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YEAR 2010 ENGINEERING COMPLEX ENERGY AUDIT
RESEARCH MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE (RMI)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
40450 SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR
MALAYSIA
BY:
SHAH RIZAM MOHD SHAH BAKI
ZULKIFLI YAACOB
ZAINAZLAN MD ZAIN
ZULKIFLI ABD MAJID
NGAH RAMZI HAMZAH
DECEMBER 2010
i
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Contents
1 .
Letter of Repo rt Sub mission iii
2. Letter of Offer (Research Grant) iv
3. Acknowledgements v
4 .
Enhanced Research Title and Objectives vi
5. Report 7
5.1 Proposed Executive Summary 7
5.2 Abstract of the Research 8
5.3 Introduction 9
5.4 Brief Literature Review 13
5.5 Methodology 21
5.6 Results and Discussion 26
5.7 Conclusion and Recomm endation 49
5.8 References/Bibliography 50
6 Research Outcomes 51
7 Appendix 52
ii
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1. Letter of Report Submission
Tarikh : 16 NOV EMB ER 2011
No. Fail Projek : 600-IRD C/ST/D AN A 5/3Dst (1/2010)
Penolong N aib Canselor (Penyelidikan)
Institut Pengurusan Penyelidikan
Universiti Teknologi MAR A
40450 Shah Alam
Ybhg Prof,
LAPORAN AKHIR PENYELIDIKAN ENGINEERING COMPLEX ENERGY
AUDIT
Merujuk kepada perkara di atas, bersama-sama ini disertakan 2 (dua) naskah Laporan
Akhir Penyelidikan bertajuk Enginee ring Com plex Energy Aud it dan satu (1)
salinan
soft opy
dalam bentuk cakera padat (CD) oleh kumpulan penyelidikan dari
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik untuk makluman pihak tuan.
Sekian, terima kasih.
Yang benar,
SHAH RIZAM BINTI MOHD. SHAH BAKI
Ketua,
Projek Penyelidikan.
iii
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UNIVERSITI
TEKNOLOG
MARA
Surat Kami : 600-IRDC/ST/DANA 5 3 Dst (1/2010)
Tarikh : 11 Mac 2010
Prof.
Dr. Irv Shah Rizam Mohd Shah Baki
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elekrik
Universiti Teknoiogi MARA
40450 SHAH ALAWl
PEMENANG
Anuoeroh Kual i t i
Peraana M en t e r i
2Q08
Prof/Prof. Madya/Dr,/Tuan/Puan
KELULUSAN PERMOHONAN DANA KECEMERLANGAN 01/2010
Energy Audit Study
of
Science
and
Technology Complex, UiTM Shah
Alam Seiangor
: 600-IRDC/ST/DANA 5/3/Dst (1/2010)
; KategoriA(2010)
: 01 Januari 2 01 0- 31 Disember 2 11 (24 buian)
: RM 33,000,00
:
Prof.
Dr.
Ir
Shah Rizam Mohd Shah Baki
Tajuk Projek
Kod Projek
Kategori Projek
Tempoh
Jumlah Peruntukan
Ketua Projek
Dengan hormatnya perkara d i atas adalah dirujuk,
Sukacita dimaklumkan pihak Universiti telah meiuluskan cadangan penyelidikan Prof/Prof.
Madya/Dr./Tuan/Puan untuk membiayai projek penyelidikan di bawah Dana Kecemerlangan UiTM.
Bagi pihak Universiti kami mengucapkan tahniah kepada Prof/Prof. Madya/Dr\/Tuan/Puan kerana
kejayaan ini dan seterusnya diharapkan berjaya menyiapkan projek ini dengan cemerlang.
Untuk tujuan mengemaskini, pihak Prof/Prof Madya/Dr./Tuan/Puan adalah
di
minta untuk
melengkapkan .semula kertas cadangan penyelidikan sekiranya perlu serta beserta bajet yang baru
seperti yang diluluskan. Sila lihat lampiran bagi tatacara tambahan untuk pengurusan projek,
Sekian,
harap maklum.
