03-2frame-str-steel-jan07sbqc221342-1224536104316836-8
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Transcript of 03-2frame-str-steel-jan07sbqc221342-1224536104316836-8
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STEEL STRUCTURES
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Steel frame structure
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Steel Structure
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STEEL STRUCTURES Selain daripada struktur kerangka konkrit, bangunan boleh
dibina daripada struktur kerangka keluli.
Bangunan daripada struktur ini dibina dengan menggunakan Steel Sections tertentu untuk elemen Tiang, Rasuk, dan Lantai.
Pembinaan lebih teguh dan tinggi serta cepat kerana dibina di kilang.
Masalah utama adaalh pengkaratan kerana iklim Malaysia yang panas dan lembap serta perlindungan daripada bahaya api kerana keluli akan kehilangan kekuatannya apabila terdedah kepada tindakan bahang api lebih 550C. (Kebakaran lebih 1000C)
Contoh bangunan di Malaysia daripada strukturkeluli adalah Daya Bumi, PNB, The Weld, KLCC Twin Tower (composite) dsb.
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Photos of Buildings featuring
Steel Framework
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Steel Structure
Buildings with steel skeletal framework consisting of:
STEEL SECTIONSSTEEL SECTIONS
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Hot Rolled Steel Sections Hot Rolled Steel Sections Castella BeamsCastella BeamsHollow Steel Sections Hollow Steel Sections Cold Rolled Steel SectionsCold Rolled Steel Sections
TYPES OF STEEL SECTIONSTYPES OF STEEL SECTIONS
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HOT ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS Universal beams Joist Universal columns Channels Angels T-bars
Universal Beam & Column yang paling biasa digunakan.Mengikut Piawai BS 4, Part 1&2
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STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMES Consists
UNIVERSAL BEAMS
JOISTS
UNIVERSAL COLUMN
CHANNELS
ANGLES
T bars
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Hot Rolled Steel Section
Universal Sections
Angle Channel
T bars
•Universal beams•Joist•Universal columns
Castellated Sections
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Universal Beam (I section)
T-Bars Channel
Angles
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CASTELLATED BEAMBuilt up Section from UC Beam or Joist
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Castella beams Formed by flame cutting a standard
universal beam or column section The increase in depth gives greater
resistance to deflection without adding extra weight
Economical when used to support lightly loaded floor or roof slabs
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CASTELLATED BEAM
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HOLLOW STEEL SECTIONHOLLOW STEEL SECTION
Hollow square steel
sectionHollow
rectangularSteel
section
Circulars Hollow
Steel Section
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Hollow steel section Hollow sections are tubes of circular, square or
rectangular cross-section. They can also be made from plates or double-T profiles by welding
Square hollow sections have the advantage that they have the same resistance in the two principal directions, enabling the minimum section dimensions to be obtained.
Sometimes hollow sections are filled with concrete, giving an increase in strength and, at the same time, achieving significant fire resistance.
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Hollow Rectangular Steel SectionHollow Rectangular Steel Section
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Hollow Rectangular Steel SectionHollow Rectangular Steel Section
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Circular Steel SectionCircular Steel Section
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COLD ROLLED STRIP SECTIONS
Untuk bangunan rendah kerana ianya lebih ringan dan mudah dari segi pengangkutan.
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Cold rolled strip sections manufactured from hot rolled coil that
has been chemically cleaned before being rolled.
reduces the thickness of the steel and at the same time changes the mechanical properties of the steel.
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Channel steel Inwardly turned lip
Outwardly turned lip
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STEEL STRUCTURE STEEL STRUCTURE METHODS OF CONNECTIONSMETHODS OF CONNECTIONS Bolts Black bolts High strength friction
bolts Rivets Welding
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CONNECTING STEEL MEMBERSCONNECTING STEEL MEMBERS
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Joining steel Members
Rivets Bolts Welding
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RIVETS Rivets are manufactured from mild steel
bars Rivets are made from bars by a machine
which forms the head and cuts the rivet of the desired length as required.
The size rivet is the diameter of the shank. Generally superseded by bolted and
welded connections Available as cold or hot forged with a
variety of head shapes
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Head
Shanks
Head
Shanks
RIVETS
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RIVETS
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BOLT & Nuts
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four types of bolts
Black bolts Tension bolts Torshear bolts Load indicating bolt
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Bolts
Black Bolt Torshear Bolt Load IndicatingBolt
Tension Bolt Nut&Washer
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Black bolts The cheapest form of bolt available,the black bolt can
be either hot or cold forged,the thread being machined onto the shank.
BS 4190 for black bolts and nuts for a diameter range of 5 to 68 mm exclusive.
HEXAGON HEADED
5 TO 68MM DIAMETER
SHANKTHREAD
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Black Bolt
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Tension Bolt Nut
&Washer
Load Indicating
Bolt
Torshear Bolt
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Steel grade 2 Zinc plated low carbon steel. Best for general hardware
use where high strength is not required. Steel grade 5
Made from medium carbon steel, tempered and zinc plated. Best for automotive use and other areas where higher strength is desired. Steel grade 8
Made from medium carbon alloy steel, tempered and yellow zinc plated. Best suited for applications where high strength and hardness is required.
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NUTS
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NUTSHex nuts
Used for fastening to a bolt when mechanically joining materials together
Hex machine screw nuts This type refers to nuts used with
smaller machine screw sizes under ¼.
Prevailing torque lock nutsAll metal lock nuts are non-reverseable and often used high temperature applications.
more...
Square nutsSquare nuts, once very common, were mostly replaced by hex nuts.
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BOLT & Nuts CONNECTION
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WELDINGWELDING
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WELDINGWELDING The basic method of welding are oxy-
acetylene and electric arc Classify as fillet or butts weld; Fillet-used to the edges and end of
members. Butts-used on chamfered end to end
connections.
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TYPES OF WELDING
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square bolt weld V’ shaped weld
‘J’ shaped weld back weld atau surface bead weld
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Welding joint
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WELDED CONNECTIONS
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Structural steel connectionsStructural steel connections
Column basedBeam to column
Beam to beam
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Column based
Strutural steel connections
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ColumnBasedCONNECTIOn
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ColumnBasedCONNECTIOn
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Steel Connection
Column-Column Beam-column
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Beam to column connection
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Beam to column connection
column to column connection
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Beam to column
Universal column
Site connection
beam beam
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Beam to beam
Structural steel connections
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Universal column
Beam to beam connection
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Either shop connections and can be made by using bolts , welding or combine..
BOLTS
WELDING
CONNECTIONS
COMBINE BOLT AND WELDING
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JOINT DETAILS
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WORLD TRADE CENTER-US
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PERLINDUNGAN API UNTUK STRUKTUR KERANGKAKERANGKA KELULI
cara-cara melindungi struktur kerangka keluli
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PERLINDUNGAN API UNTUK STRUKTUR KERANGKAKERANGKA KELULI
Disebabkan keluli akan kehilangan kekuatan secara mendadak, suhunya mencapai lebih 550C maka perlindungan api bagi struktur kerangka yang dibina daripada keluli adalah sangat penting.
Di bawah adalah cara-cara yang biasa digunakan untuk melindungi struktur kerangka keluli daripada api kebakaran;
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Composite Structure Composite systems utilize both steel and
concrete together in ways that neither material predominates over the other.
Variation of composite structural systems:i. steel frame surrounding concrete coreii. steel beams encased in and interacting with concrete enclosureiii. steel outrigger beams used with concrete structure.
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Photos of Buildings featuring Composite Framework