154861220 Tips Peperiksaan Fizik

LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION

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CHAPTER 1 [INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS]

ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION

Physical quantity

Kuantiti fizik

A quantity that can be measured

Kuantiti yang boleh diukur

Base quantity

Kuantiti asas

A physical quantity that cannot be defined in terms of other physical quantities

Kuantiti fizik yang tidak dapat ditakrifkan dalam sebutan kuantiti fizik yang lain

Derived quantity

Kuantiti terbitan

A physical quantity that is derived by combining base quantities. This can be done

by multiplication or division or both.

Kuantiti fizik yang dihasilkan daripada gabungan kuantiti asas secara pendaraban

atau pembahagian atau kedua-duanya

Precision / Consistency

Kepersisan

A measurement is more consistent when there is a smaller deviation among the

readings.

Suatu pengukuran adalah lebih konsisten apabila terdapat sisihan yang kecil

antara bacaan-bacaan

Accuracy

Kejituan

The accuracy of a measurement is how close the measurement is to the actual

value of the quantity being measured. A measurement is more accurate when the

reading is closer to the actual value

Suatu pengukuran adalah lebih jitu apabila bacaan itu lebih hampir kepada nilai

sebenar

Sensitivity

Kepekaan

The ability of an instrument to detect small changes in the physical quantity that is

measured

Kebolehan alat mengesan perubahan kecil pada kuantiti yang diukur.

Error

Ralat

The difference between the reading obtained and the actual value

Perbezaan antara bacaan yang diperoleh dan nilai sebenar

Systematic error

Ralat sistematik

A systematic error is an experimental error that will produce readings which are

either always higher or always lower than the actual value that is being measured.

Ralat sistematik ialah ralat eksperimen yang akan menghasilkan bacaan-bacaan

yang sama ada sentiasa lebih besar atau sentiasa lebih kecil daripada nilai sebenar

yang sedang diukur.

Random error

Ralat rawak

A random error is caused by uncertainties in a measurement that will produce

readings that could be higher or lower than the actual value that is being measured.

Ralat rawak adalah disebabkan oleh ketakpastian dalam suatu pengukuran yang

akan menghasilkan bacaan-bacaan yang lebih tinggi atau lebih kecil daripada nilai

sebenar.

Parallax error

Ralat paralaks

Is a random error which occurs when the eye of the observer is not directly above

the scale of the instrument, causing the line of sight to be not perpendicular to the

scale

Ialah ralat rawak yang berlaku apabila mata pemerhati tidak tegak di atas skala

alat pengukur, menyebabkan garis penglihatan tidak serenjang dengan skala itu

Zero error

Ralat sifar

Is a systematic error where the instrument does not show zero reading when it is not

taking a measurement.

Ialah ralat sistematik di mana alat itu tidak menunjukkan bacaan sifar semasa

tidak membuat pengukuran



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Manipulated variable

Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan

A physical quantity which you control and change for the purpose of investigation

in an experiment

Kuantiti fizik yang dikawal atau diubah untuk tujuan menjalankan penyiasatan

dalam suatu eksperimen

Responding variable

Pembolehubah bergerakbalas

A physical quantity which changes in response to changes to the manipulated

variable

Kuantiti fizik yang yang berubah disebabkan oleh perubahan kepada

pembolehubah dimanipulasikan

Fixed variable

Pembolehubah dimalarkan

A physical quantity which is kept constant throughout the experiment

Kuantiti fizik yang dikekalkan malar sepanjang eksperimen



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CHAPTER TWO (FORCES AND MOTION)


Linear motion

Gerakan linear

Motion along a straight line

Gerakan sepanjang satu garis lurus

Scalar quantity

Kuantiti scalar

A physical quantity which has only magnitude

Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai magnitud sahaja

Vector quantity

Kuantiti vector

A physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction

Kuantiti yang mempunyai magnitud dan arah

Velocity

Halaju

The rate of change of displacement

Kadar perubahan sesaran

Speed

Laju

The rate of change of distance

Kadar perubahan jarak

Acceleration

Pecutan

The rate of change of velocity

Kadar perubahan halaju

Distance

Jarak

The total length of the path travelled

Jumlah panjang lintasan yang dilalui

Displacement

Sesaran

Displacement is the shortest distance from one point to another point along a

specific direction

Jarak terpendek dari satu titik ke titik yang lain mengikut satu arah tertentu

Inertia The tendency of an object to resist change to its state of rest or motion.

Sifat semulajadi sesuatu objek yang menentang perubahan kepada keadaan

asalnya sama ada pegun atau bergerak

Newton’s First law

Hukum Pertama Newton

An object will remain at rest or motion with uniform velocity along a straight line

unless it is acted upon by an external force.

Suatu objek akan berada dalam keadaan pegun atau gerakan dengan halaju

seragam sepanjang garis lurus kecuali dikenakan satu daya luar

Newton’s Second lawHukum Kedua Newton

The net force on an object is proportional to the rate of change in momentum.

