Agricultural Practices of Malaysia
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Transcript of Agricultural Practices of Malaysia
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Lecture 5Lecture 5
AgriculturalAgricultural
Practices ofPractices of
MalaysiaMalaysia
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Introduction
• Agriculture contributions in economygrowth:
– 1957 :45% GDP; !"#% em$loyment"
– !1! : 7"5% GDP; 11"% em$loyment"
• In 9th &'l'ysi' Pl'n: (hird engine o)
growth"
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*istoric'l De+elo$ment o)
&'l'ysi'n AgriculturePre-independence:
• ,ubber $l'nt'tions"
– -.: Dunlo$; Guthrie; *'rrisons 'nd/ross0eld"
• ollows by: (e'2 coco'2 co3ee"
• &'l'y: rice2 )ruits 'nd other cro$s"
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Rubber plantationhttp://www.lgm.gov.my/general/NRHistory.aspx
Tea
plantationhttp://www.everyculture.com
/Ja!a/!alaysia.html
"o##ee plantation
$a%%yhttp://www.my#areast.org/!alaysia/photos.html
During Pre-independence
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http://www.#el%a.net.my/#el%av&/
http://www.#elcra.com.my/home
http://www.ris%a.gov.my/web/guest/home
Post-Independence 1957197!6• -DA 'nd -/,A
• 8m'llholders : subsistence cro$s c'sh cro$s"• ew -conomic Policy 197!1946:
Addressed income dis$'rity between r'ces by:
– intensi)ying 'nd e.$'nding -DA -/,A $rogr'm"
– 8ubsidies )or rice"• ,ubber sm'llholding org'nied e
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1st 'tion'l Agricultur'l Policy AP6
194 19916 – =b>ecti+e: in?ing 'gricultur'l
$roduction with 'grob'sed industries
nd AP 199!1!6
• Address issues on: l'bour 'ndc'$it'l com$etition"
• Incre'se e
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AP # 199!1!6• Introduced $roductb'sed '$$ro'ch'nd ensuring )ood security"
Agriculture l'nd @se
• !!4:2 " million h' )or 'griculture
• !"% )or oil $'lm
• !% )or rubber"
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Agriculture Land Use
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&'l'ysi'n AgricultureBs/h'r'cteristics
1. Estate
• *ighly commerci'lied
• -
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Rubber estate in Tan'ungTualang( $era)*http://ipoh.olx.com.my/rubberestate#orsaleintan'ungtualangpera)
malaysia#reehol%ii%+,,,-+-
$alm oil estate in
!alaysia*http://www.glenealy.com.my/company0overview.html
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2. Sall !older
• ess commerci'lied
• A+er'ge )'rm sie 1"45h'
• /ro$s: rice2 )ruits 'nd +eget'bles
1ragon #ruit 2 star #ruit
#arm in !alaysia*http://www.#reshpla3a.com/news0%etail.asp4i%5-6+6
7mall scale Tropical #ruit #arm in
!alaysia*http://anyonecaneat.com/-++/6/+8/heavenan%hellonatropical#ruit#armpenangmalaysia/
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Industri'l /ro$s
1" =il P'lm Elaeis guianeensis6• 'rgest $l'nted cro$ in &'l'ysi'
• =rigin: 8ierr' eone2 A)ric'
• irst $l'nted in &'l'ysi' in 1917"• *'r+ested 't 5#! months ')ter
$l'nting
• -conomic li)e s$'n: ! ye'rs• &'l'ysi': #9% )or $'lm oil $roduction
44% )or e.$orts
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• ruitBs $ul$ $'lm oil6 Cernel $'lm ?ernel oil6
• 1!!?g o) )ruit bunches $roduces: ?g $'lm oil
1"7?g $'lm ?ernel oil• !% $l'nt'tion: 4!% sm'll holders
• /ontributed 1!% o) &'l'ysi'Bs tot'l e.$ort+'lue
9ruit unches: weight
+,-;)g/bunch
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" ,@-, Hevea brasiliensis6
• irst m'>or $l'nt'tion cro$
• Introduced in 1772 )rom Am'on 'sin2r'il"
• Domin'nt $l'nt'tion )or ! ye'rs"
• 8econd m'>or cro$ in the country
• 'ctors to switched to oil $'lm:
– Declining $rice
– Incre'sing cost $roduction
– Declining l'bour
• 97% $l'nted by sm'llholder
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#" /=/=@(
Cocos nucifera6
• 4th l'rgest cro$ in the
country• 191: 4!92#4 h'
• 1995: 42#! h'
• !!7:172!!!
