KAI6034 - LECTURE 4

BERMAIN DALAMPAKK

[PLAY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION)

Apa itu Bermain?Bermain terdiri daripada ciri-ciri yang dipersetujui oleh

pakarseperti berikut:

• Tidaksengaja (voluntary)

• Menyeronokkan (pleasurable)

• Simbolik (symbolic)

• Aktif (active)

• Berorientasi proses (process oriented)

• Bermotivasi dalaman (intrinsically motivated)

Fokus perbincangan:Mengapa bermain penting?

• What is play?• Why is it important that we pay attention

to children's play?

• What do children learn through play?

BERMAIN ADALAH BELAJAR!

atau

BERMAIN ADALAHBELAJAR !

BELAJAR ADALAH

BERMAIN !

Mereka bermain atau belajar?

Apa yang mereka main;Apa yang mereka belajar?

AKK SUKA BERMAIN

"Play" doesn't necessarily mean an organized activityor a dedicated period of "quality time."

Play - and learning - can happen anytime you arewith your child.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAG0ZyS1Xp8Kids playing at park

https://www.voutube.com/watch?v=p-uzbgiETAM

© 2004, ZERO TO THREE. All rights

reserved. Contact ZERO TO THREE for all

uses: www.zerotothree.org

PENTING KK BERMAINBINCANG

• Play is a fundamental right of all children. (UNROC, 1989)

• Watch these videos:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FR5pO 85fMk

• Play is Children's Work

• Studying Imagination in Children's Play

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQb95itdoCM

• Pretend Play-tulsaworld.com

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMwqMuRtGDs

Learning Through Play

• Children learn through playby:— Imitating (adults and other

children)— Observing— Experiencing— Discovering/exploring— Wondering— Using one's senses

(touching,hearing,seeing, tasting, smelling)

For research on early learning go to Handouts. Research on Early Learning.

© 2004, ZERO TO THREE. All rights reserved. Contact ZERO TO THREE for all uses: www.zerotothree.org

ftj

Learning Through Play

Babies and toddlers learn bestwhen they have lovingadults to care for them, andwho are responsive to theirneeds and interests.

Babies also learn best whenthey can play and explorean enriching, interesting,and child-safe environment.

© 2004, ZERO TO THREE. All rights reserved. Contact ZERO TO THREE for all uses: www.zerotothree.org

Outdoor Play

Research shows that the amount ofoutdoor play offered to children variesby child care setting, with some childrenreceiving little and others much more.

Outdoor play is very important. It helpschildren develop many physical skills likeclimbing, jumping, balance, andcoordination.

© 2004, ZERO TO THREE. All rights reserved. Contact ZERO TO THREE for all uses: www.zerotothree.org

Apa itu bermain? Dari apa yang anda lihatdalam semua gambar ini?

Di mana sahaja, kanak-kanak sentiasa bermain

Apakah yang dikatakan"bermain"?

Definisi bermain• Bermain adalah kerja kanak-kanak. la terdiri drp aktiviti yang

dilakukan untuk mencapai kegembiraan sendiri yang membantuperkembangan tingkahlaku, sosial dan psikomotor. Bermain adalahatas kehendak sendiri kerana kepuasan dan keseronokan yangdirasai. Ia berlaku secara spontan.

• (Play is the work of children. It consists of those activities performed for self-amusement that havebehavioral, social, and psychomotor rewards. It is child-directed, and the rewards come from withinthe individual child; it is enjoyable and spontaneous.)

• Bermain adalah aspek penting dalam perkembangan kanak-kanak.Melalui bermain, kanak-kanak belajar mengenai bentuk, warna,sebab dan akibat, dan mengenai diri sendiri. Selain kebolehanberfikir, bermain membantu kanak-kanak belajar kemahiran sosialdan spikomotor. Bermain adalah cara kanak-kanak menyampaikanrasa gembira, takut, sedik atau bimbang.(Play is an important part of the childhood development. Through play children learn about shapes,colors, cause and effect, and themselves. Besides cognitive thinking, play helps the child learn socialand psychomotor skills. It is a way of communicating joy, fear, sorrow, and anxiety.)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player detailpage&v=3f3rOz0NzPcPlay: Preschooler and Toddler Building With Blocks

