3. ParasitesSource: Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 25, No. 1 (May, 1956), pp. 195-198Published by: British Ecological SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1867 .

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Parasites Parasites 195 195

Marler, P. (1955). Characteristics of some animal calls. Nature, Lond. 176, 6-8. Sound speetrographs of various bird calls are given, and these are correlated with behaviour

patterns. Concerns particularly predator-prey relations.

O'Connor, F. B. (1955). Extraction of enchytraeid worms from a coniferous forest soil. Nature, Lond. 175, 815-816.

A wet funnel technique is described in detail, and results are considered.

'Rushton, S. & Mautner, A. J. (1955). The deterministic model of a simple epidemic for more than one community. Biometrika, 42, 126-132.

Gives a general solution and discusses in detail the case in which the epidemic starts with but one infected individual.

Skellam, J. G. (1955). Quadrat sampling from the mathematical standpoint. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 165, 95-102.

A largely pictorial discussion of some points considered by the author in Biometrika, 39, 346-362 (1952). See J. Anim. Ecol. 22, 393 (1953).

Southern, H. N. (1955). The study of British mammals. Countryside, 17, 231-235. Distribution, methods of study and key to identification of small mammal skulls in owl

pellets.

Svendson, J. A. (1955). Earthworm population studies: a comparison of sampling methods. Nature, Lond. 175, 864.

The permanganate method of sampling is found to give a low population estimate when compared with results obtained by hand sampling. Moreover the former has differing effects on the species investigated. It might be used to determine differences in habits of the species.

Thompson, H. R. (1955). Spatial point processes, with applications to ecology. Biometrika, 42, 1'02-115.

The analysis of the distribution of numbers of individuals in a rectangular grid. The mathematical theory is discussed in detail; particular cases of interest to ecologists will be discussed elsewhere.

Whittle, P. (1955). The outcome of a stochastic epidemic-a note on Bailey's paper. Biometrika, 42, 116-122.

A new method for calculating the probability of the total size of an epidemic. In some cases a stochastic equivalent of the threshold phenomenon can be found.

Wynne, O. E. (1953-55). Key-list of the palaearctic and oriental passerine birds. Northw. Nat. (N.S.) 1, 580-597; 2, 123-137, 297-319, 436-459, 619-647; 3, 104-128.

Wynne-Edwards, V. C. (1955). The dynamics of animal populations. Discovery, 16, 433-436.

An essay review of D. Lack, 1954, The natural regulation of animal numbers, Oxford. The implication that natural selection cannot favour a smaller egg-number as such may be fallacious as the most fecund are not necessarily the fittest.

3. PARASITES

Arthur, D. R. (1955). New species of ticks (Ixodes) associated with small mammals. Parasitology, 45, 131-140.

Describes a new species, Ixodes thompsoni, recovered from a cat on Lundy Island, a new species, Ixodes guerneseyensis, harboured by Evotomys glareolus from the Channel Isles, as well as a new variety of Ixodes arvicolae found in a mouse's nest from North Zealand, Denmark.

Marler, P. (1955). Characteristics of some animal calls. Nature, Lond. 176, 6-8. Sound speetrographs of various bird calls are given, and these are correlated with behaviour

patterns. Concerns particularly predator-prey relations.

O'Connor, F. B. (1955). Extraction of enchytraeid worms from a coniferous forest soil. Nature, Lond. 175, 815-816.

A wet funnel technique is described in detail, and results are considered.

'Rushton, S. & Mautner, A. J. (1955). The deterministic model of a simple epidemic for more than one community. Biometrika, 42, 126-132.

Gives a general solution and discusses in detail the case in which the epidemic starts with but one infected individual.

Skellam, J. G. (1955). Quadrat sampling from the mathematical standpoint. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 165, 95-102.

A largely pictorial discussion of some points considered by the author in Biometrika, 39, 346-362 (1952). See J. Anim. Ecol. 22, 393 (1953).