• 'ctors )or 're' declining – P'lm oil )or coo?ing
– ow income
– 8m'll )'rm sie
– 'bour
"alue-added products tore>u+en'te the coconut industry:
• Eirgin coconut oilE/=6
• ,&4!15!F?g
• @sed )or:
• 8?in c're2 h'ir c're2 gener'lgood he'lth 'nd 'ntimicrobi'l
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4" /=/=A Theobroma cacao6
• &ost $l'nting 're's in 8'b'h
• Processing in Peninsul'r &'l'ysi'• &'l'ysi' coco' s$eci'l ch'r'cteristic:
*igh melting $oint
• Pl'nting 're' reducing2 $rocessingincre'sing"
• 5th l'rgest coco' $rocessor in the world
=or)ers pruning cocoa
plants in 7abah !alaysia*http://miraimages.photoshelter.com/image/>J;?.0;#uHc>
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=ther Industri'l /ro$s
#$%%EE• 8m'llholder in ohor 'nd 8el'ngor"
• (y$es: iberic'; ,obust'; Ar'bic'
SU&A'#A(E• In Perlis 'nd Ced'h
• ul0lled only 1!% loc'l consum$tion"
• Im$ort )rom Austr'li'2 i>i 'nd (h'il'nd
)EA
• In /'meron *ighl'nds2 8el'ngor 'nd Per'?
• (y$e grown: Ass'm
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'I#E Oryza sativa6• #rd l'rgest $l'nted cro$ in the coutnry
&'inly in Peninsul'r &'l'ysi' 't gr'n'ry're's:
I" Cu'l' &ud' in Ced'hFPerlis &ADA6
II" Cemubu2 Cel'nt'n CADA6
III" 8eber'ng Per'i2 Pen'ngIE" Ceri'nF 8g &'ni?2 Per'?
E" 'r't 'ut2 8el'ngor
EI" Cem'sin 8em'r'?2 'cho? F Cot' 'hru
EII"esut2 (erengg'nu C-(A,A6EIII"8eber'ng Per'?
• /ontributed 7!% o) n'tion'l rice $roduction
• 15% rice )rom nonirrig'ted 're' 8'b'h 'nd8'r'w'?6
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%'UI)S• 8m'll holders industry with 7!2!!! )'rmers"
• Are' $l'nted is incre'sing since 195 untilnow"
• -.$ort +'lues: – 195:,&1"4 million
–1995: ,#5" million
• (y$es o) )ruits e.$orted: – H'termelon; $'$'y'; st'r )ruit 'nd b'n'n'"
• 'ctors )or incre'ses in 're' 'nd $roduction: – *igh dem'nd )or loc'l 'nd e.$ort
– E'lue'dded $rocessing downstre'ming 'cti+ities6
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PI(EAPPLE Ananas comosus6
• 8m'llholders#%6 'nd Pl'nt'tions %6
• Are's 're declining
"E&E)A*LES
• 8m'llholders2 '+g )'rm sie 1 h'"
• &'in 're's: ohor2 Per'?2 Cel'nt'n2P'h'ng"
• -.$ort +'lue: ,&1! millioncucumber2
s$in'ch2 long be'ns2 chillin2 ?'il'n2 s'wi6• Im$ort +'lue: ,&4 million onion2
sh'llot2 $ototo2 chilli2 c'bb'ge6
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7ugarcane #arm in "hupping
$erlis*http://burtbur%y.blogspot.com/-8/8/la%angtebu%ichuppingperlis.html
Tea plantation in "ameron
Highlan%s $ahang*http://mile.mmu.e%u.my/orion/na%iaab%ullah/ni)nor#atihahbtni)
mustha#a+8++,6@A/
"o##ee plantation in
Johor *http://sec-al'muar.blogspot.com/
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7cenery o# $a%%y
#iel% in
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B wor)er collecting
pineapples #rom Byer Hitam
$ineapple plantation in
Johor *http://www.#oo%essa.com/-+/&/are%rugsinyourpineappletropical.html
B wor)er wor)s in a smallscale vegetable #arm in
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=,I/@(@,-
• et +'lue ,&9! million in !1!