SELAMAT IWENJALANKAN PENYELIDIKAN DENGAN JAYANYA
benar
\L HAMZAH
INFOREC merangkap
Cetua Penyelidikan (Sains & Teknoiogi)
/tf?C
P e n o l o n g N a i b ' C a x i s e l o r ( P e n y e l i d i k a n )
: 6 0 3 - 5 5 4 4 2 0 9 4 / 2 0 9 5
B a h a g i a n P e n y e l i d i k a n : 6 0 3 -S 5 4 4 2 0 9 7 / 2 0 9 1 / 2 0 9 8 / 5 5 2 1
1462
B a h a g i a n P e r u n d i n g a n
:
6 03 - 5 54 4 2 1 0 0 / 2 7 5 3 / 2 0 9 2
B a h a g i a n I n o v a s i . -6 0 3 -5 5 44 27 5 0 /27 47
B a h a g i a n P e n e r b i t a n : 6 0 3 - 5 5 4 4 1 4 2 5 / 5 5 4 4 2 7 4 7
B a h a g i a n S o k o n g a n I C T : 6 0 3 - 5 5 4 4 3 0 9 7 / 2 1 0 4 / 5 5 2 1
1461
B a h a g i a n S a i n s : 6 0 3 -5 5 4 4 2 0 9 8 / 5 5 2 1 1463
P e j a b a t
Am :
6 03 - 55 4 4 2 0 9 3 / 2 1 0 1 / 2 0 5 7 / 2 5 5 9
P e n o l o n g P e n t a d b i r a n
:
6 0 3 -5 5 44 20 9 0
Fa x : 6 0 3 -SS44 20 9 6 /2 7 6 7
U n i t K e w a n g a n Z o n 17 : 6 0 3 -5 5 44 3 40 4
: 6 0 3 -5 5 21
1386
jm e n t I n s t i t u te (RM IJ Un iv e rs i t i Te k n o io g i M ARA, 40 4 5 0 Sh a h A la m , M a la y s ia
.
r m i u i t m e d u
. m y
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3. Acknowledgements
This audit work could not have been successful without the assistance and
coorperation from the KET (Bahagian Khidmat Elektrikal dan Telekomunikasi) UiTM,
project sudents and inputs from the experts in this field. The A udit Team w ould like to
express its gratitude to all involved, directly and indirectly, in completeing this work.
Let s keep up the good w ork
v
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4. Enhanced Research Title and Objectives
Original Title as Proposed:
ENERGY AUDIT STUDY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMPLEX
OF UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA SHAH ALAM SELANGOR
Improved/Enhanced Title:
YEAR 2010 ENGINEERING COMPLEX ENERGY AUDIT
Original Objectives as Proposed:
No Changes
Improved/Enhanced Objectives:
No Changes
VI
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5. Report
5 .1 Proposed Execut ive Summary
The total overall monthly electrical consumption for UiTM Shah Alam have shown to
consume a tremendous amount of electrical energy which is about RM1.3 mill ion per
month may due to the lower power factor penalty and lower efficiency operation of the
various Mechaanida and Electrical services and improper control and management of
the services. Therefore, it is necessary for UiTM Development Office to seek means to
reduce the present monthly electricity consumptions and eliminate the operational
problems due to low power factor penalty charge by supply utility and lower efficiency
operation through new technologies and innovative approaches. An energy audit had
been carried out related to Power Quality issues (M&E operation and electrical
consumption related to efficiency, power factor and harmonics issues) in accordance
with the Energy Audit Guidelines and Standards. From the analysis made on the
electricity bills, the actual MD for TES has never achieved 75% of the Declared TNB
Maximum Demand to TNB of 3700 kW whereas the Average Actual MD Consumed (for
year 2007 to 2009) is only
1,842.794
kW. Since the M D of TES is less than 75% of the
Declared MD, TNB has imposed a penalty charge on the under-util ized Declared MD.
The average Connected Load Charge (CLC) is 891.397 kW and the penalty chargeable
per kW of CLC is RM8.50, resulting in a total monthly penalty charge amounting to
RM7,576.65. Serious discussion regarding this issue with TNB is required for the
possibility of reviewing the present D eclared MD. If this is possible, the penalty charge
imposed can be eliminated and a monthly saving of RM7,576.64 5 can be made. This is
a no-cost measure subjected to the TNB's approval.
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5.2 Abstract of the Resea rch
This paper presents a study made on energy audit conducted at the Engineering
Complex, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Shah Alam Campus. The audit was m ade
by focusing on the major electrical energy consumption of the Ambient Lighting
requirements and Mechanical Ventilation and Air-conditioning (MVAC) building services.