Daya bersih pada suatu objek berkadar terus dengan kadar perubahan momentum

Newton’s Third lawHukum Ketiga Newton

To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Bagi setiap tindakan terdapat satu tindakbalas yang mempunyai magnitud yang

sama dan bertindak pada arah yang bertentangan.

Momentum

Momentum

The product of mass and velocity of an object

Hasil darab jisim dengan halaju bagi suatu objek

Principle of conservation of

momentum

Prinsip keabadian momentum

The total momentum of a system is constant if no external forces act on the system.

Jumlah momentum suatu system adalah tetap jika tiada daya bertindak pada sistem

itu.

Force

Daya

A push or a pull that can change the size, shape or velocity of an object.

Suatu tolakan atau tarikan yang boleh mengubah saiz, bentuk atau halaju suatu

objek

Impulse

Impuls

Change of momentum.

Perubahan momentum

Impulsive force

Daya impuls

A large force that acts for a short period of time during a collision or explosion

Daya yang besar yang bertindak untuk masa yang pendek semasa suatu

perlanggaran atau letupan

Weight

Berat

The force of gravity which is exerted on it by earth.

Daya tindakan gravity ke atas suatu jasad.

Mass

Jisim

The amount of matter in the object.

Jumlah kuantiti jirim di dalam suatu objek.



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Free fall

Jatuh bebas

Free fall occurs when an object falling under the force of gravity only without being

affected by any other external forces.

Jatuh bebas berlaku apabila suatu objek jatuh disebabkan oleh daya gravity sahaja

tanpa kesan daripada sebarang daya luar.

Work

Kerja

The product of force and the displacement along the direction of the force

Hasil darab daya dengan sesaran dalam arah daya itu.

Energy

Tenaga

The capacity to do work.

Keupayaan melakukan kerja.

Gravitational field

Medan gravity

The region in which an object experiences a force due to gravitational attraction.

Kawasan di mana suatu objek mengalami daya yang disebabkan oleh tarikan

graviti

Potential energy

Tenaga keupayaan

The energy of an object because of its position.

Tenaga yang dimiliki oleh suatu objek disebabkan oleh kedudukannya.

Elastic potential energy

Tenaga keupayaan kenyal

The energy of an object when it is stretched or compressed

Tenaga yang dimiliki oleh objek yang diregang atau dimampat

Kinetic energy

Tenaga kinetic

The energy of an object due to its motion

Tenaga yang dimiliki oleh suatu jasad disebabkan oleh gerakannya.

The principle of conservation of

energy

Prinsip keabadian momentum

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be transformed from one form to

another, but the total energy in a closed system is constant.

Tenaga tidak boleh dicipta atau dimusnahkan tetapi boleh berubah bentuk ke

bentuk yang lain. Jumlah tenaga di dalam suatu system tertutup adalah tetap.

Power

Kuasa

The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.

Kadar melakukan kerja atau pemindahan tenaga.

Elasticity

Kekenyalan

The property of an object that enables it to return to its original shape and

dimensions (size) after an applied external force is removed.

Keupayaan bahan untuk kembali ke bentuk dan saiz asalnya apabila tindakan daya

yang dikenakan dialihkan.

Hooke’s lawHukum Hooke

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the stretching force provided

the elastic limit is not exceeded.

Pemanjangan spring adalah berkadar terus dengan daya regangan dengan syarat

had kenyal tidak dilampaui.

Elastic limit

Had kenyal

The elastic limit of a spring is the maximum stretching force which can be applied

to the spring before it ceases to be elastic.

Had kenyal suatu spring adalah daya maksimum yang boleh dikenakan pada spring

itu sebelum ia hilang kekenyalannya.

Force constant (spring constant)

Pemalar daya (pemalar spring)

The force constant of a spring is the force per unit extension.

Pemalar daya spring ialah daya per unit pemanjangan



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CHAPTER THREE (FORCES AND PRESSURE)


Pressure

Tekanan

The force acting perpendicularly on unit area of a surface.

Daya yang bertindak secara normal pada seunit luas permukaan

Atmospheric Pressure

Tekanan Atmosfera

The pressure which is caused by the weight of the thick layer of air (atmosphere)

above the earth’s surface.Tekanan yang disebabkan oleh lapisan tebal udara di atas permukaan bumi.

Archimedes’ principlePrinsip Archimedes

An object that is completely or partially immersed in a fluid is acted on by a

buoyant force which is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.

Objek yang direndam atau separa rendam dalam suatu bendalir akan dikenakan

oleh satu daya julangan yang sama dengan berat bendalir yang tersesar oleh jasad

itu.

Bernoulli’s principlePrinsip Bernoulli

In a steady flow of a fluid, the pressure of the fluid decreases when the velocity of

the fluid increases.

Dalam suatu pengaliran bendalir yang mantap, tekanan bendalir itu berkurang

apabila laju pengaliran bertambah.

Pascal's principle

Prinsip Pascal

The pressure applied on the surface of an enclosed liquid is transmitted uniformly

throughout the liquid

Tekanan yang dikenakan pada permukaan suatu cecair akan dipindahkan dengan

seragam ke seluruh cecair.

