3. ParasitesSource: Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Nov., 1956), pp. 448-449Published by: British Ecological SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1945 .

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448 Abstracts

3. PARASITES

Allen, P. (1955). Parasites from Depressaria heracliana (L.) (Lep., Oecophoridae). Ent. Mon. Mag. 91, 198.

16 females and 78 males of Litomastix serricornis and 24 females and one male of Tyndari- chus scaurus (a possible hyperparasite) were reared from a larva of D. heracliana . Some species of Litomastix are polyembryonic, and the presence of both sexes is possibly due to the deposi- tion of two eggs in the host larva.

Arthur, D. R. (1955). The larva of Ixodes rothschildi Nuttall & Warburton, 1911. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12) 8, 711-712.

Description of this tick larva. From a Lundy puffin.

Dunnet, G. M. & Allan, R. M. (1955). Annual and regional variations in the flea

populations of nests of the house-martin Martula u. urbica (L.) in north-east Scotland. Ent. Mon. Mag. 91, 161-167.

During several years' survey of unoccupied house-martin's nests in inland and sea-cliff colonies 7 fleas were found, of which Frontopsylla laeta, Orneacus waterstoni and Dasypsyllus gallinulae (recorded from this host for the first time) were confined to coastal colonies. The inland nests were all on buildings, and the fleas found in them also occurred in the cliff nests. The flea fauna varied among the coastal and among the inland colonies. The data include extensions of range for Ceratophyllus rusticus and C. farreni. Nests in an inland quarry contained C. hirundinis.

Emerson, K. C. (1955). A new mallophaga from a loon. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12) 8, 718-720.

Reduces the number of species from loons or divers (Gavia or Colymbus) to two. Craspe- donirmus colymbinus from G. arctica and G. stellata (black- & red-throated divers), and C. immer from G. immer (the great northern diver).

Healy, A. (1956). A parasite of salmon. Irish Nat. J. 12, 41. The cestode Hepatoxylon trichiuri in a salmon.

Hepper, B. T. (1955). Environmental factors governing the infection of mussels, My'ilus edulis, by Mytilicola intestinalis. Fish. Invest. Lond. (2) 20 (3), 1-21.

Field surveys of the rate of infestation of mussels with Mytilicola under different ecological conditions in Poole Harbour, Milford Haven and the estuaries of the Tamar, Lynher, Truro and Fowey rivers, supplemented by field experiments at Poole and Fowey with mussels settled on rafts. Mussels raised above the sea-bed or in fast-moving water at either end of an estuary are less infected than those on the bottom or in slow-moving water from the middle of estuaries. Culture methods are proposed to restrict the level of infestation in mussels.

Holland, G. P. (1955). Primary and secondary sexual characteristics of some Cerato-

phyllinae, with notes on the mechanism of copulation (Siphonaptera). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 107, 238-248.

Based on slide preparations of some Ceratophyllinae in cop.: Ceratophyllus idius, C. niger, C. farreni, C. rossittensis swansoni, Monopsyllus wagneri and Diamanus montanus.

Jackson, D. J. (1956). Notes on hymenopterous parasitoids bred from eggs of Dytis- cidae in Fife. J. Soc. Brit. Ent. 5, 144-149.

Caraphractus cinctus from Dytiscus marginalis and Agabus and Ilybius spp., often in large numbers; Patasson sp. from egg probably of Ilybius fulginosus and another unidentified mymarid from the same species; Prestwichia aquatica from I. fuliginosus; Chrysocharis sp. from Dytiscus marginalis. Some notes on biology.

Legowski, T. J. (1955). Triaspis (Sigalphus) floricola Wesm. (Hym., Braconidae) parasitising the larvae of clover seed weevils (Apion spp.) in E. Anglia. Ent. Mon.

Mag. 91, 273-274. Parasitism of Apion sp. or spp. in fields in Cambridgeshire, Hampshire and Essex varied

from 20 to 60 % in 1954. A maximum of 4 cocoons were obtained from a single flower head.

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Food and food habits Food and food habits 449 449

Rothschild, M. (1955). The distribution of Ceratophyllus borealis Rothschild, 1906 and C. garei Rothschild, 1902, with records of specimens intermediate between the two. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 107, 295-317.

The records for the two species and their intermediates are brought together. A tentative taxonomic description of the intermediates is given. Includes a discussion of the way in which the observed distribution may have been brought about.

Shaw, S. (1956). Telenomus punctatissimus (Ratzeburg) (Hymen, Scelionidae) new to Britain. J. Soc. Brit. Ent. 5, 165-166.

Parasitising eggs of Buff-tip moth (Phalera bucephala) in Cheshire. Notes definitive characters of the species. Smit, F. G. A. M. (1955). Two new subspecies of fleas (Siphonaptera) from the British

Isles. With a discussion on their distribution by M. Rothschild and F. G. A. M. Smit. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 107, 341-372.

A study of Ceratophyllus styx and Ctenophthalmus nobilis in Britain reveals two new sub- species : C. styxjordani and C. nobilis vulgaris. Included is a discussion of the distribution of all the subspecies. Thompson, G. B. (1955). Contributions towards a study of the ectoparasites of British

birds and mammals. No. 5. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12) 8, 724-730. Two species of Diptera Hippoboscidae-the rare Lynchia albipennis from ardeid birds and

the sheep ked Melophagus ovinus.

Thompson, G. B. (1955). Contributions towards a study of the ectoparasites of British birds and mammals. No. 6. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12) 8, 917-927.