This research work is funded by the Research Management Institute (RMI) UiTM with
reference number of 600-IRDC /ST/DANA 5/3Dst (1/201 0).
During the study conducted, a continuous data collection on both services was made
with the installation of related measuring devices to capture various parameters related
to the said services when in the actual operation mode s. This was to determine the
actual day-to-day performance based on the exiting operation efficiency at the specific
load factor of the systems. From the data collected, analysis was conducted based on
the references to relevant local and international standards, guidelines and Code of
Practices to benchmark its performance and operational efficiency.
From the findings gathered, suggestions, recommendations and remedial actions were
made to further improve the present performance, rescheduling and operational
efficiency of the said services in achieving the energy-efficiency requirements based on
the passive and active strategies that should to be implemented.
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A formal presentation and deliberations to the Top UiTM Management will be made on
the findings and suggestions / recommendations / improvements to be made and
energy efficiency strategies will be highlighted for further enhanced the electrical energy
consumption in the future to achieve a more efficient utilization of energy consumption
for the complex. W ith the proper implementation made on the suggestions /
recommendations / improvements, we sincerely hope that the expected outcome in
much lower electrical energy consumption due to increased efficiency in the overall
electrical energy consumption due to better load planning strategy, operation, scheduled
maintenance and repair of the Mechanical and Electrical (M&E) services can be fulfilled.
In order to achieve the expected target, team work and cooperation between the various
team members and all the related parties have contributed towards the successful
completion of the related ene rgy audit activities.
Table 1 : List of Engineering Complex Energy Audit Team Members
Chairperson
Head of Electrical
System
Head of Air-Conditioning
System
Members
Research A ssistance
Bahagian Khidmat
Elektrikal &
Telekomunikasi (BKET):
Bahagian Operasi Sistem
Mekanikal (BOSIM)
Final Year Student (FYP)
: Datin Prof. Ir. Dr. Shah Rizam Binti Moh d. Shah Baki
Prof. Madya Ir. Zulkefli Bin Yaacob
Prof Madya Dr. Zainazlan Bin Md Zain
: Prof. Madya Zulkifli Bin Ab d. Majid
Prof. Madya Dr. Ngah Ramzi Bin Hamzah
Mohd Redzuan BinAbd Manap
Mohd Bukhari Bin Ab Aziz
: En. Razali Bin Abd Hadi
Pn. Siti Farah Binti Hashim
En . Samsudin Bin Harun
: En. Md.Noor Bin Muslam
Ahmad Fauzi Bin Sharif
Mohd Noor Firdaus Bin Che Mat
Dasuki Fahmi Bin Abdul Razak
Tengku Mohd Rusyailan Bin Tengku Abdullah
Following the setup of the team, a background study on the building systems and the
associated problems with the M&E services were conduc ted. Literature search on
energy audit procedures and strategies was also conducted in-line with accepted
standards, guidelines and recomm ended practices. The required measurem ents of the
electricity consumed are inevitable for the results to be analyzed. Counter-measures
can then be taken for the necessary improvemen ts and remedial actions. The actions
to be taken will be discussed in details in the M ethodology section.
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5.3.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
From the background study conducted on both the M&E systems, the team members
were able to identify the current problems associated with the services. The prom inent
ones were selected and are listed as follows:
• Financial and techn ical issues related to the high mon thly electricity bills.
• Poor power factor, imbalanced three-phase loads, harmonics and power quality
issues that need to be addressed.
• Unsatisfactory current performance, operation and scheduling of the centralized
air-conditioning system.
• Methods to improve overall energy efficiency in the M&E services at the
Engineering Complex (formally known as the S&T Complex).
5.3.2 OBJECTIVES
From the above stated problem statements, the team has identified the following
objectives with a view of solving the prominent problems related to the electricity usage
and daily load pattern at the Engineering Complex.
• To optimize the present usage of electricity in-line with the continuously increasing
electricity demand with increasing number of new projects being implemented and
commissioned.
• To recomm end for the improvement in the overall operating power factor, load
balancing, harmonic and power quality issues so as to improve the overall
performance and efficiency of electrical consumption in the complex.
