research questions
Guide towards collecting, reading and evaluating the sources
Help deciding how to use the information gathered.
Help formulating research objectives
Examples:
Problem: Safe landing strategy for male handball players in single-leg jump landing, to prevent
non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury
What is the effect of knee flexion angle on the ground reaction force and knee
extension moment in male handball players during single leg jump landing?
How are the ground reaction force and knee extension moment related to knee flexion
angle in male handball players during single leg jump landing?
Research Hypothesis
• Tentative prediction or an educated guess about the nature of the relationship between
two or more variables.
• Types: Null (no relationship among variables), Directional (a relationship is predicted)
and Non-directional (relationship unpredicted or unknown)
• Outcome of the research supports or rejects the hypothesis
Examples:
Null: The knee flexion angle has no effect on the ground reaction force and knee
extension moment in male handball players during single leg jump landing.
Directional: The increase in knee flexion angle causes reductions in the ground
reaction force and knee extension moment, in male handball players during single leg
jump landing
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Non-directional: There exists a strong correlation among knee flexion angle, ground
reaction force and knee extension moment, particularly in male handball players
during single leg jump landing.
Research Objectives
Formulated from research questions/hypotheses
Represent specific actions to answer the research questions or to test the hypotheses
Should be SMART- Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-bound
Separate objectives for design, development, testing, comparison etc.
Use specific action verbs (to design, to fabricate, to measure, to compare, etc.)
Example:
To investigate the effect of knee flexion angle on the ground reaction force and knee
extension moment in male handball players
To establish a correlation among knee flexion angle on the ground reaction force and
knee extension moment in male handball players
Exercise: Try to fit research questions (RQ) for the following objectives:
Objectives
To develop premixed LPG burners based on matrix-stabilized (submerged) and surface
stabilized combustion modes in porous media (PM).
(RQ: Can PM burners be realized for domestic applications?)
To conduct experiments on the submerged and surface stabilized PM burners in order to study
the combustion and emission characteristics.
(RQ: How do the submerged and surface stabilized PM burners perform in terms of
combustion and emission characteristics?)
To compare the performances of the PM burners with each other and also with that of the
conventional LPG burner.
(RQ: How better are the PM burners compared to the conventional burners?)
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To perform numerical simulation of two-layer PM burners by using Finite Volume Method
(FVM), in order to study the effects of thickness and porosity of PM on the combustion
performance.
(RQ: What are the effects of thickness and porosity of PM on the combustion performance of
PM burners?)
Shaping research proposal- usual contents
Executive Summary /Abstract
Background and motivation
Problem statement
Literature review
Objectives
Methodology- Flow chart
Scope and expected outcome
Budget (applicable only when applying for funding)
Gantt Chart/Project schedule
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THESIS STRUCTURE
Chapter 1. Introduction
Usual Structure
1.1 Background and Motivation
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Scope and Limitation
1.5 Thesis Organization
Preliminary Pages
Title Page
Certificate Page
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations
List of Symbols
Abstract
Main Body
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Literature Review
Chapter 3. Methodology
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion
Chapter 5. Conclusion and Future Work
End Pages
References
Appendices
List of Publications
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Background and motivation
Establish significance of the topic with background information (with names and
references)
Define important terms in the title (not necessary if well-known)
Present the current research focus/problem area
Why to provide names and references in the Background and Motivation section?
a) To draw research ‘map’ for the reader indicating the key players in the field and the
progress or achievements so far, and
b) To provide a clear idea of where the research is located and how it is related to the
work in the field.
Why to give references in general?
To avoid plagiarism
To help reader read the source
To confirm the writer’s awareness on the related research
Chapter 2. Literature Review
Structure
2.1 Overview
2.2 Theoretical Background
2.3 Previous works
2.4 Summary and Remarks
Organizing and presenting
To enable reader process the literatures in a logical way
Literatures that provide background information must be cited in the introductory
paragraph/s; the information deduced from those literatures can be presented as truths
in present simple tense
Literatures reporting the works pertaining to the current study must be arranged in the
literature review section in simple past or present perfect (by following V-shape).
Few papers will overlap-doesn’t matter
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Options
Chronological order: Mostly applicable if the field is related to political decisions.
Order of scientific progress (approaches/methodologies): Group the studies
accordingly, and converge towards the problem under investigation
General/specific: Start with general research and gradually narrow down to the
specific works
Note: If there is clash between 1 and 2, give preference to 2.
Shaping Introduction chapter
Start from history
Each work- what they did, how they did and what they found
Major milestones
Draw remarks that justify the problem and objectives
Match with the problem statement
Chapter 3. Methodology
OR
Materials and Methods
Structure
3.1 Overview
3.2 Materials
3.3 Methods
3.4 Summary
What is expected?
Record of what/how you did and/or what you used
All inputs and procedures used to obtain the final results, in line with the research
objectives
Must contain sufficient information to replicate the work and obtain similar results
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Must be clear, convincing and acceptable for the reader
Building trust
Convince the readers that utmost care was taken during the experiments
Thesis/paper is not only to say what/how you did and what you found, but also to
make sure that your reader accepts the conclusions
To accept your conclusions, he/she must approve your results
To accept your results, he/she must first accept your methodology
To accomplish this, you must present yourself as a competent researcher who carries
out procedures accurately and with care
Referring to other research
Why to refer to other research?
Just giving reference is enough- avoids the need of giving details- mostly
preferable for journal papers, to save space
In some cases, advisable to provide basic details
Why to give details when reference is given?
It is desirable to reproduce the basic details to help readers get an idea quickly
without reading the source
Comparison of methodologies
Comparison of present methodology with previous ones- A legitimate topic for
the methodology section
Helps readers understand the existing techniques and identify your contribution
Location of reference notation is important!!
Mentioning problems in the methodology
No harm, rather looks more professional than just hiding them
To convince that problems did not affect the results
To convince that you are aware of the problems
If you hide and the readers notice, they will doubt your legitimacy as a researcher;
this affects the acceptance of your results and conclusions
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Should you delay documenting/publishing if problems detected?