Southern, H. N. (1955). The study of British mammals. Countryside, 17, 231-235. Distribution, methods of study and key to identification of small mammal skulls in owl

pellets.

Svendson, J. A. (1955). Earthworm population studies: a comparison of sampling methods. Nature, Lond. 175, 864.

The permanganate method of sampling is found to give a low population estimate when compared with results obtained by hand sampling. Moreover the former has differing effects on the species investigated. It might be used to determine differences in habits of the species.

Thompson, H. R. (1955). Spatial point processes, with applications to ecology. Biometrika, 42, 1'02-115.

The analysis of the distribution of numbers of individuals in a rectangular grid. The mathematical theory is discussed in detail; particular cases of interest to ecologists will be discussed elsewhere.

Whittle, P. (1955). The outcome of a stochastic epidemic-a note on Bailey's paper. Biometrika, 42, 116-122.

A new method for calculating the probability of the total size of an epidemic. In some cases a stochastic equivalent of the threshold phenomenon can be found.

Wynne, O. E. (1953-55). Key-list of the palaearctic and oriental passerine birds. Northw. Nat. (N.S.) 1, 580-597; 2, 123-137, 297-319, 436-459, 619-647; 3, 104-128.

Wynne-Edwards, V. C. (1955). The dynamics of animal populations. Discovery, 16, 433-436.

An essay review of D. Lack, 1954, The natural regulation of animal numbers, Oxford. The implication that natural selection cannot favour a smaller egg-number as such may be fallacious as the most fecund are not necessarily the fittest.

3. PARASITES

Arthur, D. R. (1955). New species of ticks (Ixodes) associated with small mammals. Parasitology, 45, 131-140.

Describes a new species, Ixodes thompsoni, recovered from a cat on Lundy Island, a new species, Ixodes guerneseyensis, harboured by Evotomys glareolus from the Channel Isles, as well as a new variety of Ixodes arvicolae found in a mouse's nest from North Zealand, Denmark.

This content downloaded from 130.132.123.28 on Fri, 2 May 2014 18:34:45 PMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

196 Abstracts

Ash, J. S. (1955). Some records of bird and mammal ectoparasites. Ent. Mon. Mag. 91, 64-65.

Records of Hippoboscids, Nycteribiids, Ceratophyllids and Cimicids on twenty-three birds, Daubenton's bat and man in Hants., Dorset, Northumberland and Sweden, with dates and the number and sexes of the parasites.

Chambers, V. H. (1955). Some hosts of Anteon spp. (Hym., Dryinidae) and a hyper- parasite Ismarus (Hym., Belytidae). Ent. Mon. Mag. 91, 114-115.

A. fiavicorne and its variety bensoni emerged on 11 May and 1 June respectively, from nymphs of Idiocerus associated with adults of I. laminatus and I. populi and unparasitized nymphs of I. populi on Populus tremuli. A. brachycerum emerged on 10 May from nymphs of Oncopsis on Betula. Ismarus flavicornis parasitized A. fiavicorne in 1952 and this constitutes the first record of a host for the former and a hyperparasite of the latter; I. halidayi was reared from A. brevicorne parasitic in nymphs of Oncopsis associated with adults of O. favicollis and unparasitized nymphs of 0. tristis.

Corbett, M. P. (1955). Occurrence of two species of Crepidostomum in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) from north-east Ireland with special reference to Crepidostomum metoecus Braun 1900. Parasitology, 45, 186-188.

Two species of Crepidostomum were found during a study of the helminth parasites of the local freshwater fish in north-east Ireland. The source of Crepidostomum metoecus, which is said to be a parasite of noctule bats, is discussed.

Crofton, H. D. (1955). Nematode parasite populations in sheep on lowland farms. II. Worm egg counts in lambs. Parasitology, 45, 99-115.