Law of flotation

Hukum apungan

The weight of an object floating on the surface of a liquid is equal to the weight of

the liquid displaced by the object.

Berat objek yang terapung adalah sama dengan berat cecair yang disesarkan

Hydrometer

Hidrometer

An instrument that measures the relative density of liquids.

Alat untuk mengukur ketumpatan relatif cecair.



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CHAPTER FOUR (HEAT)


Temperature

Suhu

The degree of hotness of an object

Darjah kepanasan suatu objek.

Heat

Haba

Energy transferred from hot object to a colder object.

Tenaga yang dipindahkan dari objek yang panas ke objek yang lebih sejuk.

Thermal equilibrium

Keseimbangan terma

Two objects are in thermal equilibrium when the net rate of heat transfer between

them is zero.

Dua objek berada dalam keseimbangan terma apabila tiada pemindahan bersih

haba antaranya

Heat capacity

Muatan haba

The heat capacity of an object is the quantity of heat energy required to increase its

temperature by 1oC.

Muatan haba adalah kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan suhu objek itu

sebanyak 1oC.

Specific heat capacity

Muatan haba tentu

The quantity of heat energy required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of the

substance by 1 oC or 1 K.

Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan suhu 1 kg bahan sebanyak 1 °C

atau 1 K.

Latent heat

Haba pendam

The heat absorbed or the heat released at constant temperature during a change of

phase.

Haba yang diserap atau dikeluarkan pada suhu yang malar semasa perubahan

fasa.

Specific latent heat

Haba pendam tentu

The amount of heat energy required to change the phase of 1 kg of the substance

at a constant temperature.

Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk mengubah

1 kg bahan dari satu keadaan fizikal ke keadaan yang lain.

Specific latent heat of fusion

Haba pendam tentu pelakuran

The quantity of heat energy required to change 1 kg of the substance from solid to

liquid without a change in temperature.

Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk mengubah

1 kg bahan dari pepejal ke cecair tanpa perubahan suhu.

Specific latent heat of

vaporisation

Haba pendam tentu pengewapan

The quantity of heat energy required to change 1 kg of the substance from liqiud to

gas without a change in temperature.

Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menggubah

1 kg bahan dari cecair ke gas tanpa perubahan suhu.

Boiling

Pendidihan

A process where a liquid changes to vapour at a constant temperature known as the

boiling point.

Proses di mana cecair berubah menjadi wap pada suhu tetap yang dikenali sebagai

takat didih.

Boyle’s lawHukum Boyle

The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume provided

the temperature of the gas is kept constant.

Tekanan bagi suatu jisim tetap gas berkadar songsang dengan isipadu apabila suhu

adalah tetap.

Charles’ LawHukum Charles

The volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute

temperature provided the pressure of the gas is kept constant.

Isipadu suatu jisim tetap gas berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlaknya apabila

tekanan gas itu dikekalkan tetap



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Pressure law

Hukum Tekanan

The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute

temperature provided the volume of the gas is kept constant.

Tekanan suatu jisim tetap gas berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlaknya apabila

isipadu gas itu dikekalkan tetap



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CHAPTER FIVE (LIGHT)


Reflection of light

Pantulan cahaya

Reflection of light occurs when a light ray is incident on a mirror and changes its

direction of propagation

Pantulan cahaya berlaku apabila suatu sinar cahaya ditujukan pada suatu cermin

dan arah perambatannya berubah

Laws of reflection

Hukum pantulan cahaya

1 The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie

in the same plane.

2 The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

1 Sinar tuju, sinar pantulan dan garis normal di titik tuju berada pada satah

yang sama.

2 Sudut tuju sama dengan sudut pantulan

Refraction of light

Pembiasan cahaya

The change of direction of propagation light when it crosses the boundary between

two materials of different optical densities.

Perubahan arah perambatan sinar cahaya apabila sinar itu melintasi sempadan

antara dua medium dengan ketumpatan optik yang berlainan.

Laws of refraction

Hukum pembiasan

1 The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie

in the same plane.

2 Snell's law : The ratio (sin i) / (sin r) is a constant.

1 Sinar tuju, sinar biasan dan garis normal di titik tuju berada pada satah

yang sama.

2 Nisbah (sin i) / (sin r) adalah suatu pemalar

Apparent depth

Dalam ketara

The distance of the image formed by refraction from the surface of the water.

Jarak dari permukaan air ke imej yang dibentuk oleh pembiasan

Real depth

Dalam nyata

The distance of the object from the surface of the water.

Jarak dari permukaan air ke objek

Total internal reflection

Pantulan dalam penuh

Total internal reflection occurs when light travelling in a denser medium towards a

less dense medium is totally reflected when the angle of incidence exceeds the

critical angle

Pantulan dalam penuh berlaku apabila cahaya yang merambat dalam medium

yang lebih tumpat kea rah medium yang kurang tumpat dipantul sepenuhnya

apabila sudut tuju melebihi sudut genting

Critical angle

Sudut genting

The angle of incidence in the optically denser medium for which the angle of

refraction in the less dense medium is 90o

Sudut tuju dalam medium lebih tumpat yang menyebabkan sudut biasan dalam

medium yang kurang tumpat menjadi 90o

Convex lens

Kanta cembung

Converges parallel light rays to a point

Menumpukan sinar-sinar selari pada satu titik

Concave lens

Kanta cekung

Diverges parallel light rays from a point.