• To recomm end the possible energy efficiency improvem ents for the air-
conditioning system in attaining the required optimum occupants' thermal comfort
within the built environment.
• To identify any discrepancies in the present billing system by the Tenaga Nasional
Berhad (TN B) that will contribute an overall reduction in the m onthly electricity bill.
5.3.3 SCOPES OF WORK
Due to the huge involvement related to the amount of work involved in the study, the
team was further sub-divided into two different working groups based on the areas of
expertise, namely:
1 .
Electrical Supply System , and
2. Air-conditioning System .
The working group on the Electrical Supply System concentrates on two areas, namely
the Ambient Lighting System, Electrical Supply Distribution and Utilization. Each group
is assigned its respective scopes of work. The followings are the detailed scopes of
work of the two specific groups:
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The scopes
of
work
for the
sub-group in-charge
of the
Lighting System cover
the
followings:
•
To
study lighting system operating schedu le,
•
To
conduct measurement
and
analysis
of the
design
of the
ambient lighting
luminaries, layout and optimum illumination level in Lux) and Power Density in
W/m2
)
based
on the MS
1525: 2007 standard,
and
•
To
collect data
on
electrical power parameters with
the use of
Power Quality
Recorder and to conduct an an alysis on the collected data.
The scopes of work for the Electrical Supply, Distribution and Utilization sub-group
cover the followings:
•
To
conduct power distribution profile monitoring and analysis,
• To conduct load balancing evaluation and end-load survey and analysis,
• To conduct harmonics and power quality analysis, and
• To study on the energy usage on the related services; i.e. Suitability of present
tariff, chosen Declared Maximum Demand (DMD), daily
and
weekly electrical
consumption patterns, load imbalance, power factor and other pertinent issues.
The scopes of work for the Air-Conditioning System cover the followings:
• To study the characteristics of current Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system,
• To study the current UiTM District Cooling Sy stem DCS) Design, operation and
scheduling
•
To
study the suitability
of
the presently practiced Ice Storage Strategy,
and
•
To
study the existing electrical supply control strategy, operation and schedu ling
The scopes
of
work
to be
covered by the team m embers are as follows :
1 . To identify the p roblems leading to the above issues,
2.
To
suggest and recommend solutions
to
m itigate/reduce
the
problems,
3. To suggest methods of improving the operational efficiency and cost saving
initiatives
due to low
power factor operation, penalty charge
by the
supply utility
and a high monthly electrical consumption due to low-efficiency operation caused
by higher operating losses and,
and
4 . To produce reports that include documentation of methodology, data, results,
interpretation
and
recommendations
for
energy audit
and
energy savings
strategies.
5.3.4 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT
This report comprises 6 Chapters. Chapter 1 outlines the establishment of the audit team
and the scope of work to be done. The problem statements and objectives are also
mentioned. The site of work, its schematic and the components of the electrical supply
system, which is the main system that provide supplies to the air-conditioning system
and lighting system are mentioned in Chapter 2. Also the parameters to be monitored are
discussed.
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The methodology taken by each sub-group is mentioned in Chapter 3 along with the
procedural actions. Chapter 4 discusses the details of the findings and analyses of each
sub-group, including the cost incurred, possible actions to be taken and in some cases,
probable savings. From the findings, conclusions are discussed in Chapter 5. Along the
audit, several other issues were discovered and they are discussed in Chapter 6.
5.4 Brief Literature Review
The research work focuses energy audit conducted on the Engineering Complex, UiTM
Shah Alam, which com prise of two (2) 20-storey tower blocks of Tl and T2 which are
interconnected to five (5) blocks of Bl , B2, B3, B4 and B5 . The electrical supply to
each tower is via a 1.5 M VA , 11 kV / 433 V step-dow n cast-resin energy-efficient
transformers. Similarly, electrical supply to each block is via a 2.5 MV A, 11 kV / 433 V
step-down energy-efficient cast-resin transformers. Each tower is equipped with a 500
kVA diesel-powered stand-by generator to back-up the essential electrical loads during
the occurrence of any power outages. Blocks 1 and 2 are each equipped with a 1875 kVA
diesel-powered stand-by generator. Likewise, Blocks 4 and 5 are each equipped with a
1750 kVA stand-by diesel-powered generator. The electrical schematic diagrams for
Blocks 1, 2 and 3 are shown in App endices 1 through 3 respectively. The E ngineering
Complex adopts Tariff CI for its electrical supply consumption and Tariff
C2
for the air-
conditioning system from the supply utility i.e TN B. Further details and breakdow ns of
the General Commercial Tariffs are as tabulated in Appendix 4.