Definisi Bermain

Hughes (2003) mengemukakan 3 kriteriauntuk mendefinisikan bermain:— • freedom of choice (pilihan bebas)

— • personal enjoyment (keseronokan yang dirasai)

— • focus is on the activity itself rather than itsoutcomes. (fokus kpd aktiviti, bukan kpd hasil)

Ciri-ciri Bermain

• self-directed

• self-selected

• open-ended

• voluntary

• enjoyable

• flexible

• motivating

• individual or group

Play is the mostnatural of childhoodactivities and one ofthe most frequently

observed.(Hughes, 2003, p. 21)

Fungsi BermainResearch has demonstrated that play enables children to:

— make sense of their world— expand social and cultural understandings— express personal thoughts and feelings— practise flexible and divergent thinking— encounter and solve real problems— learn to consider other people's perspectives— negotiate play roles and plans— develop self control— extend language and literacy skills— enhance brain and motor development.

BERMAIN DARI PENGERTIAN KANAK-KANAK

• Menggembirakan (adakala mengecewakan apabilakalah, tidak boleh buat/capai, menyebabkan sesuatukesusahan)— [pleasurable-play is an enjoyable and pleasurable activity.

Play sometimes includes frustrations, challenges and fears;however enjoyment is a key feature]

• Berorientasikan proses

• self motivating

The Canadian Association for YoungChildren believes that play:

Play is naturalPlay is essential forchildrenPlay is fun, exciting,adventurous, openendedPlay is creative andspontaneousPlay is magical andcomplexPlay is rewarding andstimulating

Play is non-threateningPlay in non-judgementalPlay is directed by thechildrenPlay is full of choices anddecision makingPlay is posing questionsand hypothesizingPlay is focused on theprocess and not theproduct

Pengertian Bermain

Bermain ialah cara kkbelajar tentang alampersekitarannya, melalui:

* Eksplorasi/exploration

* Manipulasi/manipulation

* Cuba-jaya/trial & error

*

Improvisasi/improvisation

* Lakon peranan/acting

out

• Children learn mostlythrough play.

• By exploring, tasting andmanipulating, childrenprocess new informationand construct their ownsense of order.

• Babies and childrenexplore the physicalenvironment around themwith smell, sight, sound,touch and taste.

Jenis-jenis bermain:

Sensory Play(Learning through

senses)

Exploratory Play(Learning byfinding out)

Manipulative Play(Learning by

touch/feel/handle/mould)

Dramatic Play(Learning byrole-taking/pretending)

Creative Play(Learning by

Creating)

Bermain doh;Bermain air;Bermain pasir;Memasak; dll

(textured/scented/colored play-dough;textured/scentedcolored water;colored & texturedsand; cooking)

Meneroka warna/mencampur warna;Menerokahubungan antarabentuk-bentuk -spatial;

Meneroka nombordan corak; saiz, dll

(mixing colorsshades/dark/light;relationshipsbetween shapes -spatial relations;numbers & patterns;Sizes)

Bermain blok, lego,duplo;Melipat kertas;Menggunting kertas;Menampal kertas;Aktiviti Fizikal.

(Blocks, lego, duplo,Brush blockspaper-foldingcutting/pastingPhysical)

Main olok-olok;Lakon peranan;Main fantasi, dll

(pretending to bepeople animals/transportacting outsituationsrole-play)

Melukis,mengecap,membuat kolaj,pencetak;bercerita,menyanyi,bermain muzik,membuat corak

(drawing/paintings/collages/Printings/stories/Songs/music &sound/ patterns)

Jenis-jenis Bermain(Klasifikasi Menurut Mildred Parten, 1932)

Solitary (independent) play -Kk bermain bersendirian, dia bermain dnamenghibur dirinya sendiri. Berlaku pada umur 2-3 tahun, kerana masihbersifat egocentric & belum mahir berkomunikasi. KK pemalu lebih sukacara main bersendirian.

Onlooker play -Kk hanya memerhati kk lain bermain, tanpa mengambilbahagian.

Parallel play - kk bermain bersama tetapi dengan mainan sedniri, tiada socialcontact atau berkongsi mainan, masing-masing dalam dunianya sendiri.Bermain begini boleh menjadi landasan kepada peringkat bermainseterusnya - associative play.