Doing so will never let you write it up
Genuine option – write it up and acknowledge the problems – preferably not to wait
mentioning problems at the end
Is it a failure to mention problems? - No
Use terms that minimizes the problem, minimizes your responsibility, maximizes
the good aspects and suggests a solution. Example:
Example: “All tubing used was stainless steel, and although two samples were at risk of CFC
contaminations as a result of brief contact with plastic, variation among samples was negligible.’
Talk about a solution
Future work should…..
Future work will…….
Currently in progress/underway…..
Important points not to miss in Methodology chapter
Performance analysis
Working formulae with adequate scientific reasoning
Define all terms
Assumptions/simplifications-with justification
Give references for documented info
Numerical Modeling/Simulation
Description of physics of the problem with the help of physical model
(computational domain)
Mathematical model: Assumptions, governing equations and boundary conditions
Solution technique- with reasoning
Meshing (type and size), grid dependency, convergence criteria etc……
Software details: company, version etc.; PC details: Configuration, computational
time etc.
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Materials
Names of materials
Sample/specimen preparation
Specifications
Properties
Manufacturer/Supplier info
Images
Provide background information and justify the choice, of material, method, site,
equipment etc.
Structure of Methodology Chapter
Overview
Materials and Methods
Summary
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion
Structure
4.1 Overview
4.2 Results are grouped according to the
objectives and presented with discussion.
Sub-sections are added as needed. --
--
--
4.3 Summary
It is not simply a report
Research is not to simply obtain and describe results- it is to make sense of the results in the context
of existing knowledge and provide logical implications (what the results mean in that context)
Results- what the results are
Discussion –what the results mean
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Why /What to write?
Convey your own understanding and interpretation
There are things that cannot be conveyed directly by tables/figures/images
Some results may be interesting than others
Relate the results to the objectives
Background information on why a particular result has occurred
Compare the results with those of previous researchers
Give reasons for unsuccessful results
Readers do not have to agree with you, but they need to know your opinion and
understanding
Carefully narrate the sequences of occurrences of individual results
In order for other researchers to be able to repeat your work accurately and compare
their results with yours, you need to describe the order and time sequence of
what/how you did and found in a very precise way.
Time sequence- how long each step took and where it occurred in the sequence
Use of ‘then’ or ‘next’ – tells the order of events but not the duration of each event,
and duration between events or where it occurred in the sequence.
Providing time sequence -helps the reader replicate the same
Mentioning frequency
More frequent observation- More reliable and vice versa
If not mentioned- difficult for the reader to evaluate your results
Frequency languages are often used in subjective way: the terms such as rare and
frequent are relative to how often it was expected to be, or to the trends in previous
researches
Commenting on results
The language you use to describe the results has much power as tables and graphs
themselves, perhaps even more.
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Tell the reader what you think about the results and be cautious on the way readers
perceive them
Lacking in proper comments- serious gap between you and reader- A damaging
effect on the rest of your thesis/paper, especially in conclusion.
You want reader accept the conclusions (drawn logically and naturally from the
results). But if no adequate comments, the reader may see them differently, and the
conclusions will not seem either logical or natural, rather seem surprising or
strange.
Example: Look at the plot in Fig. 1
If you say “they are very similar”- readers will focus on similarity
If you say “they are noticeably different”- the reader will focus on the difference
(This means your comment has an impact on the way reader perceives the result)
Figure 1
Dealing with quantities
The values are directly available on tables and/or figures. But readers want to know
what those mean.
If any effect occurred in 26% of cases- you can present it as a strong result (as many
as 26%) or as a weak result (only 26%); but just writing 26% will not add anything to
what reader can see.
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Shaping Results and Discussion Chapter
Overview - Give a picture of the general trend of a particular set of results to direct
the readers towards the common picture of what happened
(show the wall before describing the bricks)
To be repeated for individual sets of findings
Begin by referring back to objectives– to convince the reader how far your results
could fulfill the aim (sometimes, need to redefine the objectives based on the results)
Begin by referring back to materials and methods
1) To highlight the important features of the materials/equipment/techniques used
to obtain the results- justify the results
2) To remind the readers of the methodology (readers may not share the familiarity
of your methodology)
3) Extended details of methodology are desirable here rather than in the previous
Chapter (included only the basic framework)
Provide adequate background information
Invite the reader to look at the figure or tables while commenting on them- reader
will stop reading-look at the figure and keep the interpretation in mind- return to the
text and continue reading keeping this interpretation in mind
Validation of results: numerical predictions with experimental data; present findings
with previous findings/scientific facts/own logical reasoning
Error analysis for experimental results
Sensitivity analysis
Order of presenting results- start with those underlie or lead to the important results
Clearly establish how far the findings could fill the gaps identified and meet the set
objectives
Results & Discussion - General tips
Highlight which are significant or interesting- if not, all will be perceived with the
same status
Talk more on important/typical/interesting findings
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Discussion- Explanation (why it occurred), evaluation (what the numbers mean) &
implication (what the results suggest)
Mention problems- if not - indicates that you are not sufficiently expert to be aware of
it- a negative effect on your professional authority
If mentioned- proved yourself to be in full control of your work and able to evaluate it
clearly; moreover it provides you with the essential element in conclusion –
suggestion for future work
Do not delay writing until perfection- write it up and acknowledge the issues- you are
done!
It is not appropriate to wait up to conclusion to mention problems
Use vocabulary that minimizes the problem, suggests possible reasons and /or offers a
solution
Modal verbs such as may, might could etc. are important in implications, because
research never reaches an end point where everything is known about a particular topic;
the next piece of research will refine and develop the preceding one and so on- hence
we avoid unqualified generalizations
5. Conclusion and Future Work
Structure
5. 1Concluding Remarks
5. 2Suggestions for Future Work
Shaping conclusion chapter
Start with overview of the work- Recall the gaps and objectives
Revisit the most important aspects (methodology, software used, model developed,
important findings, and so on) that could lead to meet the objectives- It depends on the
contributory part of the work
While revisiting, use the language and terms similar to the revisited part- this will provide
an ‘echo’ for the reader, and confirms that you responded strongly to the claims made in
the Introduction
Summarize the important results
Clearly state the contribution or achievement of your work-Don’t shy
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Implications and possible applications of the findings (if not sure about applications,
search from the introductory paragraphs of Introduction as well as from discussions of
previous researchers)
Restate the problems that can be addressed, and suggest solutions
Suggest future directions- say ‘underway/in progress/will focus’ if you pursue it further
Why to suggest future work?