Mencapahkan sinar-sianr selari dari satu titik

Focal length

Panjang fokus

The distance between the principal focus, F and the optical centre, O of a lens.

Jarak antara fokus utama, F, dan pusat optik suatu kanta



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CHAPTER SIX (WAVES)


Wave motion

Perambatan gelombang

Wave motion carries energy from one place to another place in a medium without

the transfer of the particles along the medium.

Wavefront

Muka Gelombang

A wavefront is a line or plane where the vibrations of every point on it are in phase

Transverse wave

Gelombang Melintang

A wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is at perpendicular to the

direction of propagation of the wave.

Longitudinal wave

Gelombang Membujur

A wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is parallel to the direction

of propagation of the wave.

Amplitude

Amplitud

The maximum displacement from its equilibrium position.

Period

Tempoh

The time taken to make one complete oscillation

Frequency, f

Frekuensi

The number of complete oscillations made by a vibrating system in one second

One complete oscillation

Satu ayunan lengkap

A complete oscillation may be referred as the movement of a vibrating system from

one extreme position to the other and back to the same position.

Wavelength, λPanjang gelombang

The wavelength is the distance between successive points of the same phase in a

wave.

Damping

Pelembapan

Damping occurs when an oscillating system loses energy due to frictional forces.

Forced oscillation

Ayunan paksa

Forced oscillation occurs when a system oscillates under the influence of an

external driving force.

Natural frequency

Frekuensi asli

The frequency of a system when it oscillates freely.

Resonance

Resonans

Resonance occurs when a system oscillates at the maximum amplitude when the

driving frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the system.



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Reflection of waves

Pantulan gelombang

Reflection of waves is the change in direction of propagation when a wave strikes

an obstacle.

Incident waves

Gelombang Tuju

The waves moving towards an obstacle.

Reflected wave

Gelombang Pantulan

The wave which has undergone a change in direction of propagation after

reflection.

Angle of incidence

Sudut Tuju

The angle between the direction of propagation of the incident wave and the normal

Angle of reflection

Sudut pantulan

The angle between the direction of propagation of reflected wave and the normal.

Law of Reflection

Hukum Pantulan

The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

Refraction of waves

Pembiasan Gelombang

Refraction is the change of direction of propagation when the speed of a wave

changes as it moves from one medium to another

Diffraction of wave

Pembelauan Gelombang

Diffraction of waves is the spreading of waves as they pass through an aperture or

around the edge of an obstacle

Principle of superposition

Prinsip superposisi

The sum of the displacements of all the component waves at the point.

Coherent waves

Gelombang Koheren

Waves of the same frequency and are in phase.

Interference

Interferens

Superposition of two coherent waves constructively or destructively

Constructive interference

Interferens membina

Occurs when two waves that are in phase superimpose to produce a wave with

crests and troughs of maximum amplitude.

Destructive interference

Interferens memusnah

Occurs when two waves that are out of phase superimpose to produce zero resultant

amplitude



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Antinode

Antinod

A point where constructive interference occurs.

Node

Nod

A point where destructive interference occurs.

Sound wave

Gelombang bunyi

Sounds are longitudinal waves produced by vibrations such as the vibrations of the

diaphragm of a loudspeaker, guitar string and tuning fork.

Loudness

Kenyaringan

The intensity of a sound as heard by an observer (depends on the amplitude of the

sound)

Pitch

Kelangsingan

The pitch of the sound is an indication of the sharpness of a sound (depends on the

frequency of the sound)

SONAR Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) is a system used to detect underwater

objects or to determine the depth of the water by means of an echo.

Electromagnetic waves

Gelombang elektromagnet

Electromagnetic waves are propagating waves in space with electric and magnetic

components.

CHAPTER SEVEN (ELECTRICITY)



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Current

Arus

Current is the rate of flow of electric charge

Ampere, A SI unit of current

Coulomb, C A unit of charge

Electric field

Medan elektrik

An electric field is a region where an electric force acts on a particle with an

electric charge.

Potential Difference

Beza keupayaan

Potential difference is defined as the work done to move a unit of charge from one

point to another in an electric field.

Ohm’s LawHukum Ohm

The electric current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the

potential difference across the ends of the conductor, if the temperature and other

physical dimensions remain constant.

Ohmic Conductor

Konduktor Ohm

Material which obey Ohm’s Law

Non Ohmic Conductor

Konduktor bukan Ohm

Material which do not obey Ohm’s Law

Resistance

Rintangan

Resistance is defined as (potential difference)/(current)

Effective Resistance

Rintangan berkesan

The effective resistance is the combined resistance in the circuit.

Electromotive Force (e.m.f)

Daya gerak elektrik (d.g.e.)

The total energy supplied by a cell when one unit of charge flows through the cell.