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5 .4 .1 LIGH TING SYSTEM
A literature review had been conducted on the standard practices of the lighting system
and the findings are tabulated as shown in Tables 2 and 3.
Table 2: Recommended Average lluminance Levels for Ambient Lighting (Extracted from MS
1525: 2007 - Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-
Residential Buildings)
Task
Lighting for
Infrequently
Used Area
Lighting for
Working
Interiors
Localized
Lighting for
Exacting Task
Illuminance (Lux)
20
100
100
100
100
150
100
100
100
300
200
200
300 - 400
300 - 400
150
200
150-300
150
150
100
100
300 - 500
200 - 750
300
500
1000
2000
Example of Application
Minimum service Illuminance
Interior walkway and Car Park
Hotel Bedroom
Lift Interior
Corridor, Passageways, Staircase
Escalator, Travellator
Entrance and E xit
Staff Changing Room, Locker and Cleaner
Room, Cloak Room, Lavatories, Stores,
Entrance
Hall,
Lobbies, waiting Room
Inquiry Desk
Gate House
Infrequent Reading and Writing
General Offices, Shops and stores, reading
and writing.
Drawing Office
Restroom
Restaurant, canteen, Cafeteria
Kitchen
Lounge
Bathroom
Toilet
Bedroom
Classroom, Library
Shop / Supermarket / Department Store
Museum and Gallery
Proof Reading
Exacting Drawing
Detailed and Precise Work
Table 3: Unit Lighting Power Allowance (Extracted from MS 1 525: 2007- Code of Practice
on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings).
Type of Usage
Restaurants
Offices
Classrooms/Lectures Theatres
Auditorium/Concert Hall
Hotel/Motel Guest Rooms
Lobbies/Atriums/Concourse
Supermarket/Department Stores
Stores/Warehouse/Stairs/Corridors/Lavatories
Car Parks
Maximum Lighting Power Density
(W/m
2
)
15
15
15
15
15
20
10
5
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The data given in Tables 2 and 3 are utilized and used as a reference in the energy
audit conducted for electrical system lighting illumination requirements of this study.
5.4.2 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION
The main supply intake to UiTM Shah Alam M ain Campus is fed from 33 kV TNB M ain
Bulk Intake Substation at 33 kV located next to the UiTM H otel. The high voltage
supply at 33 kV is later stepped-down to 11 kV for internal reticulation within the UiTM
Shah Alam Main Campus with the use of underground cables to all related buildings and
Faculties. The 11 kV is then further stepped-down to 415 V by the 11 kV / 433 V step-
down transformers housed in the individual substation building before being connected
to the building's Main Switch Board (MSB) for utilization of respective electrical loads
within the building.
The electrical supply to each Tower Block Tl and T2 in the Engineering Complex is
through a 1.5 MV A, 11 kV/433 V step-down cast-resin transformer. Similarly, electrical
supply to each block is via a 2.5 MV A, 11 kV / 433 V step-down cast-resin transformers.
Each tower is equipped with a 500 kVA stand-by generator to back-up the essential
electrical loads during the occurrence of any power outages. Blocks Bl and B2 are each
equipped with a 1875 kVA diesel-pow ered stand-by generator. Likew ise, Block s B4 and
B5 are each equipped with a 1750 kVA diesel-powered stand-by generator. The
electrical schematic diagrams for Blocks Bl, B2 and B3 are as shown in Appendices 1
through 3 respectively. The Engineering Complex adopts Tariff CI on its electrical
supply consumption and Tariff C2 for air-conditioning system from T NB . Further
details and breakdowns of these General Commercial Tariffs are as tabulated in
Appendix 4.
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5.4.3 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
This section describes the air-conditioning system of the Engineering Complex. It is
important to understand the working principles of the system and the variables that have
to be taken care of before the actual auditing work can be done. Detailed introduction
and the parameters are discussed in the following with standard practices and codes
mentioned. These serve guidance for practitioner of the audit works in assessing the
system.