One paper will not fill all the gaps- So the best studies open up directions for research
Provides researchers with a clearly defined project
The study that directly follows your work will cite your paper-enhances the status of
your work
A study which responds to the issues of your work may help you for your current and
future research
SAMPLE CONCLUSION- PhD Thesis
Concluding remarks
In the present dissertation, an attempt has been made to devise energy efficient and
compact practical PM burners suitable for household applications.
Two models (MSB and SSB) individually representing submerged and surface
combustion modes of PMC have been developed successfully through various trials on
PM types, layers, and configurations.
The MSB and SSB are tested for their combustion and emission characteristics, and
maximum observations are recorded and analyzed. Some of the outstanding features of
PMC such as lean flammability, enhanced combustion, and fuel saving potential and
reduced emission are convincingly demonstrated by the developed burners.
MSB and SSB are compared with each other, and also with various types of domestic
conventional LPG burners (CB). It is observed that, SSB is more efficient than MSB.
Further, compared to the CB and other LPG based PM burners proposed by the
previous researchers, a fairly higher thermal efficiency and lower emission are
achieved in the present burners, apart from a very attractive a fuel saving potential of
55 - 85%.
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The main difficulty encountered during the study was the lack of availability of porous
foam with various pore sizes, especially in small quantities; therefore the experiments
were limited with the commercially available samples.
2D simulations are performed on SSB, and the effects of porosity and thickness of the
reaction layer on the combustion and emission performances are studied. It is observed
that, for a preheat layer of fixed thickness and porosity, there exists an optimum
thickness for the reaction layer with respect to the flame temperature and emission. In
the present study, the PM configuration for SSB arrived at through various
experimental trials is found to be the optimum, and the same conclusion is drawn from
the simulation as well.
There are slight discrepancies in predicting the temperature and NOx, which are
attributed to the simplifications in modeling. However, by means of a 3-D simulation,
if maximum available features of FLUENT are carefully utilized with necessary user-
defined functions, one could arrive at reasonably realistic predictions.
The simulations on MSB could not be performed due to the difficulty in handling the
discrete PM layer using the present 2D model.
As the world is facing severe energy crisis and environmental pollution caused by the
abundant use of fossil fuels, the proposed burners are one of the promising options to
tackle these issues.
Recommendations for future work
There is a wide potential for research in the area of PMC in general and its applications in
particular. The following works may be carried out as extension to the current study:
Compare the performance of the proposed burners with radial flow and conical shaped
burners of equivalent size, and with different types of gaseous as well as liquid fuels.
Try reducing the size and test the performance; this may lead to the development of micro-
scale burners for MEMS (micro electro mechanical systems) applications. Higher sizes
may also be experimented for use in restaurants and for industrial applications.
A three dimensional simulation on both MSB and SSB, with the assumption of non-
equilibrium between the phases and by incorporating detailed (multistep) reaction kinetics
and radiation.
Development of thermo photovoltaic (TPV) power generation systems using the proposed
PMC techniques.
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ABSTRACT
Derived from the rest of the thesis/paper
Easier to write than the rest of the thesis/paper
Shaping Abstract – For Thesis
Background, problem and objectives
Methodology and materials
Parameters studied
Results, achievement/contribution and implications
Potential applications of the findings
Connectivity
Problem Statement
Objectives
Remarks of Literature Review
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
26
WRITING
FEW WRITING TIPS
Writing Introduction
Language and writing skills
Tense
Signaling
Passive/Active
Paragraphing
Tense/Tense-Pair
To describe acceptable and established facts- simple present
Example: One way to toughen polymers is to incorporate a layer of rubber particles
Past simple - Present perfect
Penny et al. [6] showed that PLA composites could be prepared using blending techniques and
more recently, Hillier [7] established the toughness of such composites. However, although the
effect of rubber particles on the mechanical properties of copolymer systems was demonstrated
over two years ago [8], little attention has been paid to the selection of an appropriate rubber
component.
What happens if ‘was’ instead of ‘has been’?
Signaling
Lack of connectivity – serious writing mistake
Space between a full stop and next capital letter- dangerous!!
Ways of connecting sentences
Overlapping
Using pronoun (it, they) /pro-form (this method, these systems)
Joining sentences with semicolon or relative clauses
Use of signaling sentence connectors- however, therefore, thus, hence etc.
27
Overlapping
Examples
The pattern inflammation during an asthma attack is different from that seen in stable asthma.
In stable asthma, the total number of inflammatory cells does not increase
As an internally self-organized process of heat recuperation, filtration combustion of gaseous
mixtures in porous media differs significantly from homogeneous flames. This difference is
attributed to the following two main factors……….
Pronoun (it, they) /pro-form (this method, these systems)
Examples
A wide range of lubricants was employed for the purpose of determining the sensitivity of the
test methods to lubricant condition. They were (a) Jet A aviation fuel, (b) reagent grade mineral
oil, (c) new fully formulated heavy-duty SAE 15W40 oil (Cummins Premium Blue API CG-
4), and (d) the same oil as (c), aged in an engine with a composition typical of what would be
seen after a routine oil drain.
The Kyoto Protocol introduced three international mechanisms without which the Protocol is
unlikely to enter into force. These mechanisms are intended to facilitate the cost effective
implementation of the Protocol.
Joining sentences with semicolon or relative clauses
Relative pronouns: who, which, whose, whom, that; Relative adverbs: when, where and why
Examples:
Absorption chillers use mainly heat to power them; only a minor amount of electricity is
used for pumping.