Internal Resistance

Rintangan dalam

The resistance within a cell due to its electrolyte or electrodes

Electrical Energy

Tenaga elektrik

Energy supplied by a source of electricity (cell / battery) when current flows in a

closed circuit.

Power

Kuasa

Power is the rate of transfer of electrical energy

Power Rating

Kadar kuasa

The power rating of an appliance denotes the rate at which it consumes electrical

energy at a certain voltage



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CHAPTER EIGHT (ELECTROMAGNETISM)


Electromagnet

Elektromagnet

An electromagnet is a device in which magnetism is produced by an electric

current. It is a temperory magnet. It acts as a magnet when the current is flow and

ceases to be a magnet when the current is switched off.

Magnetic field

Medan magnet

A magnetic field is a region in which a magnetic materials experiences a force.

Catapult field

Medan lastik

The resultant field produced when a straight wire carries a current in a uniform

magnetic field.

Direct current motor

Motor arus terus

A direct current motor is used to convert electrical energy into rotational kinetic

energy.

Electromagnetic induction

Aruhan electromagnet

The production of an electromotive force in a conductor due to a changing magnetic

flux.

Induced e.m.f.

D.g.e. teraruh

An emf produced in a conductor when there is a changing magnetic flux or cutting

of magnetic flux by the conductor

Induced current

Arus teraruh

Induced current is produced in a circuit when there is a changing magnetic flux or

cutting of magnetic flux by a conductor

Faraday's law

Hukum Faraday

The magnitude of the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the rate at which a

conductor cuts through the magnetic flux.

Lenz's law

Hukum Lenz

Lenz's Law state that an induced electric current always flows in such a direction as

to oppose the change in magnetic flux.

Direct current

Arus terus

Current which flows in one direction.



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Alternating current

Arus ulang alik

Current which flows back and forth in two opposite directions

Transformer

Transformer

A device which steps up or steps down the voltage of an alternating current.

Step-up transformer

Transformer injak naik

A transformer that steps up voltage

Step-down transformer

Transformer injak turun

A transformer that steps down voltage

Ideal transformer

Transformer unggul

A transformer where the output power is equal to the input power and the efficiency

is 100%

Transmission of electricity

Penghantaran elektrik

The transmission of electricity from the power station to consumers (industries and

residential areas) by electric cables

National Grid Network

Rangkaian Grid Nasional

The national grid is a network of electrical cables connecting electrical power

stations to consumers of electricity.



15

CHAPTER NINE (ELECTRONICS)


Thermionic emission

Pemancaran termionik

A process of emitting electrons from a hot metal surface.

Cathode ray

Sinar katod

A beam of fast moving, high energy electrons

Semiconductor

Semikonduktor

Materials whose resistance is between those of good conductors and good

insulators.

Doping

Pendopan

The process of adding a small amount of impurities into the semiconductors.

n-type semiconductor

Semikonduktor jenis-n

Semiconductor where the majority charge carriers are free electrons

p-type semiconductor

Semikonduktor jenis-p

Semiconductor where the majority charge carriers are holes

Semiconductor diode

Diod semikonduktor

A p-n junction device which conducts current in one direction only

Forward-biased

Pincang ke hadapan

A diode is forward biased when the p-end is connected to the positive terminal of

the battery and the n-end is connected to the negative terminal of the battery.

Reverse-biased

Pincang songsang

A diode is reverse biased when the p-end is connected to the negative terminal of

the battery and the n-end is connected to the positive terminal of the battery.

Rectification

Rektifikasi

To convert alternating current into direct current using diodes

Half-wave rectification

Rektifikasi separuh gelombang

The process of rectification using a diode which allows current flow in half of a

cycle.

Full-wave rectification

Rektifikasi penuh gelombang

The process of rectification using four diodes to allow current to flow in a complete

cycle and in the same direction.



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Smoothing Capacitor

Kapasitor perata

A capacitor that is used to smoothen the output voltage of a rectification process

n-p-n transistor

Transistor n-p-n

A transistor which consists of a layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between

two layers of n-type semiconductors.

p-n-p transistor

Transistor p-n-p

A transistor which consists of a layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched between

two layers of p-type semiconductors.

Logic gate

Get logic

A logic gate is an electronic switch with one or more inputs and only one output.

Truth table

Jadual kebenaran

A truth table shows the results of every possible output given every possible input.

AND gate

Get DAN

A logic gate where the output is 1 only when both inputs are 1

NOT gate /Get TAK A logic gate that inverts the input

Or gate

Get ATAU

A logic gate where the Output is 1 except when both inputs are 0



17

CHAPTER TEN (RADIOACTIVITY)


Nucleus

Nukleus

The small core of the atoms which contains the protons and neutrons

Nucleon

Nukleon

Protons and neutrons

Proton number, Z

Nombor proton

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Nucleon number, A

Nombor nucleon

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Nuclide

Nuklid

A nuclide is one type of nucleus with a particular proton number and a particular

nucleon number.

