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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

POVERTY LINE INCOME:

MALAYSIA’s EXPERIENCES

BY

AZAHARI MOHD RASLAN

SENIOR DIRECTOR

PRICES INCOME AND EXPENDITURE STATISTICS DIVISION

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

Conclusion

Measuring Poverty

Comparison PLI 1977 & PLI 2005

Malaysia Poverty Line Income (PLI)

How to Define Poverty Line (PL)

Why Measure Poverty (P)

Introduction Scope of

Presentation

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

Poverty like beauty, lies in the eyes of the beholder

Orshansky 1969:

Lacking adequate money or means to live comfortably.

Concise Oxford Dictionary :

Poverty is easily to recognized but difficult to define.

INTRODUCTION

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

WHY MEASURE POVERTY?

Identify the poor and hardcore

poor

Make comparison

To help policy maker

Identify the determinants of

poverty

Help design

interventions

WHY MEASURE POVERTY?

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

HOW TO DEFINE PL?

Absolute Poverty Line

Set as an absolute level below which consumption is considered to be low to meet the minimum welfare level acceptable.

Not a survival line

Typically used in low or middle income countries

1

2

3

HOW TO DEFINE PL?

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

…Continue

Two major issues:

(ii) Identification

problem

(i) Referencing

Problem

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

…Continue

Method to develop PL

Direct Calorie Intake

Food-energy method

Cost of Basic Needs

Ravillion and Lockshin (2003) Ravillion and Lockshin (2003)

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

Step for Cost of Basic Needs approach:

Select nutrional requirement

Select a single food bundle for the entire population,

using prevailing

tastes

Set the non-food allowance in line with the consumption behavior of

those around the food poverty

line

Price this bundle at prevailing

price for each of the group

analyzed

Gram of Dietary Food per calorie

MOH,UPM & UKM

Gram of Dietary Food per calorie

MOH,UPM & UKM HES HES HES HES

Price of Food per unit-CPI

Price of Food per unit-CPI

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

MALAYSIA PLI

FOOD PLI

NON-FOOD PLI

DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION:

-SEX -AGE

- LOCATION

NOT POOR

POOR

HARDCORE POOR

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

Step to determine Food PLI

Calorie grams Price

Step to determine Non-Food PLI

Consists of:

clothing housing durables transport other non

foods

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

…Continue

Relative Non-Food prices by State and Stratum on each 6 digit Item

The price per 100 calories of a diet with less full-fat milk suitable for a household without children under 7

1 1

The price per 100 calories of a diet will full-fat milk suitable for a household with children aged 7 and under

2 2

3 3

Output:

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

Recommended Daily Energy Requirements for Malaysian

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

Recommended Daily Energy Requirements for Malaysian

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

Alternative Malaysian Food Baskets

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

Household Expenditure Survey: Selected Food Item

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

Price per 100 Calorie in 2004 (RM)

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

Relative non-Food Prices by State and Stratum, 2004

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

Relative non-Food Prices by State and Stratum, 2004, (cont…)

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

2005-based PLIs for the ‘Model Household’* by state and Stratum, 2004

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

COMPARISON PLI 1977 & PLI 2005

PLI 1977

• No spatial CPI differential

• Nutrition based on PLI

• The calorie requirement were not sex specific

• Changing by update of CPI

PLI 2005

• Spatial price difference

• Nutrition based on advice from nutritionist

• Calorie requirement differ by sex

• Change in basket of good

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

…Continue

HARDCORE POVERTY RATE

Methodology 1977 Methodology 2005

No. HH below than middle of PLI X 100

Total Household

No. HH below than Food PLI X 100

Total Household

POVERTY RATE

Methodology 1977 Methodology 2005

No. HH below than PLI X 100

Total Household

No. HH below than Total PLI X 100

Total Household

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

MEASURING POVERTY

Headcount Index

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

49.3

37.4

16.5

8.5

3.8 1.7 0

10

20

30

40

50

1970 1979 1989 1999 2009 2012

Poor

TIME SERIES-POVERTY %

Year

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

LOOKING FOWARD

Poverty Gap

Poverty Mapping

Bottom 40% i i

ii ii

iii iii

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JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

THANK YOU