Cutcliffe, A. S. (1955). Further notes on the swift, 1944-54. Brit. Birds, 48, 193-203. Includes notes on parasites. (See also Cutcliffe, A. S., 1951, Brit. Birds, 44, 47-56 and

176-177. Abstracts in 1955, J. Anim. Ecol. 24, 214 and 215.)

Gotto, R. V. (1955). A note on the ecology of the genus Lichomolgus (Copepoda: Cyclo- poida). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12) 8, 390-392.

Semi-parasites or commensals of molluscs and ascidians. Possibly some species, when adult, leave the host.

Jennings, A. R. (1955). Diseases in wild birds. Bird Study, 2, 69-72. Summarizes autopsy results on 224 wild birds over a period of three years. Where cause of

death could be determined, bacterial and virus infections were operative in thirty-six and thirty-four cases respectively. Injury and chemical poisoning accounted for sixty-nine other birds.

Kettle, D. S. & Utsi, M. N. P. (1955). Hypoderma diana (Diptera, Oestridae) and Lipoptena cervi (Diptera, Hippoboscidae) as parasites of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Scotland with notes on second-stage larva of Hypoderma diana. Parasitology, 45, 116-120.

Imported reindeer have become infested with parasites-the deer ked and the deer warble, which they acquired from local deer. In their native haunts reindeer harbour their own warble (Hypoderma tarandi), but steps were taken to ensure that this parasite was not in- troduced into Scotland; the first consignment was treated with derris root and the warbles were hand picked from the animals in the second batch. The reindeer probably acquired their warbles (H. diana) from the red-deer in Scotland. Keds are not usually found on reindeer in N. Scandanavia, but are found on roe-deer, red-deer, elk and sika-deer. The absence of deer ked on reindeer in their native habitat may be due to the fact that no species of Lipoptena is known to occur above 600 N.

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Parasites 197

Lal, Makund Behari (1955). Occurrence of a new parasite (Trematode metacercaria) in the eyes of Scottish Trout. Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 24 (1), 1-3.

Gives table of incidence in Salmo trutta populations from various bodies of water. Infection heavier in lochs and reservoirs than in rivers.

Lockley, R. M. (1955). Observations on myxomatosis in Wales in 1954. Nature in Wales, 1 (2), 57-62.

A summary of a report submitted to the Nature Conservancy. Deals with ectoparasites, human and other agencies of spread, rate of natural spread, duration and lethality of epidemics, effects on other animal species and flora, etc.

Naylor, E. (1955). The seasonal abundance on Idotea of the cocoons of the flat worm Plagiostomum oyense de Beauchamp. Rep. Port Erin Mar. Biol. Sta. 67, 25-30.

Gives details of the incidence of the cocoons of P. oyense on Idotea spp. at Port Erin and relates the degree of infection to the size of the host. The monthly variation in numbers and condition of the cocoons is given.

Owen, D. F. (1955). Additional records of Protocalliphora (Diptera) in birds' nests. Brit. Birds, 48, 225-229.

(See also Owen, D. F., 1954, Brit. Birds, 47, 236-243. Abstract in 1955, J. Anim. Ecol. 24, 485.)

Smith, K. G. V. (1955). Further notes on Acari in association with Limonia tripunctata F. and other Tipulidae (Dipt.). Ent. Mon. Mag. 91, 51-52.

The percentage infestation of L. tripunctata by ectoparasitic larval mites of the genera Calyptostoma and Johnstoniana amounted to 20, 9 and 4 on 24 May and 3 June 1951, and 24 May 1952, respectively, in one wood in Shropshire and 60 on 17 June 1951, in another. Calyptostoma and Johnstoniana occur together in a similar locality; the former was virtually confined to the thoracic region of the host and the latter to the abdomen, where about 75 % were on the first two segments. Larval Johnstoniana were also taken on L. macrostigma, where they were also confined to the abdomen, and Tipula luna, where they were on the thorax and may represent a different species.