!"15% GDP6• /ut Jowers; orchids; nonorchids
• Are' $l'nted is incre'sing
• Im$ort'nt 're's: ohor2 /*2 sel'nogr"
• &ost $l'nted commodity in !1!:
• =rchids ,&1!4"1million 62 non orchid
,&19"5 &illion6
Cxamples o# #loriculture
in !alaysia*http://animhosnan.blogspot.com/-++/+/#loricultureinmalaysia.html
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LI"ES)$#+ onrumin'nt: Poultry 'nd swine
• *igly commerci'lised 'nd high technology"
• /ontributed 7% in country li+estoc? $roduction
,umin'nt: /ow2 d'iry2 go't etc
• 8m'llholders 'nd low technology
• /ontribution: % in li+estoc? $roduction
• 88 not 'chie+ed less th'n #!%6
• Go+" t'rgeted 4!% 88 by !15"
• *owK Integr'ting c'ttle in )'rm 'nd )eedlot
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%IS,E'IES AUA#UL)U'E
• ALu'culture: )'rming o) 'Lu'ticorg'nisms including 0sh2 mollus?s2curst'ce'ns 'nd 'Lu'tic $l'nts"
• Im$ort'nt commodity: Pr'wn
• 8te'dy growth since !!!"
• E'lue in !!9:
– resh w'ter 0sh:,& "# billion" – /'$tured 0sh: ,&"9 billion
• =thers: se'weed 'lg'culture62 $e'rl
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Divestoc) #arming in!alaysia*photos courtesy o# Enit >T 9aculty o# Bgriculture E$!
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BFuaculture
in%ustry in !alaysia*photo courtesy o# Enit >T 9aculty o# BgricultureE$! *top 2 $ro# RitaGs #ile *right
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'ctors to growth• li/estoc0 production: shi)ting )rom
tr'dition'l to commerci'l )'rming $r'ctices• Incre'se integr'ted bee) c'ttle )'rming in
rubber 'nd oil $'lm $l'nt'tions"
• Poultry production: integr'ted $oultry)'rming system introduced by )'st)ood ch'inssuch 's Centuc?y ried /hic?en"
• Poultry is the most $o$ul'r me't consumed dueto $ricing 'nd religious 'cce$t'bility"
• fruits and /egetales: go+ernment e3orts inconsolid'ting sm'll orch'rds into l'rgerorg'nied )'rms 'nd instituting grou$ )'rming$ro>ects"
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(e Source of &rot!
Herbs 2 spices $harmaceuticals( Natural $ro%ucts• Rapi% growth at ++,I per annum.
• Targete% as growth sector a#ter "ommunication
Technology.
• !ar)et value in -+: R!6 billion• Cxpecte% value in --: R!-8 billion
• Reason high value: Bwareness on health care with
natural pro%ucts.
• "urrently( plante% by small hol%ers.