Associative play - kk masih bermain berasingan tetapi telah terlibat dalaminteraksi sosial. Misalnya kk bermain dengan blok, berbual denganrakannya yang bermain anak patung. Peringkat ini penting dalammembantu kk membina kemahiran bersosial - spt berkerjasama, danberkomunikasi. Kk mula membina persahabatan.

Cooperative play - kk bermain bersama dan saling bantu membantu untukmenyiapkan sesuatu task; ini berlaku pada umur prasekolah. Mainkooperatif adalah permulaan kepada peringkat bermain seperti orangdewasa - bermain dalam pasukan.

Lain-lain Jenis BermainDramatic/Fantasy play - kk bermain olok-olok sebagai doktor atau

bomba atau cikgu dan melakonkan watak-watak tersebut denganpenuh imaginasi. Memang mereka meniru watak-watak yangdilakonkan, tetaapi mereka belajar tentang fungsi ahli-ahli dalamkomuniti.

Competitive play - kk bertanding dalam bermain seperti bermain kad,dam ular dan lain-lain - ada kalah, ada menang, ada peraturanuntuk diikuti.

Physical play - berbentuk fizikal dan kasar, seperti membaling bola,naik basikal, buaian, jongkang jongket dsb. Ia menggalakkan kkmenjadi aktif.

Constructive play - contohnya bermain dengan blok untuk membinajalan atau keretapi. Main konstruktif memerlukan manipulasiobjek. Ia melibatkan kemahiran kognitif kerana kk perlu berfikirbagaimana untuk membina sesuatu, dan menentukan bentuk dansaiz objek sesuai untuk membina menara/kereta yang stabil dantidak tumbang atau jatuh.

Teksonomi Bermain oleh Hughes's (2002)1. Social play = bermain dengan rakan-rakan, dapat

mengembangkan kemahiran sosial.2. Physical play = bermain yang melibatkan kawalan otot-otot dan

kekuatan/tenaga3. Intellectual play = bermain yang dapat merangsang penyelesaian

masalah dan perkembangan kognitif, misalnya bermain puzzles.4. Creative play = menghasilkan rekacipta benda atau idea.

5. Emotional play - bermain sambil meluahkan perasaan,(therapeutic play) dan kawalan emosi.

Pengelasan ini tidak terhad, ianya boleh bertindihan misalnya bermain'board game' boleh jadi intellectual dan juga social.

[Rujuk: Andrew, M. (2012) Exploring Play, p.31-36. ]

Jenis-jenis bermain dari pandangan NAEYC

4 jenis bermain:

1. Sensory/manipulative/object play/physical play

2. Constructive Play

3. Dramatic or Symbolic Play

4. Games with Rules

1. Sensory/manipulative/object play andphysical play

Bermain sensori (sensory play)

• Termasuk aktiviti yang merangsang deria kanak-kanak:menyentuh, membau/hidu, merasa, melibat dan mendengar.

• Aktiviti sensori menggalakkan penerokaan dan penggunaankemahiran proses sains kerana semasa meneroka, kkmencipta, menyiasat dan mengeksprimen.

2. Constructive Play

Kanak-kanak membina sesuatu ciptaan.

Sama ada struktur atau idea atau lukisan

Constructive Play

Constructive play - is about creating things with constructiveand goal oriented activities, such as painting, playing withdough, building towers etc.Constructive play is an excellent means of developing fine-motor skills and hand eye co-ordination in the younger child.

Building & Constructing

Constructive play allows children to

experiment with objects.

It gives children a sense of accomplishment andempowers them with control of their environment

Block Buildingadalah Constructive play• Bermain blok boleh membantu pembelajaran

matematik.

• Apabila kk membina blok, mereka mengumpulpengalaman tentang bagaimana objek dapatdihubungkan antara satu sama lain.

• Blok-blok klasik dan lain-lain blok pembinaanmisalnya blok bersambungan (connecting blocks)memberi peluang kk menerokai mengenai blokdan bahan-bahan yang mempunyai ciri-cirikesamaan dan boleh diramalkan ianya sama.