Isotope

Isotop

Atoms of an element which have the same proton number but different nucleon

numbers

Radioisotope

Radioisotop

Isotopes with unstable nuclei

Radioactivity

Radioaktiviti

Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of unstable nucleus into a more

stable nucleus with the random emission of radiation.

Radioactive decay

Reputan radioaktif

Radioactive decay is a process where an unstable nucleus becomes a more stable

nucleus by emitting radiation

Alpha decay

Reputan alfa

A radioactive decay where an alpha particle is emitted

Beta decay

Reputan beta

A radioactive decay where a beta particle is emitted

Gamma decay

Reputan gama

A radioactive decay where gamma rays are emitted

Half life

Setengah hayat

The time taken for mass or activity of a radioactive substance to become half its

original value



18


Atomic mass unit (a.m.u)

Unit jisim atom

The atomic mass unit (a.m.u) is used to measure the masses of atomic particles.

Nuclear fission

Pembelahan nuklear

A process involving the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei and

several neutrons at the same time

Chain reaction

Tindak balas berantai

A chain reaction is a self-sustaining reaction in which the neutrons produced in a

reaction can initiate another similar reaction.

Nuclear fusion

Pelakuran nuklear

Nuclear fusion is the combining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus

Nuclear reactor

Reaktor nuklear

A nuclear reactor produces tremendous amount of energy through nuclear fission.

KEY WORDS IN EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

- Bahan Study Fizik - SMAPT- Prepared by nazuriS

1

KEY WORDS IN EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

No. Key word Expected response

1. Estimate Give a quantitative value based on calculation or reasoning.

2. What Give required / specific information

3. How Describe / give explanation / method /condition / steps concerning an event

4. Compare Give similarity and difference between two things

5.How much/ what is

the valueGive a quantitative answer

6. Differentiate Give the difference / contrast between two or more things / events

7. When State the time or period

8. Construct Draw diagram / one that uses geometrical method / tools

9. Discuss Give views from various aspects

10. Prove Show truth using mathematical method / exampels / facts of physics

11. Suggest Give an idea / opinion

12. Find Give an answer without calculation / with simple calculation

13. Calculate Give answer through calculation

14. Describe To tell about something (story like) in detail and systematically.

15. Tabulate Arrange things/data according to specified aspects.

16 Explain Give method/reason about something in order that it is easily understood.

17. Classify Separate into a few groups according to fixed characteristics.

18. Identify Pick out or determine something based on facts/descriptions given.

19. Shade Denote an area by colouring/filling/draw lines to cover the area

20. DrawMake figure such as chart/diagram/graph /shape using instruments according

to scale and in detail

21. Why Give reason

22. Name Give name/terminology for something such as component/process/instrument

23. State Give facts without explanation /support

24. Predict Give/state forecast for something based on facts

25. List State facts/statements in point form.

26. Arrange Place according to fixed order

27. Define Give definition for the term given

28. Determine Find answer base on process/reasoning

29. IllustrateGive facts with support such as diagrams/reasons/explanation to make clear an

idea.

PHYSICS TERMINOLOGIES FOR PAPERS 2 AND 3


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PHYSICS TERMINOLOGIES FOR PAPERS 2 AND 3

No. TERM VALUE MEANING

1 DensityLow / small Lighter / easy carry/not heavy

High / large Heavier / more compact

2 Spring constant (k)Small Spring is soft / easy to stretch

Large / big Spring is stiff / difficult to stretch

3 Specific Heat Capacity (c)

Low / smallEasily heated up , short time to heat up

Need less heat to raise temperature

High / large

More difficult to heat up, takes more time to heatup

Need more heat to raise temperature, use morefuel

4 Specific Latent Heat (l)

Low / smallNeed less heat to melt / vaporise

Time to melt / vaporise is shorter

High / largeNeed more heat to melt / vaporise

Time to melt / vaporise is longer

5Melting point /

Freezing point

Low

Melts at low temperature / Freezes at lowtemperature.

Starts melting earlier / Starts freezing later

High

Melts at higher temperature / Freezes at highertemperature.

Starts melting latter / Starts freezing earlier

6 RigidityLow

Changes shape easily when acted upon byexternal force

HighDoes not change shape easily when acted uponby external force

7 StrengthLow Breaks easily / breaks under small external force

High Difficult to break / Needs a large force to break

8 Rate of rustingLow Does not rust easily / quickly

High Rust easily / quickly

ANSWERING TIPS FOR PAPER 2


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General Answering Techniques

Decide and write a physics concept/formula that related

for each question.

Tentukan dan tulis satu konsep/formula fizik berkaitan

bagi setiap soalan.

Underline the important information given in a question.

Gariskan maklumat penting yang diberi dalam setiap

soalan.

Understand the task and refer to the allocated mark before

answer the task. 1 mark – 1 point

Fahamkan soalan dan rujuk markah yang diperuntukkan

sebelum menjawab soalan tersebut.

1 markah – 1 isi.

State a definition in word.

Nyatakan definisi dalam perkataan.

Method to solve the calculation problems.

Kaedah untuk menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan.