United bibliography of the previous five papers, giving all references to the British Diptera Hippoboscidae.

4. FOOD AND FOOD HABITS

Ballantine, D. & Morton, J. E. (1956). Filtering, feeding and digestion in the lamel- libranch Lasaea rubra. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 35, 241-274.

Absorptiometric determinations of filtering rates with cultures of Phaeodactylum tricornu- tur were carried out over 3 h periods, and the rates of filtration of various unialgal and mixed cultures were determined. Preliminary digestion, with the reduction of the cell to a 'ghost', takes place extra-cellularly. Campbell, R. N. (1955). Food and feeding habits of brown trout, perch and other

fish in Loch Tummel. Scot. Nat. 55, 23-28. Includes some notes on pike and eels.

Cobnut, G. (1955). Foxes and myxomatosis in Kent. Oryx, 3, 156-157. The majority of foxes appeared from stomach examinations to have gone over to an

omnivorous diet. There is no sign of deterioration in health.

Downes, J. A. (1955). The food habits and description of Atrichopogon pollinivorus sp. n. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 106, 439-453.

Feeding habits are described in detail; briefly, both sexes feed on the nectar of honey- suckle and the females also pierce the pollen grains and ingest the sap. Dunnet, G. M. (1955). The breeding of the starling Sturnus vulgaris in relation to its

food supply. Ibis, 97, 619-662. A detailed study of a starling population in a square mile. Leatherjackets are the principal

food (80%) of the nestlings. Synchrony of first clutches may be due to the advantage of successful second broods, the occurrence of which is determined by how early breeding starts, and when leatherjackets disappear from the soil. It also provides opportunities for gregarious feeding by adults and juveniles which may have survival value.

Hancock, D. A. (1955). The feeding behaviour of starfish on Essex oyster beds. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 34, 313-331.

Laboratory and field observations, mainly on Asterias rubens. The greater part of the star- fish's food is made up of organisms which are competitors of the oyster; it is therefore not such a serious enemy of the oyster as was previously supposed.

Rothschild, M. (1955). The distribution of Ceratophyllus borealis Rothschild, 1906 and C. garei Rothschild, 1902, with records of specimens intermediate between the two. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 107, 295-317.

The records for the two species and their intermediates are brought together. A tentative taxonomic description of the intermediates is given. Includes a discussion of the way in which the observed distribution may have been brought about.

Shaw, S. (1956). Telenomus punctatissimus (Ratzeburg) (Hymen, Scelionidae) new to Britain. J. Soc. Brit. Ent. 5, 165-166.

Parasitising eggs of Buff-tip moth (Phalera bucephala) in Cheshire. Notes definitive characters of the species. Smit, F. G. A. M. (1955). Two new subspecies of fleas (Siphonaptera) from the British

Isles. With a discussion on their distribution by M. Rothschild and F. G. A. M. Smit. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 107, 341-372.

A study of Ceratophyllus styx and Ctenophthalmus nobilis in Britain reveals two new sub- species : C. styxjordani and C. nobilis vulgaris. Included is a discussion of the distribution of all the subspecies. Thompson, G. B. (1955). Contributions towards a study of the ectoparasites of British

birds and mammals. No. 5. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12) 8, 724-730. Two species of Diptera Hippoboscidae-the rare Lynchia albipennis from ardeid birds and

the sheep ked Melophagus ovinus.

Thompson, G. B. (1955). Contributions towards a study of the ectoparasites of British birds and mammals. No. 6. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12) 8, 917-927.

United bibliography of the previous five papers, giving all references to the British Diptera Hippoboscidae.

4. FOOD AND FOOD HABITS

Ballantine, D. & Morton, J. E. (1956). Filtering, feeding and digestion in the lamel- libranch Lasaea rubra. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 35, 241-274.

Absorptiometric determinations of filtering rates with cultures of Phaeodactylum tricornu- tur were carried out over 3 h periods, and the rates of filtration of various unialgal and mixed cultures were determined. Preliminary digestion, with the reduction of the cell to a 'ghost', takes place extra-cellularly. Campbell, R. N. (1955). Food and feeding habits of brown trout, perch and other

fish in Loch Tummel. Scot. Nat. 55, 23-28. Includes some notes on pike and eels.

Cobnut, G. (1955). Foxes and myxomatosis in Kent. Oryx, 3, 156-157. The majority of foxes appeared from stomach examinations to have gone over to an

omnivorous diet. There is no sign of deterioration in health.

Downes, J. A. (1955). The food habits and description of Atrichopogon pollinivorus sp. n. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 106, 439-453.

Feeding habits are described in detail; briefly, both sexes feed on the nectar of honey- suckle and the females also pierce the pollen grains and ingest the sap. Dunnet, G. M. (1955). The breeding of the starling Sturnus vulgaris in relation to its

food supply. Ibis, 97, 619-662. A detailed study of a starling population in a square mile. Leatherjackets are the principal

food (80%) of the nestlings. Synchrony of first clutches may be due to the advantage of successful second broods, the occurrence of which is determined by how early breeding starts, and when leatherjackets disappear from the soil. It also provides opportunities for gregarious feeding by adults and juveniles which may have survival value.

Hancock, D. A. (1955). The feeding behaviour of starfish on Essex oyster beds. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 34, 313-331.

Laboratory and field observations, mainly on Asterias rubens. The greater part of the star- fish's food is made up of organisms which are competitors of the oyster; it is therefore not such a serious enemy of the oyster as was previously supposed.

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