3. Dramatic or Symbolic Play

Sociodramatic play• Children take on roles

they have observed intheir everydayexperiences— Playing "house"

— "Bakers" making pies

oonents areSocial comadded in play withpeers

Dramatic play enhances social, emotional, linguisticand mental development with creative role playing

It supports and promotes social development,allowing for your child to learn cooperation, sharing,leadership, negotiation and problem-solving skills

Pretending helps children overcome fears and copewith feelings.

Imitating, imagining and dramatizing allows childrento try out new roles and experiment with languageand emotions.

4. Games with rules

Games with rules

Usually games involve others, competition, and rules. Thistype of play may appear with preschoolers, but is foundmore often in elementary school children.

This type of play can build self esteem if the child isproficient, but it can also be harmful if the child is ridiculedor driven too hard (by parent, coach, or even peers)

Play• Bermain adalah sangat penting sehinggakan the

KomisionerHak Asasi Manusia di Bangsa-bangsa Bersatumengenalpasti bahawa bermain adalah hak kanak-kanak(play is a right for every child.)

• Semasa bermain pengetahuan dan pemahaman kanak-kanak tentang dirinya dan orang lain, serta tentang duniapersekitaranya meningkat.

• Penyelidikan mengenai perkembangan kognitif dan mindamenunjukkan bahawa kanak-kanak kecil membinapengetahuan baru atau membina rangkaian sinaps (wiringthe brain) semasa bermain yang melibatkan semua deria.

High Quality Play• In high quality play children are truly engaged• This complex play helps children develop executive

functions (fungsi otak untuk membuat keputusandan refleksi)

• High level play leads to self-regulation (pengawalandiri)

• High level play provides opportunities to develop bothindividual gross and fine muscle strength.

• Studies have found that the quality of play isassociated with social and linguistic competence.

Stages of Play (Mildred Parten)

Children go through five stages of play :

1. Passive on looker - babies watching objects orpeople play.

2. Solitary player - children play on their own.3. Parallel play - children play beside another

player4. Associative play - children play in a group with

similar resources, but no shared goals or roles,but they may be interacting with one another

5. Cooperative play - children play in team withshared goals and roles.

NAEYC 2009: Position Statement onDevelopmentally Appropriate Practice

...Play promotes key abilities that enable children tolearn successfully. In high-level dramatic play ...the collaborative planning of roles and scenariosand the impulse control required to stay withinthe play's constraints develop children's self-regulation, symbolic thinking, memory, andlanguage -- capacities critical to later learning,social competence, and school success.

Bermain sangat penting!

Ia menyumbang kepada persediaan ke sekolah:

- Ia adalah asas kepada membaca

- Asas kepada perkembangan bahasa

- Asas kepada kebolehan mengawal perasaan

BERMAIN SEBAGAI DOMAIN PERKEMBANGAN

Bermain dikaitkan dengan perkembanganBermain adalah perkembangan bagi kk - maka ia

boleh dianggap sebagai satu domain ^domain perkembangan(Play as a developmental domain)- Domain ini meliputi semua aspek perkembangan

bahasa, sosioemosi, motor, intelek, kemahiranurus diri, dll.

- Aktiviti bermain mengembangkan pemahamandan konsep tentang orang lain, objek, atausesuatu kejadian.

Domainrkembangan

Bermain sebagaiaktiviti

Motor

BERMAIN

Merangsang deria

Mengembangkan kemahiran

motor kasar dan motor halus

Membantu kk membuat

keputusan

Merangsang imaginasi

Meningkatkan kemahiran

sosial dan bahasa

Bermain meningkatkan kebolehan kognitif

• Better verbalization• Richer Vocabulary• Better problem solving strategies• Higher language comprehension

• Better ability to take on the perspective ofanother• Higher intellectual competence

• Better peer cooperation

Bermain meningkatkan kemahiransosial dan emosi

• More empathy

• Better ability to take on the perspective ofothers

• Better control of impulsive actions

• Better emotional and social adjustment

• More innovation

• More imaginativeness

• Longer attention spans

- we need to pay attention to what children aredoing in their play to get an idea of what theylearn and know.

Children willuse playactivities tolearn newthings aboutobjects andevents