State a related formula

(Tulis rumus fizik yang berkaitan)

Substitute the value for each quantity

(Gantikan nilai untuk setiap kuantiti)

Answer with the correct unit.

(Tulis jawapan dengan unit yang betul)

Use correct adjective for each physics terminology

Gunakan kata sifat yang betul bagi setiap

terminologi fizik.

Give short and concise answer.

Nyatakan jawapan yang ringkas dan tepat.

Answering Techniques for Conceptualising Questions

[No. 5, No. 6, No. 9 & No. 10]

Every items based on stimulus (situation) given.

Setiap soalan berdasarkan stimulus (situasi) yang diberi.

Stimulus or situation can be in diagram, table, chart or

graph.

Stimulus atau situasi sama ada dalam bentuk gambar

rajah, jadual, carta atau graf.

Observe the diagram, table, or chart or graph carefully.

Perhatikan gambar rajah, jadual , carta dan graf dengan

berhati-hati.

Underline the characteristics to be compared in question

statement.

Garis ciri-ciri yang hendak dibandingkan dalam

penyataan soalan.

Comparison: State the similarities and differences for

characteristics between two diagram clearly.

Perbandingan : Nyatakan persamaan dan perbezaan bagi

suatu ciri di antara dua rajah dengan jelas.

Differences: State the differences of

characteristics in two diagrams.

Perbezaan: Nyatakan perbezaan ciri dalam dua

rajah.

Similarities: State the same characteristics

Persamaan: Nyatakan persamaan ciri dalam dua

rajah.

Relationship:

‘When …. increases, …. Increases/decreased.’‘Apabila …… bertambah, …… bertambah / berkurang.’

Directly proportional/ inversely proportional

Berkadar terus/Berkadar songsang

State the law/principle/concept involved.

Nyatakan hukum/prinsip/konsep fizik yang terlibat.

Answering Techniques for Problem Solving Questions

[No. 7 (Structured Question)]

Very sure the concept and understand the working principle

of apparatus and its function.

Kenalpasti konsep fizik dan fahamkan prinsip kerja suatu

radas atau alat.

State the methods of modification clearly.

Nyatakan kaedah pengubahsuaian dengan jelas dan

ringkas.



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Answering Techniques for Problem Solving Questions

[No. 9 & No. 10 (Essay Type Question)]

Open type question.

Soalan jenis respon terbuka.

Underline the characteristics required (question needed) to

make the modification.

Gariskan kehendaki soalan sebelum membuat cadangan

pengubahsuaian.

Refer to all aspects given to suggest the modification.

Rujuk semua aspek yang diberi dalam mengemukakan

pengubahsuaian.

State the reason for the each method/suggestion/design.

Nyatakan alasan bagi setiapkaedah / cadangan /

rekabentuk

Answer in table form for suggested modifications. e.g

Bagi menjawab soalan cadangan pengubahsuaian,

jawapan perlu dijadualkan.

Modifications

Pengubahsuaian

Reason

Alasan

1 markah 1 markah

1 markah 1 markah

1 markah 1 markah

1 markah 1 markah

1 markah 1 markah

Total [10 markah]

Answering Techniques for Making decision Questions

Question No. 8 (Structured Question)

Guided decision making question

Soalan berbentuk membuat keputusan berpandu.

Refer to the table/diagram/graph or chart given to choose

the suitable characteristics of tools.

Rujuk jadual/rajah/graf yang diberi bagi memilih ciri-ciri

yang sesuai untuk suatu alat.

Justify your answer with a reason based on physics

concepts.

Berikan sebab bagi setiap jawapan berdasarkan konsep

fizik.

Answering Techniques for making decision Questions

Question No. 11 & No. 12 (Essay Question)

Study the specification carefully

Kaji spesifikasi dengan berhati-hati.

Choose the suitable characteristics according to the needs

of the question (Aspects stated).

Pilih ciri-ciri yang sesuai mengikut kehendak soalan

(Aspek yang dinyatakan)

Use the word low or high

Guna perkataan rendah atau tinggi

State the reason for each characteristic chosen.

Nyatakan alasan bagi setiap ciri-ciri yang dipilih.

State the best choice according to the chosen characteristic.

Nyatakan pilihan yang terbaik mengikut ciri-ciri yang

dipilih.

Give reason for the choice referring to the chosen

characteristics.

Berikan alasan bagi pilihan tersebut merujuk kepada

ciri-ciri yang dipilih

Characteristics

Ciri-ciri

Reason

alasan

1 markah 1 markah

1 markah 1 markah

1 markah 1 markah

1 markah 1 markah

- Pilih pilihan yang diberikan dengan tepat [1 markah]

- Sebab - senaraikan semula ciri-ciri yang terdapat pada

pilihan di atas [1 markah]

Total [10 markah]



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Section A : Question 1

Bahagian A : Soalan 1

Test the students in using of scientific measuring

instrument and make the readings.

Menguji murid menggunakan alat pengukur dan membuat

bacaan

The students should know how to make reading in

several type of measuring instrument without error,

tabulate the data and draw a graph based on the data.