• ?ov. target: large scale herbal plantation an% C"CR
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Tongkat AliTongkat Ali
Bntimalarial aphro%isiac Bntimalarial aphro%isiac
anti%iabetic antimicrobialanti%iabetic antimicrobial
Hempedu BumiHempedu Bumi
Treatment #or gastrointestinal tractTreatment #or gastrointestinal tract
9ever( herpes( sore throat9ever( herpes( sore throat
K i F ti hK i F ti h
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Kacip Fatimah:Kacip Fatimah:
9acilitate chil%birth postpartum me%ication rheumatism9acilitate chil%birth postpartum me%ication rheumatism
!is!isai Kucing:ai Kucing: Bnalgesic %iuretic Bnalgesic %iuretic
bronchitis small poxbronchitis small pox
%iarrhoea%iarrhoea
Pegaga:Pegaga:Heal woun%s imporveHeal woun%s imporve
mental clarity treat s)in highmental clarity treat s)in high
bollo% pressure rheumatismbollo% pressure rheumatism
#ever #ever
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Dukung anak:Dukung anak:
Treat )i%ney stone malaria asthmaTreat )i%ney stone malaria asthma
increase appetite treat %iabetiesincrease appetite treat %iabeties
hypertension itchinesshypertension itchiness
Mas Cotek:Mas Cotek:
Help womb contraction aphro%isiac #orHelp womb contraction aphro%isiac #or
women an% men re%uce cholestorolwomen an% men re%uce cholestorol
an% bloo% sugar levelan% bloo% sugar level
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Agricultur'l &'r?eting
• -.$ort /ro$ 8ector• P'lm =il: # m'in ty$es oil $'lm
$roducers:
– Inde$endent sm'll holders: low
$roducti+ity 'nd sell through middlem'n
– Producers in l'nd de+elo$ment scheme:$roduction 'nd m'r?eting )ollow the $'rentinstitution
– Pri+'te est'tes: +ery org'nied" Processedown $roduces"
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• ood 8ector:• 8m'll )'rms 'nd minim'l in+ol+ement
by go+ernment or cor$or'te sectors"
• &'r?eting usu'lly through middlemenF wholes'ler"
• -.ce$t ,ice: h'+e go+" inter+ention
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Input
Import Local Producer
Input supplier
Assembler/Transporter
/Commission Agent
Wholesalers Import
Large scale
Retailers
Small scale
retailers
Consumers
CONVNTIONALCONVNTIONALA!RI"#OO$A!RI"#OO$
%AR&TIN!%AR&TIN!
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Agriood ew 8u$$ly /h'in
• (r'ns)orm'tion due to e.tern'l 'nddomestic dri+ers"
• -.tern'l: r'$id de+elo$ment o) l'rgeret'il ch'ins"
• In !!5: 1 hy$erm'r?ets in
&'l'ysi'2 #% 're )oreignowned"• Domestic: ch'nges in consumer
income2 consum$tion 'nd li)estyes"
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Producers
Pac'ing
house
Contract
(arming Wholesalers Import
Large scale retailers
Consumers
N! F""DN! F""D#$PP%$PP%&
CHA'NCHA'N
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eder'l Agricultur'l &'r?etingAuthority A&A6
• ,es$onsibility: su$er+ision; coordin'tion;regul'tion 'nd im$ro+ement o) them'r?eting o) 'gricultur'l $roducts )or
domestic2 e.$ort 'nd im$ort m'r?ets"• &'r?eting 8tr'tegies:
• 'rmerBs &'r?et
• usiness on wheels
http://www.#ama.gov.my/web/guest/home
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SuarySuary
• Production 'nd 're' )or industri'l cro$ssuch 's rubber; coco'2 coconut 'nd$ine'$$le 're reducing" -.ce$t )or the)ruits 're' 're incre'sing
• growth o) the )ruit industry 're brightdue to the e.$ected incre'se in domestic
consum$tion o) both )resh 'nd $rocessed)ruits 'nd e.$'nding world dem'nd )ortro$ic'l )resh 'nd $rocessed )ruits
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• dem'nd )or rice in both intern'tion'l'nd domestic m'r?ets is e.$ected toincre'se" 1" mill to "# mill in
!1!6
• to concentr'te on $roduction o) highLu'lity )resh +eget'bles )or bothdomestic 'nd e.$ort m'r?ets 'nd'lso on ' )ew selected +eget'bles )or$rocessing"