Smith, K. G. V. (1955). Notes on some Acarine ectoparasites of Diptera. Ent. Mon.

Mag. 91, 141. Records of the occurrence of mites on flies of seven families.

Smith, K. M. (1954). Viruses and the control of insect pests. Discovery, 15, 455-458. This general statement includes more detailed information on trials with a polyhedral

virus isolated from Vanessa cardui and used against larvae of Bupalus piniarius and Operoph- tera brumata. The virus caused total kills of 0. brumata and high mortality of B. piniarius, but no natural virus disease was observed in these species.

Stoker, M. G. P., Brown, R. D., Kitt, F. J. L., Collings, P. C. & Marmion, B. P. (1955). Q fever in Britain: isolation of Rickettsia burneti from placenta and wool of sheep in an endemic area. J. Hyg., Camb. 53, 313-321.

Rickettsia burneti was isolated from two out of ninety-six placentas from 118 ewes in one flock and from the wool tags from one of the ewes with an infected placenta.

Stoker, M. G. P. & Marmion, B. P. (1955). Q fever in Britain: isolation of Rickettsia burneti from tick Haemaphysalis punctata. J. Hyg., Camb. 53, 322-327.

Distribution of ticks in the British Isles is discussed, the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus is the only tick which is common and widely distributed, but Haemaphysalis punctata is common in Kent, to the exclusion of Ixodes ricinus. The organism responsible for Q fever (Rickettsia burneti) has been isolated from H. punctata collected from sheep in an endemic area in Kent.

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198 198 Abstracts Abstracts

Taylor, E. (1955). Phyto melanocephala Meig. (Dipt., Tachinidae) bred from Armadilli- dium vulgare (Latr.) (Oniscoidea). Ent. Mon. Mag. 91, 72.

This Tachinid is known to parasitize Porcellio scaber and Oniscus asellus, but its relationship with A. vulgare was hitherto confused.

Thompson, G. B. (1955). The parasites of British birds and mammals.- XXVIII. Records of Ornithomyia spp. (Dipt., Hippoboscidae) collected during 1952. Ent. Mon. Mag. 91, 4-5.

A list of the hosts of thirty-two 0. fringillina and three 0. avicularia taken at bird observa- tories during 1952 with dates and the place of capture, and another of records of puparia of these two species found in birds' nests.

Thompson, G. B. (1955). The parasites of British birds and mammals.-XXIX. Some interesting records of bird-fleas (Siphonaptera). Ent. Mon. Mag. 91, 43-45.

A list showing the numbers and sexes of Ceratophyllus gallinae, Dasypsyllus gallinulae and C. garei found on the bodies of resident and migrant birds, with the circumstances of capture and notes on the occurrence of six fleas found in birds' nests.

Thompson, G. B. (1955). Ectoparasites from Skokholm Bird Observatory. Nature in Wales, 1 (3), 128-130.

Representatives of four groups of ectoparasites-bird-flies and fleas, bird-lice and ticks- were obtained in 1954 from sixteen different species of birds.

Wilkinson, P. R. (1955). Temporary destocking of pastures to aid control of the cattle tick. Nature, Lond. 176, 515.

A controlled experiment with Boophilus microplus is described.

4. FOOD AND FOOD HABITS

Allen, M. D. & Selman, I. W. (1955). Egg-production in the mustard beetle, Phaedon cochleariae (F.) in relation to diets of mineral-deficient leaves. Bull. Ent. Res, 46, 393-397.

Egg production reduced when diets deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or iron were fed.

Buxton, P. A. (1954). British Diptera associated with fungi. 2. Diptera bred from Myxomycetes. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 29, 163-171.

Certain Myxomycetes are the food organism for three species of Mycetophilid flies (Myceto- phila vittipes, Platurocypta testata and P. punctum). Includes a list of other Diptera some of which appear to be generally saprophagous and others accidentals.