Pelajar perlu mengetahui bagaimana untuk mengambil

bacaan beberapa alat pengukur tanpa ralat, menjadualkan

data dan melukis graf berdasarkan nilai dalam data.

The students have to write the reading in correct d.p as

the accuracy of the instrument.

Pelajar dikehendaki menulis bacaan dengan bilangan t.p

seperti kejituan alat pengukur.

Draw a suitable graf based on the given title with the

following ;

# Correct quantities and their unit on both axes

# Uniform scale at both axes

# Points plotted correctly

# Balance graph line

# Size of graph 5 x 4 larger squares or 10 cm x 8 cm

Melukis graf mengikut tajuk yang diarahkan dengan

ciri-ciri berikut :

# Kuantiti kedua-dua paksi dengan unit yang betul

# Skala yang seragam sesuai dengan kuantiti dalam

data

# Pindahan titik yang betul

# Garisan graf yang seimbang

# Saiz graf yang cukup besar minima

( 5 x 4 petak besar atas graf) atau 10 cm x 8 cm

Section A : Question 2

Bahagian A : Soalan 2

Question based on graph, conseptual or analysing the

graph.

Soalan berhubung graf. Sama ada mengkonsepsi atau

menganalisis graf yang diberi.

Understanding the meaning for various shapes of

graphs and their characteristics based on y-axis and

x-axis.

Perlu menguasai maksud berbagai bentuk graf dan ciri-ciri

pada graf merujuk paksi-x dan paksi-y .

The examples of graph for question 2

Contoh graf soalan 2

The meaning of graph’s gradient based on graph shapeand axis (refer to a suitable formula)

Maksud kecerunan merujuk bentuk graf dan kuantiti p-x

dan p-y (rujuk formula yang sesuai)

Draw a smooth extrapolation line if you are asked to do

so.

Lukiskan dengan jelas garisan ekstrapolasi pada graf

jika perlu.

Draw a large triangle to calculate the gradient. The

triangle should be on tangent line for curve graph. All

triangle must draw under the graph.

Lukiskan segitiga yang besar pada graf untuk kiraan

kecerunan graf. (4 x 3 petak besar). Pastikan segitiga pada

garis tangen jika graf melengkung.Lukis segitiga di bawah

garis.

ANSWER FORMAT FOR PAPER 3


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ANSWER FORMAT FOR PAPER 3B [12 MARKS]

(a) Inference

[1m]

Responding variable is influenced by the responding variable

or

Responding variable depends to manipulated variable

(b) Hypothesis

[1m]The higher/larger/bigger the manipulated variable, the higher/smaller the

responding variable

(c) Aim

[1m]To determine the relationship between manipulated variable and responding

variable

(i) Variables

[3m](i) manipulated variable :

(ii) responding variable :

(iii) fixed variable : only one fixed variable

*[ give all the variable that can be measured].

(ii)Apparatus / materials

[1m]List up all importance apparatus [measurements for RV or MV] for the

experiment and draw functional diagram.

(iii) Method

[3m]1. Start the experiment with manipulated variable= ( value + unit)

2 The responding variable is measured (state the equation if available)

3 Repeat the experiment 4 times for manipulated variable

…….. ,…….., ……., and ……….

(iv) Tabulation of data

[1m] manipulated variable responding variable

Fill in 5 values blank

Analysis of data

[1m]RV

MV

PRECAUTIONARY STEPS FOR INVESTIGATIVE EXPERIMENTS

http://nazuris.blogspot.com/ "Life was meant to be lived, and curiosity must be keptalive"

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PRECAUTIONARY STEPS FOR INVESTIGATIVE EXPERIMENTS

No.Type of experiment

involving;Precautions that can be taken

1 Light a. Experiment must be carried out in darkenedroom.

b. Lens, screen and object must be in line

2 Spring a. Make sure the spring is not loaded beyond theelastic limit. (spring return to original lengthwhen load is taken off).

3 Ticker tape a. Make sure the tape runs freely through theticker tape.

4 Electric a. All connections must be secure/tight.b. Off the switch after readings are taken to

prevent wires from heating up (resistanceincrease)

5. Heat a. Liquid must be stirred constantly so thattemperature rises evenly.

b. Alluminium block must be wrapped withinsulating material to prevent heat lost.

c. Thermometer bulb should be smeared with oilto give better thermal contact with the block.

6. Light wave interference d. Measure a few fringes separation and get theaverage

7. Sound wave inteference a. Experiment must carry out at open space toavoid echo

8. Acceptable answer for allscientific experiment

a. Make sure the eyes are perpendicular to thereading scale of …….(measuring instrument)

b. Repeat the experiment 4 times and calculatethe average (except for experiment no.6)

* [Student can give more than one answer for this question. No penalty for the answer which isunsuitable]Calon boleh memberikan jawapan lebih dari 1. Tiada markah dipotong jika satu jawapan yang diberi salah dan yang

lainnya betul.

* unacceptable answer : Avoid parallax error.[without explanation]Jawapan tidak diterima : Elak ralat paralaks

[tiada penjelasan]

154861220 Tips Peperiksaan Fizik

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