5.4.4 Introduction to Thermal Energy Storage at Engineering Co mplex
The Engineering Complex was built a centralized chilled-water plant with Thermal
Energy Storage (TES) scheme in the year 2002 . The plant was commissioned in June
2002 with
a
capacity
of
3600 Refregerant-Tonne
RT)
installed chiller capacity
and
10,800 RTh Thermal Energy Storage ca pacity. In principle, the design of the TES
scheme
is
meant for shifting
the
peak electrical from
the
day
to
night.
The
TES
plant employs Dunhambush
Ice
Cell technology with
45
numbers
of Ice
cell
cylinders stored beneath the parking lot area. The plant was designed to have one unit
chiller 900RT
x 2
compressors
to
charge
the Ice
Cell cylinders during off-peak hours
between (10.00 p.m. to 8.00 a.m.) every day. This will give a low production cost
benefits
to
UiTM where
the
night tariff
is
much cheaper compared
to the
on-peak hours
and lower ambient temperature.
Not
only the charge
is
lower but the Maximum Demand
Charge can be avoided by almost 40% .
Figure 1 shows
a
schematic
of the
plant, wh ich c onsists
of
three closed pumping loops
namely primary, secondary and tertiary loops with the TES system in the upper stream.
The liquid flowing
in the
primary loop
is
ethylene glycol
and
chilled water flows
in the
secondary and tertiary loops. This design of multiple loops allows the system to operate
in all five operating mode s, nam ely
i.
ice
build
ii.
ice
build with cooling
iii.
cooling with ice
iv . cooling w ith ch iller
v. cooling with ice and chiller.
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T o w e r
low rise
Tower 2 low rise
Podium
PHX
T o w e r 2 high rise
Block 4 , Block 5
S H X
S H X
W
To wer 1 high r ise
Block 1, Block 2, Block 3
Figure 1: Operation schematic diagram of the TES plan
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A good operation and maintenance plan as well as plant management is the main
success in TES implem entation. Due to that, the recommended guideline for Air
Conditioning system has been introduced to provide thermal comfort with energy
efficiency at Engineering Complex.
a) Temp erature guideline for TES System
Figure 2 shows the temperature guideline for TES System. The abscissa indicates the
temperature in degree Celsius while the ordinates shows the components of the TES
System (refer to the legend in
the
figure).
10 11 12
U
24 25 26 27 28 29
A : Chiller Output
B :
System Supply (Out)
C : CHWS
D : CHWR
E : Supply Air (SA)
F :
Room Temp.
G: Return Air (RA)
| Good
J Fair (Acceptable)
I Poor
I Wasteful
Figure 2: Temperature Guideline for TES
b) Therma l Com fort/Health Indicator
Table 4 lists the thermal comfort levels for occupants in a room and the table is
constructed based on the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and Malaysian Standard (MS).
Table 4
Thermal Comfort/Health Indicator
Code
A
B
C
D
E
Relative Hum idity
(RH %)
50 ±1 0
< 7 0
< 7 5
< 8 0
Temperature (°C)
Vapour per kg dry air < 25
Humidity Ratio = < 12 g
24.5 ± 2.5
27.5
29.5
Not complied to D
Comment
Comply to ASHRAE and MS
Comply to MS
Not comply to MS but acceptable
Unacceptable
Extremely unacceptable
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Note: The left-most column indicates the code employed corresponding to the relative humidity
and temperature of the room.
c Dehumidifier/Cooling performance of AHU and FCU
Table 5 lists the guideline (indicator) for the cooling and dehumidifying modes of the
Air-handling Unit (AHU) and Fan Coil Unit (FCU).
Table 5: Cooling and Dehumidifier Indicator
Condition
Very Good
Good
Satisfaction
Poor
Very Poor
Cooling
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
>12
> 8 a n d < 12
>4 and <
8
>2 and < 4
< 2
Dehumidifier
Humidity Ratio ( g/kg )
> 8
>4 and < 8
>1 and <
4
> 5 a n d < 1.0
<0 .5
Note: The
cooling mode
is
measured
in
terms
of
enthalpy while
the
dehumidifying
mode in humidity ratio.
5.4.5 U i T M District Cooling Design
District Cooling is the area or region which is assigned to have cooling facility and
services. The district cooling design is the allocation of the refrigeration tonnage of
chilled water produced
for
the district coo ling.