In the same way, Sjodin [20] argues that absorption cooling generally prolongs the
utilization time of co-generation and can entail additional electricity power production,
which will lead to a significant reduction of global CO2 emissions.
Signaling sentence connectors (however, therefore, thus, hence etc.)
Example
In an earlier patent [7] Hitachi used some of the air from the final stage of the compressor as
the source of the blade coolant. However, this air was treated with a water spray to cool it
before it entered the turbine blade inner passages.
28
Vocabulary of sentence connectors
Cause: as, because, since
Result: therefore, consequently, hence
Contrast/Difference: However, whereas, but, on the other hand, while, by contrast
Unexpectedness:
Although, Even though, Though, Despite, In spite of, Regardless of, Notwithstanding,
Nevertheless, However, Yet, Nonetheless, Even so
Passive/Active
Preferable- passive
In technical writing, the agent is not mentioned- ‘agent-less’ passive is generally used
We/I measured the temperatures at the salient points- active
The temperatures at the salient points were measured- passive
Use ‘dummy’ subject while using active
This article…………………., The present paper………………, This study…………. etc.
Paragraphing
A paragraph in academic writing often starts with a topic sentence
Starts with indentation or by double space
How to create paragraphs:
Write each idea/concept in a logical order
List the points to say about each item using bullet points
Writing Methodology
Language and writing skills
Passives and Tense pairs
Use of ‘A’ and ‘The’
Adverbs and their locations
29
Tense pairs
Present simple passive (is measured) or Past simple passive (was measured)
Choice:
If the procedure used is generally accepted (standard)- Present simple passive
If the procedure is your own- Past simple passive
This enables reader identify your contribution
Examples:
Two dye jets are placed in the laser cavity. A jet is then excited by an argon ion laser and
spatially filtered in order to obtain a Gaussian beam. Polarization is confirmed using a
polarizing cube. The pulses were split into reference pulses and probe pulses and the reference
pulses were carefully aligned into the detector to minimize noise levels.
Samples for gas analysis were collected using the method described by Brown (1999), which
uses a pneumatic air sampling pump.
An issue:
Your work and previous work are described in past simple- how you help the readers?
Use dummy subject such as “The current study”, “The present study”, “This work” etc.
Add phrases such as In this study, In the present work, etc.
Use of ‘A’ and ‘The’
THE
when the writer and reader both know the referent
when there is only one possible referent
A – it doesn’t matter, writer and/or reader unaware of the referent
Adverbs and their locations
Invisible errors- wrong use of a and the; improper use of adverbs and their locations
Example:
1. This effect may hide a connection between the two
This effect may hide the connection between the two
30
2. Please look at that cat with one eye
Confusion- using one eye or having one eye?
If the adverb is related to the whole sentence, better put it at the front:
Confusing- He gave a lecture about liver cancer at the hospital last January
Suggested styles:
Last January he gave a lecture about liver cancer at the hospital
Last January he gave a lecture at the hospital; his subject was liver cancer
Results and Discussion
Language and writing skills
Tense
Causality
Subjective/Objective
Use of signals
Tense
If the findings are related only to your own work, and not qualified to be claimed as an
acceptable fact- use simple past
It was observed that the pressure increased as the temperature rose, which indicated that
temperature played a significant role in the process
If the findings/interpretations/deductions are strong enough to be proposed as facts- use
present simple
It is observed that the pressure increases as the temperature rises, which indicates that
temperature plays a significant role in the process
Causality
Describing relationships or connections between results- Linking the effect to the cause (X
caused Y)
31
Causal statements are risky- likely to be disproved at a later stage- Need for softening to
reduce the risk
Causality options
Begin with:
It appears that…..; It may therefore be assumed that……; It seems likely that….; The
evidence suggests that…..; There seems to be…..; There is a tendency that…..;
Apparently……..etc. (X caused Y)
Add frequency qualifier
X often caused Y; X commonly caused Y; X rarely caused Y
Add quantity qualifier
X caused Y in many cases
X caused Y in some cases/to some extent
X caused Y in virtually all cases
Modal verb
X may/might/could have caused Y
Subjective/Objective
o Make evaluative languages (subjective statements) rather than simply objective
o Objective language does not convey anything more than what readers know from your
figures/tables
Example: The increase in output is 25% - objective
The increase in output is as high as/only/as low as 25% - Subjective
Use signals early in the sentence
It avoids the need of looping back to the first part to understand it
Example
Though the phenomenon of ‘knit line formation’ is observed during filling in multi inlet
cases, it ultimately disappeared leaving no adverse effect on the package quality
The phenomenon of ‘knit line formation’ is observed during filling in multi inlet cases, but
it ultimately disappeared leaving no adverse effect on the package quality.
32
Note: The use of ‘though’ at the beginning conveys the connection of first part with the second
part of the sentence, where as in the second sentence the reader will get it only on reaching
‘but’.
General tips
Put familiar information at the beginning of a sentence, and new information at the end
Example
Calcium blockers can control muscle spasms. Sarcomers are the small units of muscle fibers in
which these drugs work. Two filaments, one thick and one thin, are in each sarcomere. The
proteins actin and myosin are contained in the thin filament. When actin and myosin interact,
your heart contracts.
Muscle spasms can be controlled with drugs known as Calcium blockers. They work in small
units of muscle fibers called sarcomeres. Each sarcomere has two filaments, one thick and one
thin. The thin filament contains two proteins actin and myosin. When actin and myosin interact,
your heart contracts.
Note: In the first paragraph, the strange terms such as Calcium blockers, Sarcomers and
filaments appear early in the sentence, which makes the reader apprehensive from the beginning.
This problem is solved in the second paragraph by putting them towards the end, and keeping
familiar terms such as ‘muscle spasms’ at the beginning. However in the second sentence of second
paragraph, sarcomere appears early; this will not confuse the reader because the term is already
defined in the previous sentence. The same reason applies to the term filament which appears at
the beginning of the third sentence.
