Post on 19-Jun-2015
FUNGSI DARAH
1. Mengangkut gas, nutrien dan bahan kumuh
2. Mengangkut molekul yang diproses3. Mengangkut molekul yang penting4. Mengawal Ph dan osmosis5. Memiara suhu tubuh6. Menentang bahan asing7. Pembentukan clot (darah beku)
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
1. Tissue penyambung2. Formed elements - 45 %3. Plasma - 55 %4. 4 - 5 liter - perempuan5. 5 - 6 liter - lelaki6. 8 % berat badan
KOMPOSISI DARAH
PLASMA1. 91 % of water
2. 7 % protein
3. 2 % other substances (ions, nutrients, gases and waste products)
4. Plasma proteins (albumin, globulins and fibrinugen)
5. Kandungan sentiasa stabil
6. Kidney, lungs, digestive tract and skin.
BAHAN YANG ADA DI DALAM DARAH
FORMED ELEMENTS
1. 95 % red blood cells (RBCs) Erythrocytes 2. 5 % white blood cell (WBCs) Leukocytes
3. (RBCs 700 times > WBCs & 17 times - >platelets)
4. Platelets - thrombocytes
PRODUCTION OF FORMED ELEMENTS
1. Hematopoiesis 2. In the fetus - liver, thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes and red bone marrow 3. After birth - (RBCs) red bone marrow (WBCs) lymphatic tissues
4. Stem cells
HEMATOPOIESIS
SEL DARAH MERAH
SEL DARAH PUTIH
BENTUK DARAH
UKURAN DARAH
RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCs)
1. Disk-shaped 2. The greater space - gas in and out 3. Can bend or fold to pass more
easily - small blood vessels.4. Males - 120 days5. Females - 110 days6. Hemoglobin (protein) - red colour
FUNGSI DARAH1. Mengangkut oksigen 2. Hemoglobin ( 4 proteins chain + 4 heme groups) 3. Setiap globin terikat dengan 1 heme4. 1 heme + 1 ion atom5. Hemoglobin + oksigen - berwarna merah cerah (tanpa + oksigen - berwarna merah
gelap)6. Hemoglobin (protein) - red colour7. 98.5 % mengangkut oksigen8. 2/3 ions - hemoglobin 9. Perempuan memerlukan lebih ion
1. Mengangkut Co2 - bicarbonate , ions, hemoglobin and plasma
2. 70 % - Co2 - dalam bentuk bicarbonate ions
3. Enzime carbonic anhydrase ( in RBCs) menukarkan Co2 and H2o H+ and
bicarbonate ions4. 23 % - Co2 boleh terikat dengan globin5. 7 % - Co2 berada di dalam plasma
FUNGSI DARAH
KITARAN HIDUP SEL DARAH MERAH
1. Keadaan biasa - 2.5 millions dan akan musnah dalam beberapa saat 2. Stem cells membentuk proerythroblasts 3. Proses pembinaan sel - vitamin
folate and B12 - synthesis of DNA4. Penghasilan RBCs dirangsang oleh
kekurangan oksigen di dalam darah5. Kekurangan O2 - disebabkan penyakit di
dalam paru-paru, ketinggian dan aktiviti senaman
6. Kekurangan O2 - meningkat pembentukan glycoprotein erythropoeitin (kidney)
7. Erythropoeitin merangsang red bone marrow menghasilkan lebih RBCs
8. < O2 - meningkatkan penghasilan erythropoeitin > RBCs bertambah
9. Memiara homeostatis10. RBCs yang tua, tidak normal dan
rosak akan dikeluarkan drpd daraholeh macrophages (spleen & liver)
KITARAN HIDUP SEL DARAH MERAH
KITARAN HIDUP SEL DARAH MERAH
11. Bilirubin - pigment molecule (kuning)
dibebaskan ke dalam usus kecil - bile
12. Bile - drpd hati akan menghalang
bilirubin membentuk peredaran dan
menghasilkan jaundice (a yellow color in skin)
13. Di dalam usus, bilirubin ditukar oleh
bakteria kepada pigmen lain (brown color)
14. Kidney - air kencing berwarna kuning
KITARAN HIDUP SEL DARAH MERAH
KITARAN HIDUP SEL DARAH MERAH
SEL DARAH PUTIH (WBCs)1. Berwarna keputihan < hemoglobin2. Lebih besar drpd RBCs - a nucleus3. WBCs bergerak ke dalam tisu dibantu
oleh ameboid 4. 2 Fungsi WBCs:
1. Melindungi tubuh - serangan microorganisms2. Mengeluarkan tisu mati dibantu oleh phagocytosis
5. WBCs - dikenali sebagai1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocytes
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCs)
6. Granulocytes : 3 jenis - 1. Neutrophils2. Basophils3. Eosinophils
7. Agranulocytes : 2 jenis - 1. Lymphocytes2. Monocytes - macrophages
PROSES PENGHASILAN SEL DARAH MERAH
PLATELETS
1. Platelets or thrombocytes2. Dihasil di dalam red bone marrow
daripada megakaryocytes3. Fungsinya menghalang kehilangan
darah dengan cara:i. Membentuk plug darah:
seal holes in small vesselsii. Membentuk darah beku:
seal off larger wounds in the vessel.
PREVENTION BLOOD LOSS
1. Blood Vessel ConstrictionBlood vessels contrict in response to injury, resulting in decreased blood flow
2. Platelet PlugsMinor damage to blood vessels is repaired by platelet plugs.Platelet use integrins to adhere to collagen, release chemical (ADP and thromboxanes) - connect to another to form platelet plugs.
PREVENTION BLOOD LOSS
3. Blood Clotting
Blood clotting or coagulation - fibrin
3 step in the process:
1. Activating - prothrombinase
2. Conversion of prothrombin to
thrombin by prothrombinase
3. Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by
thrombin
SEL DARAH PUTIH MENENTANG BAKTERIA
FORMASI CLOT (clot formation)
PREVENTION BLOOD LOSS
4. Control of Clot FormationAnticoagulation in the blood, such as antithrombin and heparin, prevent clot formation
5. Clot Retraction and FibrinolysisClot retraction condenses the clot, pulling the edges of damages tissues closer together.Serum is plasma without clotting factorFibfinolysis (clot breakdown) is accomplished by plasmin
KUMPULAN DARAH
1. Determined by antigen2. Antibodies can bind - aglutination or
hemolysis
ABO Blood Group1. Type A - A antigen2. Type B - B antigen3. TypeAB - A & B antigen4. Type O - neither A or B antigen
ABO BLOOD GROUP
1. Type A - has B antibodies2. Type B - has A antibodies3. Type AB - has neither A & B antibodies4. Type O - has both A and B antibodies5. Mismatching the ABO blood group
can result in transfusion reactions
Rh BLOOD GROUP
1. Rh-positive blood has Rh antigen2. Rh-negative blood does not3. Antibodies against the Rh antigen are
produced when an Rh-negative person is exposed to Rh-positive blood
4. The Rh blood group is responsible for hemolytic disease of the newborn
Rh BLOOD GROUP
1. Rh-positive blood has Rh antigen2. Rh-negative blood does not3. Antibodies against the Rh antigen are
produced when an Rh-negative person is exposed to Rh-positive blood
4. The Rh blood group is responsible for hemolytic disease of the newborn
TERIMA KASIHDAN
BANYAKKAN ULANGKAJI UNTUK
LEBIH MEMAHAMI
TERIMA KASIHDAN
BANYAKKAN ULANGKAJI UNTUK
LEBIH MEMAHAMI