The plant
was
designed
to
supply chilled water
to AHU
between
6° to 6.6° C and
returned
at
1 2°
to
14.4°
C
daily.
Table 6: District cooling design
Chiller Installed Capacity
Thermal Storage Capacity
Building Cooling Load Requirement
Max. Cooling Demand
2
x
1800RT N ormal Mode
2 x 1 2 5 0 R T I c e M o d e
45
x
240RTh Ice Cell
Block 1 550RT
Block
2
580RT
Block
3
380RT
Block
4
850RT
Block 5 660RT
Tower 1 290RT
Tower 2 290RT
3600RT
5.4.6 Ice Storage Strategy
The plant utilizes partial storage operating strategy
in
which during discharge mode,
the
ice storage and
the
ice chiller running
day
mode w ork hand-in-hand
to
cover the building
load.
This strategy
is
quite critical, where controlling
the
contribution
of
chiller
and ice
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storage are critical to the system econom y and comfort. Modulating valves are used to
manage the relative contributions of storage and chiller.
As the load and chiller contribution varies, the modulating valves will automatically allow
sufficient flow through the storage system to maintain 42°F of ethylene glycol to be
supplied to the primary HX. Heat transfer process take place between ethylene glycol
and chilled water, resulting to 44°F chilled water temperature which will be supplied to
the Air Handling Units (AHU) and Fan Coil Units (FCU) for the entire building.
5.4.7 Con trol Strategy
There is no specific control strategy in the plant. The ice cell contribution is controlled
by setting the m odulating valve to maintain the leaving temperature of 40 °F. Loads that
exceed the chiller contribution are met by the chiller. However, it is found out that this
control strategy utilizes about 70% of the total ice storage.
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5.5 Methodology
The Electrical System group has devised a methodology in achieving the objectives of its
work and it is shown in the form of a flowchart as show n in Figure
below.
S t a r t
_
R e f e r e n c e D o c u m e n t S e a r c h
- L i t e r a t u r e R e v i e w S t u d y
- M S I E E 1 1 5 9 : 1 9 9 5
- M S 1 5 2 5 : 2 0 0 7
- M S 1 5 3 3 : 2 0 0 2
- B r i ti s h S t d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n G 5/5
S e t t i n g o u t o f R e s o u r c e s
- H u m a n R e s o u r c e s & S k i l le d L a b o u r
- R e l a t e d e q u i p m e n t f o r m o n i t o r i n g & d a t a
c o l l e c t i o n
S i t e V i s i t . D i s c u s s i o n o n M o n i t o r i n g / D a t a
C o l l e c t i o n
i
r
I n s t a l l a t io n o f E q u i p m e n t f o r m o n i t o r i n g & D a t a
C o l l e c t i o n
^
D o w n l o a d i n g o f d a t a f r o m e q u i p m e n t fo r a n a l y s i s
< r ^ ^ D a t a S t
f f i c ie n t ^ ~ >
A n a l y s i s o f d a t a , r e p o r t w r i t i n g & P o w e r P o i n t
p r e p a r a t i o n
I
P r e s e n t a t i o n o f F i n d i n g s
s u b m i s s i o n o f r e p o r t
t o T o p U i T M M a n a g e m e n t
Figure 2: A Flowchart of the Energy Audit Activity on electrical system of Engineering Complex,
UiTM Shah Alam
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Prior to the commencement of the energy audit activities, previous historical electrical
data are vital as useful references and comparison made to the current similar data to
be collected through measurement and monitoring activities condu cted. These
historical data are available at the UiTM's Facilities Managem ent O ffice. Close rapport
and cooperation with the office ensures correct data can be obtained and accurately
interpreted and analyzed . Furthermore, the technical staffs of he said office are the
ones who are well-verse with the sites that will assist the team members in ensuring
correct measuremen ts can be mad e. These vital data are:
a) Site Plan and relevant M&E services drawings from the main electrical supply
intake to the connected loads for the related services.
b) Electrical energy consum ption is based on the supply utility monthly electricity data
for the previous months over 2 year's duration of 2009-2010.
c) Electrical equipment schedule, with the specific power rating, load factor, efficiency
and estimated operation hours for each building service.
d) Existing size of power factor correction banks and harmonics suppression reactors
if installed in the system .
e) The rating of all major energy consum ing equipment e.g lighting luminaries, electric
traction motors, air-conditioning system, lift system etc.
f) Detailed specifications of any control system or automation incorporated by the
relevant services.
An energy audit was planned and the schedule of the audit's activities is listed in Table
7 below.
Table 7: Energy Audit Activities Timeline
Activities
Literature Review and Background Study and
initial Documentation Works.
Field Data Collection / Measurement,
Monitoring, Research & Investigation on
Electrical Energy Usage based on Sampling
Data Made.
Process and Analyze Results from Collected
Data against Standards. Recommendations
and Relevant Guidelines.
Preparation of Draft Report for Submission to
UiTM Development Office.
Presentation of progress findings from
Energy Audit Conducted to UiTM
Development Office.
Submission of Finalized Report and
Recommendations to UiTM Development
Office.
Month
1-3
V
yf
4
Month
4-6
yf
V
V
Month
7-9
4
4
4
Month
10-12
V
4
4
4
The energy audit was carried out in accordance with the requirements of UiTM Shah
Alam and related energy audit guidelines and standards as mentioned above. A
comp lete energy audit for this work should comprise of the followings:
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a) Investigation on the detailed electrical consum ption of the Engineering Complex,
especially regarding the high monthly electrical consumption and penalty charge
due to low power factor operation,
b) Investigation on Power Quality issues related to the M&E operations, i.e related to
load factor, operational efficiency, power factor a nd harmonics issues,
c) Identifying the causes leading to the issues as mentioned in a) and b) above,
d) Condu cting measurements and analyses on the measured and collected data.
e) Providing suggestions and recomm end solutions to reduce/eliminate the problems
raised. This include providing methods of improving operational efficiency and cost
saving initiatives, remedial actions, and
f) Producing reports which include proper documentation of methodology, data,
results, interpretation and recommendations related to the energy audit conducted
and energy savings strategies to be implemented.
The energy audit monitoring commenced on the 15
th
January 2010 and ended in end of
May 2010.
The Lighting and Power Quality investigation activities utilizes the use of the Fluke 1750
to collect data on the electrical monitoring work such as Power, Voltage, Current, power
factor, load imbalance etc. at the Main Switch Board (MSB) of the individual tower or
block. The quality of the power supply with regards to harmonic contents, Total
Harmonic Distortion (THD) for voltages and currents, voltage surges/sags etc.
Likewise, the illumination data on amb ient lighting p roduced from ambient indoor lighting
is obtained with the use of digital lux meter.
The Fluke 1750 was installed for a minimum duration of one week in order to obtain a
complete weekly pattern of the overall power consumption from the specific Main Switch
Board (MSB) of the chosen tower/block in the Engineering Com plex. The first
installation of units of Fluke 1750 was made on
28
th
February 2010 at Tower 2, Blocks
B4 and B5 . Table 8 shows the schedule for the installation of the Fluke 1 750 for data
collection purposes.
Table 8: Power Quality Recorder Installation Schedule
Installation
Date
28
th
February
2 0 1 0
9
th
March
2 0 1 0
16
th
March
2 0 1 0
5
th
April
2 0 1 0
12
th
April
2 0 1 0
Dismantling
Date
8
th
March
2010
16
th
March
2010
12
th
April
2 0 1 0
19
th
April
2010
Location
MSB Tower T2
MSB Block B4
MSB Block B5
MSB Block B4
MSB Block B5
Tower T1
MSB Block B1
MSB Block B2
MSB Block B3
Chiller Plant and
Chiller Pump Room
Comments
Due to inaccuracy of data
collected, duration of data
collection for Blocks B4 and B5
was extended for another week.
Data Successfully Collected
Fluke 1750 was sent to supplier
for Calibration purposes due to
inaccuracy in data collected.
Data Successfully Collected
Data Successfully Collected.
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Sample photographs taken on the related activities conducted on the data monitoring
and collection conducted by the team members with the use of power quality recorder
were as show n in the Figures 3 through 5.
Figure 3: Fluke 1750 being used as for Power Quality Recorder for Data Collection.
Figure 4: Current Measurement through Installation of Meters at MSB Load Busbars.
Figure
5:
Measuring of Current at Current Transformer Side.