In some cases active/passive verbs are specifically advisable
Case 1
a) Global warming may have many catastrophic effects. Tropical diseases and destructive
insect life even north of the Canadian border could be increased, by this climatic change.
b) Global warming may have many catastrophic effects. This climatic change could increase
tropical diseases and destructive insect life even north of the Canadian border.
33
Note: In a), the underlined part is the subject which is lengthy and strange to the reader; this is
followed by the passive verb, and the cause (climate change). This problem is solved by shifting
the lengthy subject towards the end and keeping familiar terms at the early part; in this case, the
active verb (increase) is advisable.
Case 2
a) New questions about the nature of the universe have been raised by scientists studying
black holes in space. The collapse of a dead star into a point perhaps no larger than a marble
creates a black hole. So much matter squeezed into so little volume changes the fabric of
space around it in odd ways.
b) New questions about the nature of the universe have been raised by scientists studying
black holes in space. A black hole is created by the collapse of a dead star into a point no
larger than a marble. So much matter squeezed into so little volume changes the fabric of
space around it in odd ways.
Note: Following similar arguments as in Case 1, it can be seen that use of passive verb (is
created) is advisable in Case 2.
Readers prefer a subject that is short, concrete and familiar, regardless of the following
verb.
So choose active or passive, depending on which gives you the right kind of subject.
Best judge how your readers respond to your writing if you have someone read it back to
you.
Miscellaneous Tips
Borrowed statements must be referred to the source
Information/image/data, from other sources must be referred to the respective sources
Figures and Tables must be:
numbered sequentially
provided with captions
34
referred in the text
Equations must be typed by tools such as Equation Editor, numbered sequentially and
referred in the text
Appendices must be numbered and referred in the text
Avoid titles on the plotted graphs, but the axes titles must be specified with units
Units must be given to all dimensional magnitudes
Font styles and sizes must be consistent
Use computer tools for Referencing, Table of Contents, List of Figures, etc.
Abbreviations and symbols must be defined at their first occurrence in the text.
Citations in the text must be sequential and consistent with the reference list
Preliminary pages to be numbered by Roman Numerals and the remainder by Arabic
Numerals
Follow institutional format for theses and journal’s format for articles
Proofreading, and spelling and grammar check
PUBLISHING
Basic needs
Some level of novelty/scientific contribution
Proper presentation
Article Structure
Title
Author name and affiliation
Abstract
Keywords
Publishing Excellence- Not beyond your Reach
35
Introduction
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements (if any)
References
Title
Must be precise and specific to convey the problem addressed- not to be too general
Example 1- Precise
“Development of Household porous media burners based on
surface and submerged combustion modes”
General
“Development of Household Porous Media Burners”
Example 2- Precise
“Experimental analysis and FEM simulation of finned U-shape multi heat pipe
for desktop PC cooling”
General
“Performance analysis of multi-heat pipe for electronic cooling”
Author name and affiliation
Author name/s without Dr/Mr/Ms/Prof
Department name, Institution/University (without position or designation) with address
Corresponding author- Contact details
Follow author guidelines
Shaping Abstract (essential points applicable to a research article)
What you did (focus of the present paper- Objective/Aim)?
How you did/what you used (Brief methodology and materials/equipment)?
What you studied (Parameters)?
What you observed (Significant findings)?
36
Sample Abstract- Research Article
Title: Optimum tip gap and orientation of multi-piezofan for heat transfer enhancement of finned
heat sink in microelectronic cooling
Piezoelectric fans can be manipulated to generate air-flow for cooling microelectronic devices.
Their outstanding features include noise-free operation, low power consumption and suitability for
confined spaces. This paper presents experimental optimization of tip gap (δ) and orientation angle
(α) of three piezoelectric fans (multi-piezofan) to maximize the heat removal performance of
finned heat sink for microelectronic cooling. Design of experiments (DOE) approach is used for
the optimization, and a three dimensional simulation using FLUENT 6.3.2 is carried out to better
understand the flow induced by the multi-piezofan and the resulting heat transfer from the heat
sink surface. For the optimization, the Central Composite Design (CCD) of response surface
methodology (RSM) is exploited from the Design Expert software. In the numerical model, the
flow induced by the piezofan is treated as incompressible and turbulent; the turbulence is taken
care by the shear stress transport (SST) k–ω model. The experimental results are found to be in
good agreement with the predictions. Out of 13 experimental trials determined by CCD, the
optimum tip gap and fan orientation are δ = 0.17 and α = 900 respectively. At this condition, an
enhancement in convective heat transfer coefficient exceeding 88% is achieved, compared to
natural convection.
Structured Abstract
Abstract with distinct labeled sections that briefly describe the key aspects of the study such
as background, problem, objectives, methods, results, discussion, relevance, contribution,
etc., for rapid comprehension
Example
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/policy/structured_abstracts.html#fig1
Keywords
Most commonly used conceptual terms in the article
They represent/indicate the contents
Help others to search the article
37
Introduction
The structure of introduction section of a research article is different from that of a thesis
Table1- Introduction Model
First Paragraph
Establish significance of the topic with background information.
Following Paragraphs
Literature review- V-Shape!
Last Paragraph- Crucial!!
Describe the ‘gaps’, and be “well-prepared” to make bold
statements- Ensure safety!!
Describe the present work - how far the ‘gaps’ will be ‘filled’ in the
current study (objectives) and brief methodology
Sample Introduction
Recently Piezoelectric fan (named henceforth as piezofan) has gained significant attention
for electronic cooling applications, owing to its excellent thermal management capability [1].
Piezofan is a cantilever beam bonded with a piezoelectric material near its clamped end. The
mechanism of alternate expansion and contraction generates shear forces within the beam,
whenever an alternative input signal is applied to the piezoelectric material. These forces produce
oscillations at the free end of the cantilever beam which creates motion in the surrounding fluid.
As piezofans facilitate noise-free operation with low power consumption, and require less space,
they can be adapted to operate at frequencies which are too quiet to the human ear and can be built
and modified to meet various geometric constraints for many applications.
Piezofan was first emerged in the early seventies, and was reintroduced by Toda [2, 3] who
found that the piezofans were able to cool either side of a power transistor panel of a television
receiver, with a temperature drop of 170C. Ihara and Watanabe [4] investigated the flow around
the ends of oscillating flexible cantilevers. The experimental flow profiles were matched with the
simulation flow fields developed by discrete vortex method. Acıkalın et al. [5] compared
analytical, computational and experimental flow profiles for the baffled fan, and obtained a close
match among them. Advanced flow measurements were carried out by Abdullah et al. [6, 7] at
different piezofan heights by using particle image velocimetry (PIV) system.
Schmidt [8] focused on the local and average transfer coefficients on a vertical surface by
using two piezofans in out-of-phase, and showed that the transfer coefficients were affected by the
38
tip gap, and the fan spacing. In a similar study using single piezofan, Acikalin et al. [9] obtained
significant localized cooling and more than 100% enhancement in convective heat transfer
coefficient relative to natural convection. In their extension work [10], it was shown that for a
given power consumption piezofans were significantly better than axial fans, and compared to
natural convection heat sink the piezofans used lesser volume. Yoo et al. [11] attempted the
possibility of replacing rotary fan by piezofan. Different vibrating metal plates were analyzed
theoretically and showed that piezofans were capable of generating jet flow for cooling purpose.
Hosaka and Itao [12] and Basak and Raman [13] reported that the vibration characteristics of a
vibrating cantilever were altered by the presence of a second oscillating beam depending on the
vibration amplitude as well as the pitch, and the phase difference between the neighboring
cantilevers. These findings were also confirmed experimentally by Kimber and co-workers [14,
15] who studied the fluidic coupling between piezofans.
While most of the researchers focused on the use of single piezofan, only few works [4, 8,
12–16] were reported on multipiezofan which has important practical applications. Few
researchers were interested in the combination of piezofan and finned heat sink [17–19], which
was proved to be relatively excellent. However the combination of multi-piezofan with finned heat
sink is yet to be explored. Moreover, a three dimensional (3D) numerical analysis on the heat
transfer performance of piezofans is also lacking. Accordingly, the present study is focused on
experimental analysis and optimization, and 3D modeling of multi-piezofan arranged in
conjunction with finned heat sink.
Methodology, Results & Discussion and Conclusion
Methodology
Basic framework- Condensed
Focus only on the aspects presented in this paper
Results & Discussion
Strategy same as for thesis
Present the results of parameters addressed in this paper
Conclusion/s
Restate the aim/objective
Recall the methodology
Recall those features of the work that helped to achieve the objectives
Significant findings/achievements
39
Implications and potential applications
Limitations
Future work
Sample Conclusion- Research Article
Optimization of tip gap and orientation of piezofans is performed by using the DOE approach, to
maximize the heat removal performance of finned heat sink. A 3D simulation using FLUENT
6.3.2 is carried out to better understand the induced flow and the resulting heat transfer. The
turbulence was incorporated by the shear stress transport (SST) k–x model. The experimental
results are well matched with the predictions. By the use of DOE, significant savings in effort and
time are achieved to conduct the required experiments and analyze the coupled influence of tip
gap and piezofan orientation. It is observed that multi-piezofan with vertical orientation and a tip
gap δ = 0.17 yields 88% enhancement in the convective heat transfer coefficient compared to
natural convection. The present finding would be a valuable input in the application of finned heat
sink with multi-peizofan in microelectronic cooling. This study may be extended for lesser tip
gaps, and with various piezofan-heat sink configurations.
Final Shaping and Submission
Final Shaping
Format the paper based on author guidelines
Read many times- Do not hurry
Spelling and Grammar check
Selecting Journal
Select from ISI (Institute of Scientific Information) list
Select from the subject area
Scared of high impact factor? - (Do not scare, your paper is qualified enough to be published
in a reputed platform. If it is rejected, revise the paper based on the comments and submit to
another journal; keep on submitting until your paper is accepted).
40
Impact Factor
Provided by Journal Citation Report (JCR) – product of Thomson Reuters ISI
Definition- It is a measure of the frequency with which the "average article" in a journal has
been cited in a given period of time
Impact Factor for 2013 = A/B; A= The number of times articles published in 2011-2012 were
cited in indexed journals during 2013, and B = The number of articles, reviews, proceedings
or notes published in 2011-2012
Submission
Carefully read the guidelines
Who should be the corresponding author?
Who are qualified to be co-authors?
Who should be first author?
Keep all the documents ready: cover letter, list of suggested reviewers with contact details,
image files in required format etc.
Addressing reviewer comments
Express your gratitude to the reviewers for their valuable suggestions/ comments to improve
the quality of your paper
Do not be discouraged/upset by reviewer comments- There is likelihood that the reviewer
could not clearly understand the contribution and the strengths of your paper
Try addressing all the constructive comments, and for the comments that are not worth
addressing, give excuses/reasons in a polite and professional manner
Example: (accepted paper) – First review
Responses to Reviewers’ Comments
Manuscript No: MR-D-09-00134
The authors are highly obliged and thankful to the reviewers for their constructive and valuable
comments to improve the quality of the paper. The entire manuscript has been revised accordingly
and the actions taken are listed below.
41
Reviewer
#
Comments Author response
1 Indicate the key contributions and
proposed innovations are
Key contributions in the study are
1. The use of FVM which is relatively
cheaper and faster compared to other
numerical techniques.
2. The prediction on different types of
dispensing techniques is important in
order to reduce the cost and the
process problems.
3. Use of 3-D analysis
An interesting aspect of underfill
flow is to understand how different
bump patterns affect the flow and
void formation. It will be
worthwhile to also analyze it.
Yes, the different bump patterns will affect
the flow and void formation. This problem
will be considered in our future works.
Focus more on the problem of void
formation and entrapment
The present study is focused on the type of
dispensing technique. Since type-U is rarely
used in industry we are interested to see
whether U-type dispensing technique is
worth for the underfill process.
From the modeling and numerics
point of view, explore using Hele-
Shaw approximation. This will
result in a 2D problem that can be
solved much more efficiently and it
is desirable to use unless some of the
Hele-Shaw assumptions are broken
(which should be explained)
In this underfill problem with complexity of
solder bump arrangement, Hele-Shaw
approximation is not adequate. Furthermore,
we studied different types of injection
techniques that require 3-D analysis for more
realistic prediction.
2 Statement which says: "the use of
Fluent ., , has not been reported so
far." is not quite true. The use of
Fluent to model and simulate the
underfill flow process driven by
capillary effects was first done by
Wan in his PhD thesis which was
published in 2005……….
My purpose to raise this story a bit
lengthy here is to recommend the
author of the present paper includes
the above paper in the references
section in light of scientific fairness
and objectivity.
The references are included (ref. 33&34).
The PhD work of Wan and IEEE paper by
Wan et al. presented FE based 2D simulation
of capillary driven underfill using ANSYS
software. Hence the authors still claim that
the use of Fluent which is FV based
software, 3D analysis and handling of
Pressurized underfill problem are
contributions of the present work. FV
method is cheaper in term of computing time
and also can handle bigger element numbers.
The discrepancy in the point
injection case between the model
predicted and experimental should
be worth more explanation, which
Discrepancy has been mentioned and as
suggested by the reviewer, this issue is
proposed for the future work in the
conclusion.
42
may lead to the future work by both
the authors and others.
One of the governing equation, (4),
is about energy (thermal). I am not
sure whether this is considered in the
simulation with the software. If not,
please indicate this. Also, the
properties of the materials may also
be talented like Table 1 to improve
readability.
Yes, we have considered the energy equation
as in Eqn. (3). Energy equation is needed
since the temperature is one of the variable
parameters. The properties of material have
been included in Table 2 as suggested.
Run time of simulations needs to be
mentioned. My experience is that it
takes a very long time to get one
simulation done.
Run time of simulation has been mentioned
in the revised manuscript. Yes, we agree
with the reviewer; it takes about 24 hours to
complete one case.
4 References to Equations 4 and 5 to
be given
References to Eqs. (4) and (5) are given (35-
37 in the revised manuscript)
How does the inlet pressure
specification along with melt front
pressure specification match with
the mass flow at the inlet?
Injection pressure does affect the mass flow
rate. Higher pressure provides higher flow
rate but the flow rate also depends on the
type of injection.
Is there any way the authors, if
possible to suggest, to consolidate
the data obtained so that filling by
other inlets can be obtained.
The injection type-U is the fastest but the
possibility of void formation is higher. L-
type injection is found to be reasonable.
These points are mentioned in the conclusion
section of the revised manuscript.
5 It is a 3D model for the underfill
flow. There are no boundary
conditions along the chip sides
which has interface with air.
Boundary conditions are mentioned and
clearly shown in Figure 1
The finite model shown in figure 3
is not clear. Please show clearer
figure of the 3D finite element
model.
Figure 3 is modified.
The dispensing temperature shown
in table 1 is different for different
dispensing type. Why is that?
The dispensing temperature is very much
dependent on the injection pressure. Higher
pressure gives higher temperature
accordingly.
In the first line of the section
"Results and Discussion", The
reference is [1]. Is it [12]?
It is [12]. Corrected, thanks.
This is a study based on the 3D
simulation. Is there any point that is
different from the usual 2D
simulation? I would like to see the
discussion on the 3D flow along the
fill gap.
Underfill process is a complex process and
involves 3D flow field phenomenon. A 2D
model is inadequate to predict the actual
flow field. This point is discussed in Section
4.
43
Second review (after the revised submission)
Response to Reviewers
Ref. No.: MR-D-09-00134R1
Title: Finite Volume Based CFD Simulation of Pressurized Flip Chip Underfill Encapsulation
Process.
Comment: Reviewer #2: Accept
The first time to have the FOM should give a full name of it.
Response:
There is no such abbreviation as FOM in the manuscript. However, if the reviewer did mean
FEM and FVM which were not defined for the first time in the text, it is now rectified.
Thanks
Note: after the second revision the paper was accepted
Referencing formats
Harvard referencing system (Author- Date
Style)
Numbered Style
American Psychological Association
(APA)
Chicago
Council of Science Editors (CSE)
Vancouver
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers)
Modern Languages Association (MLA)
Modern Humanities Research Association
(MHRA)
Columbia
ACS (Chemistry and related subjects)
American Medical Association (AMA)
Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC)-
Law
You can publish,
and you will publish.
Best wishes, Thank you
44
Visibility and Recognition of Researchers
Researchers are graded based on the number of citations of their work rather than the number
of publications.
The h-index provided by Scopus/Google Scholar is a common indicator.
A researcher has an index of h if h of his/her papers have been cited at least h times.
Source:
http://subjectguides.uwaterloo.ca/content.php?pid=84805&sid=1885850
Few Tips:
Publish on the right and most reputed platform
Share publications in personal and social networking sites, blog, etc.
Add publications in the institutional repository
Publish with open access
Publish review articles
Create profile and add publications in platforms such as:
Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.co.in/intl/en/scholar/citations.html)
Web of Science (https://webofknowledge.com/)
ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier)- http://orcid.org/
Scopus (https://www.scopus.com/)
ResearchGate (https://www.researchgate.net/)
Academia (https://www.academia.edu/)
45
VOCABULARY
Background
and
Motivation
Promising technique; basic issue; challenging area; classic feature; common
issue; crucial issue; considerable number; key technique; interesting area;
powerful tool; rapid rise; significant increase; vital aspect; leading cause; of great
concern; play/s a key role; potential applications; play/s a major part; well-
documented/established; widespread; worthwhile; well-known; widely
recognized etc.
Literature
Review
Achieved, addressed, attempted, calculated, carried out, classified, conducted,
compared, confirmed, constructed, correlated, demonstrated, defined, designed,
detected, determined, developed, discussed, established, enhanced, estimated,
examined, explored, extended, evaluated, found, focused on, formulated,
generated, identified, illustrated, indicated, implemented, improved,
incorporated, indicated, interpreted, introduced, investigated, measured,
modeled, monitored, modified, obtained, observed, proposed, proved, provided,
predicted, presented, published, presented, performed, produced, put forward,
pointed out, reported, recognized, realized, recommended, revealed, revised,
reviewed, showed, simulated, solved, stated, studied, suggested, tested, used,
utilized, verified, validated, worked, yielded etc.
To describe
‘gaps’
Ambiguous, confusing, doubtful, expensive, computationally demanding, far
from perfect, impractical, incompatible (with), inaccurate, inadequate, incapable
(of), incomplete, inconclusive, inconsistent, incorrect, still lacking, disadvantage,
drawback, error, flaw, need clarification, limitation, weakness, problem, issues to
be addressed, risk,
ineffective, inefficient, inferior, meaningless, misleading, superficial, not
addressed, not dealt with, not apparent, not well understood, of little value,
questionable, redundant, restricted, time-consuming, unanswered, uncertain,
unclear, disagree, fall short of, misunderstood, need to re-examine, overlook,
remain unstudied, not yet addressed, has/have not been addressed so far, little
attention has been paid, suffer (from) etc…
To describe
the present
(your) work
Suitable terms from 2, in present simple tense (or past simple).
Few additional terms: offer, facilitate, close attention is paid to, here, aim, goal,
intention, objective, purpose etc.
Minimize problem Minimize
responsibility
Maximize good aspects
Did not align precisely
Only approximate
It is recognized that
Less than ideal
Not perfect
Not identical
Slightly problematic
Rather time-consuming
Minor deficit
Slightly disappointing
Limited by
Inevitably
Necessarily
Impractical
As far as possible
It was hard to
It was difficult to
Unavoidable
Not possible
Acceptable
Fairly well
Quite good
Reasonably robust
However
Nevertheless
46
Negligible
Unimportant
Immaterial
A preliminary attempt
Not significant
FREQUENCY SCALE
1 Each/every time
Without exception
On each/every occasion
Always
Invariably
100%
2 Habitually
As a rule
Generally
Normally
Usually
3 Regularly
Repeatedly
4 Frequently
Often
Common
5 More often than not
6 As often as not Neutral Frequency
7 Sometimes
On some occasions
At times
8 Occasionally
Now and then
From time to time
9 Rarely
Seldom
Infrequently
10 Hardly ever
Barely ever
Almost never
Scarcely ever
11 On no occasion
Not once
At no time
Never
00
47
Some Global Research Options with Funding
India
http://mhrd.gov.in/National_Scholarships
http://mhrd.gov.in/external_scholarships
http://www.ummid.com/education/student%20scholarship.htm
http://www.metdelhi.org/
http://www.metdelhi.org/ngolist.html
http://gokdom.com/
http://www.nsscholarship.net/aboutnsf.asp
http://www.iip.res.in/details.php?pgID=sb_72
http://www.upes.ac.in/mtech-pipeline-eng.html
France
http://www.cefipra.org/
http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?rubrique29&lang=en
http://www.master-renewable-energy.com/en/?intro=1
http://www.master-nuclear-energy.fr/en/debouches.php
http://www.ens-cachan.fr/version-anglaise/international/
http://www.egide.asso.fr/jahia/Jahia/lang/en/accueil/appels/eiffel
http://www.sdcc.ait.asia/?q=node/36
TWAS Postgraduate Fellowships
http://twas.ictp.it/prog/exchange/fells/fells-pg/pg-gen-info
UK
http://www.educationuk.org/India/Home
http://www.educationuk.org/India/Article/Scholarships-for-international-postgraduate-students
http://www.educationuk.org/India/Article/Study-in-Scotland
http://www.educationuk.org/India/Article/Study-in-Northern-Ireland
48
Cambridge- India
http://www.educationuk.org/India/Home
http://www.educationuk.org/India/Article/Scholarships-for-international-postgraduate-students
http://www.educationuk.org/India/Article/Study-in-Scotland
http://www.educationuk.org/India/Article/Study-in-Northern-Ireland
http://www.cambridge-india.org/funding/cambridge.html
http://www.cambridge-india.org/funding/external.html
Germany
DAAD
http://www.daad.de/deutschland/foerderung/stipendiendatenbank/00462.en.html?fachrichtung=16&land=4&sta
tus=3&enter.x=47&enter.y=13
DFG
http://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/programmes/index.jsp
http://www.dfg.de/en/dfg_profile/head_office/dfg_abroad/india/index.jsp
AKA
http://www.aka-info.org/cms/home.html
EURAXESS Germany
http://www.euraxess.de/portal/home_en.html
Europe
http://erc.europa.eu/
European Commission
http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/portal/page/searchorganisations;efp7_SESSION_ID=hTYTPBscKnjpy
58KvMVDJgth1rwfXNJTRkk6rhH2BMMLvkXd0B22!-1636533266
World Bank
http://www.worldbank.org/
49
Abu Dhabi
http://www.studyoverseasglobal.com/common/AbuDhabi_April_12.asp?gclid=CPPsrZnyn7ACFUZ76wodTVTaYQ
Irish scholarship
http://www.ircset.ie/tabid/63/default.aspx
Canada
http://studycanada.learnhub.com/lesson/19732-scholarships-in-canada-for-indian-students
Japan
http://www.studyjapan.go.jp/en/toj_stope.html
http://www.studyjapan.go.jp/en/toj/toj0308e.html#1
MEXT: http://www.mext.go.jp/english/introduction/1303953.htm
Harvard School of Engineering
http://www.seas.harvard.edu/audiences/prospective-graduates/funding/
University of Texas
http://grad.pci.uta.edu/students/finances/fellowships/external/
General Scholarship Websites
http://ww90.scholarships-bourses-ca.org/
http://www.scholars4dev.com/?gclid=CNiYzszxn7ACFU966wodL1HCZg
http://www.ummid.com/education/student%20scholarship.htm
http://rdpp.csir.res.in/csir_acsir/Home.aspx
http://www.ox.ac.uk/feesandfunding/prospectivegrad/scholarships/external/#d.en.16653