Davis, R. A. (1955). The coypu. Discovery, 16, 237-239. Particular mention is made of the East Anglian colonies of coypu (Myocastor coypus). The

effects of the animal on growing crops are not significant, nor does it cause bank damage by burrowing. Food plants are listed; beds of reeds (Phragmites communis) have been cleared by the coypu, but in some places Glyceria has replaced Phragmites as it recovers more rapidly from grazing by coypu.

Eastham, L. E. S. & Eassa, Y. E. E. (1955). The feeding mechanism of the butterfly Pieris brassicae L. Philos. Trans. (B) 239, 1-43.

A detailed anatomical account of the proboscis and associated structures. Critically examines and rejects previous theories as to the means of proboscis extension; offers a new explanation of the mechanism.

Taylor, E. (1955). Phyto melanocephala Meig. (Dipt., Tachinidae) bred from Armadilli- dium vulgare (Latr.) (Oniscoidea). Ent. Mon. Mag. 91, 72.

This Tachinid is known to parasitize Porcellio scaber and Oniscus asellus, but its relationship with A. vulgare was hitherto confused.

Thompson, G. B. (1955). The parasites of British birds and mammals.- XXVIII. Records of Ornithomyia spp. (Dipt., Hippoboscidae) collected during 1952. Ent. Mon. Mag. 91, 4-5.

A list of the hosts of thirty-two 0. fringillina and three 0. avicularia taken at bird observa- tories during 1952 with dates and the place of capture, and another of records of puparia of these two species found in birds' nests.

Thompson, G. B. (1955). The parasites of British birds and mammals.-XXIX. Some interesting records of bird-fleas (Siphonaptera). Ent. Mon. Mag. 91, 43-45.

A list showing the numbers and sexes of Ceratophyllus gallinae, Dasypsyllus gallinulae and C. garei found on the bodies of resident and migrant birds, with the circumstances of capture and notes on the occurrence of six fleas found in birds' nests.

Thompson, G. B. (1955). Ectoparasites from Skokholm Bird Observatory. Nature in Wales, 1 (3), 128-130.

Representatives of four groups of ectoparasites-bird-flies and fleas, bird-lice and ticks- were obtained in 1954 from sixteen different species of birds.

Wilkinson, P. R. (1955). Temporary destocking of pastures to aid control of the cattle tick. Nature, Lond. 176, 515.

A controlled experiment with Boophilus microplus is described.

4. FOOD AND FOOD HABITS

Allen, M. D. & Selman, I. W. (1955). Egg-production in the mustard beetle, Phaedon cochleariae (F.) in relation to diets of mineral-deficient leaves. Bull. Ent. Res, 46, 393-397.

Egg production reduced when diets deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or iron were fed.

Buxton, P. A. (1954). British Diptera associated with fungi. 2. Diptera bred from Myxomycetes. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 29, 163-171.

Certain Myxomycetes are the food organism for three species of Mycetophilid flies (Myceto- phila vittipes, Platurocypta testata and P. punctum). Includes a list of other Diptera some of which appear to be generally saprophagous and others accidentals.

Davis, R. A. (1955). The coypu. Discovery, 16, 237-239. Particular mention is made of the East Anglian colonies of coypu (Myocastor coypus). The

effects of the animal on growing crops are not significant, nor does it cause bank damage by burrowing. Food plants are listed; beds of reeds (Phragmites communis) have been cleared by the coypu, but in some places Glyceria has replaced Phragmites as it recovers more rapidly from grazing by coypu.

Eastham, L. E. S. & Eassa, Y. E. E. (1955). The feeding mechanism of the butterfly Pieris brassicae L. Philos. Trans. (B) 239, 1-43.

A detailed anatomical account of the proboscis and associated structures. Critically examines and rejects previous theories as to the means of proboscis extension; offers a new explanation of the mechanism.

This content downloaded from 130.132.123.28 on Fri, 2 May 2014 18:34:45 PMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions