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AKAUN NEGARA PERANGKAAN STOK MODAL

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS CAPITAL STOCK STATISTICS

2017

Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Department of Statistics, Malaysia

MALAYSIA

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ISSN 2289-1056

i

KATA PENGANTAR

Penerbitan ini membentangkan maklumat perangkaan Stok Modal di Malaysia bagi tahun

2017. Statistik dalam penerbitan ini meliputi Stok Modal Kasar, Stok Modal Bersih, Stok

Modal Produktif dan Penggunaan Modal Tetap pada kedua-dua harga semasa dan harga

malar (2010=100). Penyusunan perangkaan ini adalah berdasarkan rangka kerja

Measuring Capital OECD Manual 2009 dan System of National Accounts 2008.

Perangkaan ini mencerminkan aset tetap terkumpul yang penting untuk menganggarkan

produktiviti modal serta output potensi masa hadapan.

Ringkasan penemuan dan jadual statistik disediakan pada dua bahagian pertama

penerbitan ini. Nota teknikal bagi konsep, definisi, metodologi dan sumber data turut

dimuatkan bagi memudahkan pemahaman terhadap statistik ini.

Jabatan merakamkan setinggi-tinggi penghargaan atas kerjasama dan sumbangan yang

diberikan oleh semua pihak dalam menjayakan penerbitan ini. Setiap maklumbalas dan

cadangan untuk penambahbaikan penerbitan ini pada masa akan datang amatlah

dihargai.

DATO’ SRI DR. MOHD UZIR MAHIDIN

Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia

November 2018

ii

PREFACE

This publication presents statistics on Capital Stock in Malaysia for the year 2017.

Statistics in this publication covers Gross Capital Stock, Net Capital Stock, Productive

Capital Stock and Consumption of Fixed Capital at both current and constant prices

(2010=100). The compilation of this statistics is based on the framework of Measuring

Capital OECD Manual 2009 and System of National Accounts 2008. The statistics

reflects accumulated fixed assets which is essential to estimate capital productivity as

well as future potential output.

Summary of findings and statistical tables are provided in the first two parts of this

publication. Technical notes on concepts, definitions, methodology and data sources are

provided to facilitate better understanding of the statistics.

The Department gratefully acknowledges all the parties concerned for their cooperation in

realizing this publication. All comments and suggestions towards improving future

publication are appreciated.

DATO’ SRI DR. MOHD UZIR MAHIDIN

Chief Statistician Malaysia

November 2018

iii

SINGKATAN ABBREVIATIONS

SIMBOL SYMBOLS

NOTA NOTE

ABS : Australian Bureau of Statistics

b : bilion / billion

BCI : Building Material Cost Index

BLS : United States Bureau of Labor Statistics

COFC : Consumption of Fixed Capital

CPI : Consumer Price Index

GDP : Gross Domestic Product

GFCF : Gross Fixed Capital Formation

GKS : Gross Capital Stock

i.e. : that is

IHP : Indeks Harga Pengguna

IHPR : Indeks Harga Pengeluar

IKB : Indeks Kos Bahan Binaan Bangunan

KDNK : Keluaran Dalam Negeri Kasar

NKS : Net Capital Stock

OECD : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PIM : Perpetual Inventory Method

PKS : Productive Capital Stock

PMT : Penggunaan Modal Tetap

PMTK : Pembentukan Modal Tetap Kasar

PPI : Producer Price Index

RM : Ringgit Malaysia

SMB : Stok Modal Bersih

SMK : Stok Modal Kasar

SMP : Stok Modal Produktif

.. : tidak berkenaan / Not applicable

e : anggaran / estimate

p : permulaan / preliminary

0.0 : nilai kurang daripada 0.05 / values less than 0.05

- : negatif / negative

% : peratus / percentage

Penjumlahan angka komponen mungkin tidak bersamaan dengan angka jumlah kecil atau jumlah

besar disebabkan pembundaran.

The sum of the component figures may not tally with the sub-total or total figures due to

rounding.

iv

KANDUNGAN CONTENTS

Muka surat Page Kata pengantar i Preface Singkatan iii Abbreviations Penemuan utama 1 Main findings Ringkasan penemuan 3 Summary of findings Artikel Article

Artikel 1 : Produktiviti buruh dan intensiti modal: Korea Selatan berbanding Malaysia 15 Article 1 : Labour productivity and capital intensity: South Korea versus Malaysia Artikel 2 : Intensiti Modal di Malaysia, 1982 - 2017 29 Article 2 : Capital Intensity in Malaysia, 1982 - 2017 Jadual Tables

1. Stok Modal Kasar Gross Capital Stock 1.1 SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga semasa 43 GKS by kind of economic activity at current prices 1.2 SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga malar 2010 44 GKS by kind of economic activity at constant 2010 prices 1.3 SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga semasa 45 GKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at current prices 1.4 SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010 51 GKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices 2. Stok Modal Bersih Net Capital Stock

2.1 SMB mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga semasa 57 NKS by kind of economic activity at current prices

2.2 SMB mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga malar 2010 58 NKS by kind of economic activity at constant 2010 prices

2.3 SMB mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga semasa 59 NKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at current prices

2.4 SMB mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010 65 NKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices

v

Muka surat Page

3. Stok Modal Produktif Productive Capital Stock

3.1 SMP mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga semasa 71

PKS by kind of economic activity at current prices 3.2 SMP mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga malar 2010 72 PKS by kind of economic activity at constant 2010 prices 3.3 SMP mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga semasa 73 PKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at current prices 3.4 SMP mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010 79 PKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices 4. Penggunaan Modal Tetap Consumption of Fixed Capital 4.1 PMT mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga semasa 85 COFC by kind of economic activity at current prices 4.2 PMT mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga malar 2010 86 COFC by kind of economic activity at constant 2010 prices 4.3 PMT mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga semasa 87 COFC by kind of economic activity and type of assets at current prices 4.4 PMT mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010 93 COFC by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices Nota teknikal 99 Technical notes

vi

Muka surat ini sengaja dibiarkan kosong.

This page is deliberately left blank.

3

RINGKASAN PENEMUAN

PERANGKAAN STOK MODAL

Penerbitan ini menyediakan maklumat perangkaan stok modal di Malaysia bagi tahun 2017.

Perangkaan ini terdiri daripada Stok Modal Kasar (SMK), Stok Modal Bersih (SMB),

Stok Modal Produktif (SMP) dan Penggunaan Modal Tetap (PMT). Data dibentangkan

mengikut aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga semasa dan malar.

Pada tahun 2017, pelaburan terkumpul Malaysia dari segi aset tetap yang digambarkan oleh

SMK mencatatkan RM3.7 trilion dengan pertumbuhan 4.7 peratus. SMB yang menunjukkan

kekayaan ekonomi Malaysia berkembang RM2.3 trilion dan meningkat 4.5 peratus. SMP

merekodkan RM3.0 trilion berbanding RM2.9 trilion tahun sebelumnya dengan pertumbuhan

4.6 peratus. PMT yang menunjukkan nilai aset yang digunakan dalam proses pengeluaran pada

tahun 2017 adalah berjumlah RM181.1 bilion dengan bertumbuh sebanyak 4.6 peratus

(Paparan 1).

SMK pada harga semasa mencatatkan nilai RM4.8 trilion meningkat kepada 6.7 peratus. SMB

dan SMP masing-masing merekodkan RM3.0 trilion dan RM4.0 trilion. PMT tumbuh 6.6 peratus

dengan nilai RM212.9 bilion (Paparan 2).

SMK SMB PMT SMP

Paparan 2: Perangkaan stok modal pada harga semasa

4,2

41.5

2,6

91.0

3,5

04.2

1,1

88.0

4,5

21.9

2,8

59.3

3,7

29.7

1,1

99

.7

4,8

26.8

3,0

44.1

3,9

75.0

1,2

12.9

6.66.47.2 6.66.27.17.0 6.56.37.3 6.6 6.7Perubahan peratusan tahunan (%)

RM bilion

2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017

188.0

199.7

212.9

Paparan 1: Perangkaan stok modal pada harga malar 2010

Perubahan peratusan tahunan (%)

2015

2016

2017

4.9

RM3,398.9b

RM3,555.7b

RM3,721.4b

4.6

4.7

SMK SMB

RM2,307.4b

4.4

4.2

4.5

SMP

4.6

4.4

4.6

RM2,782.1b

5.5

4.8

4.6

RM165.1b

RM173.1b

RM181.1b

PMT

RM2,208.7b

RM2,119.5b

RM2,904.9b

RM3,037.3b

4

PRESTASI STOK MODAL KASAR

Jenis Aktiviti Ekonomi

SMK mencatatkan RM3.7 trilion meningkat sebanyak RM165.7 bilion pada 2017. Perkhidmatan

merupakan sektor yang dominan dalam ekonomi telah mencatatkan RM2.5 trilion dengan

pertumbuhan 4.3 peratus (Paparan 3). Sektor Pembuatan pula merekodkan pertumbuhan

5.6 peratus manakala sektor Perlombongan & pengkuarian, 5.1 peratus. Sektor Perkhidmatan

yang menyumbang sebanyak 68.4 peratus disokong oleh Kewangan, insurans, hartanah &

perkhidmatan perniagaan dan Pengangkutan & penyimpanan dan maklumat & komunikasi.

Sektor Pembuatan merupakan penyumbang kedua terbesar dengan sumbangan 14.1 peratus.

Jenis Aset

Struktur merupakan penyumbang utama kepada SMK dengan sumbangan 61.8 peratus

terutamanya oleh bukan tempat kediaman dan struktur lain (Paparan 4). Jentera & peralatan

adalah yang kedua terbesar dan menyumbang 21.5 peratus. Dari segi pertumbuhan, Struktur

berkembang kepada 4.8 peratus berbanding 4.6 peratus pada 2016. Aset lain tumbuh pada

4.0 peratus disokong oleh carigali mineral & penilaian dan penyelidikan & pembangunan. Selain

itu, Jentera & peralatan yang terdiri daripada komputer, jentera & peralatan lain dan

perabot & pemasangan mencatatkan pertumbuhan 4.8 peratus.

Paparan 3: SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga malar 2010

Sumbangan 2017 (%)


Paparan 4: SMK mengikut jenis aset pada harga malar 2010

5

PRESTASI STOK MODAL BERSIH


SMB yang juga merupakan nilai bersih semasa menunjukkan peningkatan sebanyak 4.5 peratus

untuk mencapai RM2.3 trilion pada 2017. Pertumbuhan ini disokong oleh sektor Perkhidmatan,

Perlombongan & pengkuarian dan Pembuatan. Nilai aset tetap dalam sektor Perkhidmatan

adalah yang terbesar berbanding aktiviti ekonomi lain dengan nilai RM1.6 trilion dan mencatatkan

sumbangan 67.6 peratus. Sektor Perlombongan & pengkuarian menyumbang 16.3 peratus dan

sektor Pembuatan adalah 12.8 peratus (Paparan 5).

Pertumbuhan SMB yang lebih baik dalam sektor Perkhidmatan disokong oleh pengembangan

aktiviti Kewangan, insurans, hartanah & perkhidmatan perniagaan dengan 8.4 peratus

(sumbangan: 27.5%). Manakala Pengangkutan & penyimpanan dan maklumat & komunikasi

menyumbang 21.0 peratus. Selain itu, Perkhidmatan lain yang terdiri daripada perkhidmatan

kerajaan, pendidikan swasta, kesihatan swasta & perkhidmatan swasta lain menyumbang

35.0 peratus kepada sektor Perkhidmatan (Paparan 6).

Paparan 6: SMB mengikut aktiviti Perkhidmatan pada harga malar 2010

Perkhidmatan

RM1,560.1 bilion Sumbangan kepada SMB

67.6% Pertumbuhan

4.1%

2016 2017

Sumbangan kepada jumlah Perkhidmatan 2017 (%)

Paparan 5: SMB mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga malar 2010

Sumbangan 2017 (%)


6

Sektor Pembuatan meningkat kepada RM294.5 bilion dengan pertumbuhan 7.8 peratus.

Pertumbuhan ini disokong oleh perkembangan Produk petroleum, kimia, getah & plastik (13.9%).

Walau bagaimanapun dari segi sumbangan, Produk elektrik, elektronik & optikal merupakan

penyumbang utama kepada sektor Pembuatan dengan 33.1 peratus (Paparan 7).

Jenis Aset

Struktur mendominasi SMB dengan sumbangan 65.0 peratus dan mencatatkan pertumbuhan

yang menggalakkan 4.9 peratus disokong oleh perbelanjaan bukan kediaman dan struktur lain.

Aset lain kekal penyumbang kedua terbesar dengan 19.0 peratus dan tumbuh 3.1 peratus

disokong oleh perbelanjaan ke atas aktiviti carigali mineral & penilaian dan

penyelidikan & pembangunan. Sementara itu, Jentera & peralatan menyumbang 16.0 peratus

kepada jumlah SMB dengan pertumbuhan 4.5 peratus (Paparan 8).

Paparan 7: SMB mengikut aktiviti Pembuatan pada harga malar 2010

Pembuatan

RM294.5 bilion Sumbangan kepada SMB

12.8% Pertumbuhan

7.8%

2016 2017

Sumbangan kepada jumlah Pembuatan 2017 (%)

Paparan 8: SMB mengikut jenis aset pada harga malar 2010

7

PRESTASI STOK MODAL PRODUKTIF


SMP menjana nilai sebanyak RM3.0 trilion pada tahun 2017 berbanding RM2.9 trilion pada tahun

sebelumnya dan tumbuh sebanyak 4.6 peratus. Dari segi sumbangan, sektor Perkhidmatan

mencatatkan 67.3 peratus diikuti oleh sektor Perlombongan & pengkuarian sebanyak

15.6 peratus. Sektor Pembuatan menyumbang 13.5 peratus dengan pertumbuhan 6.8 peratus

berbanding 5.8 peratus pada 2016 (Paparan 9).

Jenis Aset

Struktur dan Aset lain merupakan penyumbang utama kepada SMP dengan masing-masing

menyumbang 62.9 peratus dan 18.7 peratus (Paparan 10). Jentera & peralatan yang terdiri

daripada komputer, jentera & peralatan lain dan perabot & pemasangan mencatatkan

sumbangan sebanyak 18.4 peratus. Pertumbuhan Struktur meningkat kepada 4.7 peratus

berbanding 4.4 peratus pada 2016. Aset lain tumbuh pada 4.0 peratus disokong oleh tanaman

modal dan penyelidikan & pembangunan. Selain itu, Jentera & peralatan mencatatkan

4.6 peratus berbanding 3.4 peratus pada 2016.

Paparan 9: SMP mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga malar 2010

Sumbangan 2017 (%)


Paparan 10: SMP mengikut jenis aset pada harga malar 2010

8



9

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

CAPITAL STOCK STATISTICS

This publication provides information on capital stock statistics in Malaysia for the year 2017.

The statistics consist of Gross Capital Stock (GKS), Net Capital Stock (NKS), Productive Capital

Stock (PKS) and Consumption of Fixed Capital (COFC). The data are presented by kind of

economic activity and type of assets at current and constant prices.

In 2017, Malaysia’s accumulated investments in terms of fixed assets presented by GKS

registered RM3.7 trillion with a growth of 4.7 per cent. NKS which represents the wealth of

Malaysia’s economy expanded to RM2.3 trillion and elevated to 4.5 per cent. PKS recorded

RM3.0 trillion as against RM2.9 trillion in preceding year with a growth of 4.6 per cent. COFC

represents the value of the assets used up in the production process in 2017 stood at

RM181.1 billion and grew by 4.6 per cent (Exhibit 1).

GKS in current prices posted a value of RM4.8 trillion rose to 6.7 per cent. NKS and PKS

recorded RM3.0 trillion and RM4.0 trillion respectively. COFC grew by 6.6 per cent with a value of

RM212.9 billion (Exhibit 2).

Exhibit 1: Capital stock statistics at constant 2010 prices

Annual percentage change (%)

RM2,119.5b

RM2,208.7b RM2,904.9b

RM3,037.3b

2015

2016

2017

4.9

RM3,398.9b

RM3,555.7b

RM3,721.4b

4.6

4.7

GKS NKS

RM2,307.4b

4.4

4.2

4.5

PKS

4.6

4.4

4.6

RM2,782.1b

5.5

4.8

4.6

RM165.1b

RM173.1b

RM181.1b

COFC

Exhibit 2: Capital stock statistics at current prices

GKS NKS COFC PKS

4,2

41.5

2,6

91.0

3,5

04.2

1,1

88.0

4,5

21.9

2,8

59.3

3,7

29.7

1,1

99.7

4,8

26.8

3,0

44.1

3,9

75.0

1,2

12

.9

6.66.47.2 6.66.27.17.0 6.56.37.3 6.6 6.7Annual percentage change (%)

RM billion

2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017

18

8.0

199.7

188.0

199.7

21

2.9

10

PERFORMANCE OF GROSS CAPITAL STOCK

Kind of Economic Activity

GKS registered RM3.7 trillion, an increase of RM165.7 billion in 2017. Services was dominant

sector in the economy recorded RM2.5 trillion with a growth of 4.3 per cent (Exhibit 3).

Manufacturing sector registered a growth of 5.6 per cent, while Mining & quarrying sector

5.1 per cent. Services sector which accounted for 68.4 per cent was supported by Finance,

insurance, real estate & business services and Transportation & storage and information &

communication. Manufacturing sector being the second largest contributor to GKS registered a

share of 14.1 per cent.

Type of Assets

Structure was the major contributor to the GKS with a share of 61.8 per cent mainly attributed by

non-residential and other structure (Exhibit 4). Machinery & equipment was the second largest

and contributed 21.5 per cent. In terms of growth, Structure expanded to 4.8 per cent as against

4.6 per cent in 2016. Other assets grew at 4.0 per cent led by the mineral exploration &

evaluation and research & development. Machinery & equipment which consists of computer,

other machinery & equipment and furniture & fittings registered a growth of 4.8 per cent.

Exhibit 3: GKS by kind of economic activity at constant 2010 prices


Share 2017 (%)

Exhibit 4: GKS by type of assets at constant 2010 prices

11

PERFORMANCE OF NET CAPITAL STOCK


NKS which also represents the net present value showed an increase of 4.5 per cent to reach

RM2.3 trillion in 2017. The growth was underpinned by Services, Mining & quarrying and

Manufacturing sectors. The value of fixed assets in Services sector was the largest compared to

other economic activities with a value of RM1.6 trillion and registered a share of 67.6 per cent.

Mining & quarrying sector accounted for 16.3 per cent and Manufacturing sector was

12.8 per cent (Exhibit 5).

The better growth of NKS in Services sector was attributed by expansion in Finance, insurance,

real estate & business services activities with 8.4 per cent (share: 27.5%). Meanwhile,

Transportation & storage and information & communication constituted 21.0 per cent of Services

sector. Moreover, Other services comprises of government, private education, private health &

other private services contributed 35.0 per cent to Services sector (Exhibit 6).

Exhibit 5: NKS by kind of economic activity at constant 2010 prices


Share 2017 (%)

Exhibit 6: NKS by Services activity at constant 2010 prices

Services

RM1,560.1 billion Share to NKS

67.6% Growth

4.1%

2016 2017

Share to total Services 2017 (%)

12

Manufacturing sector expanded to RM294.5 billion with a growth of 7.8 per cent. The growth was

led by expansion of Petroleum, chemicals, rubber & plastic products (13.9%). Nevertheless in

terms of share, the Electrical, electronic & optical products was the main contributor to

Manufacturing sector with 33.1 per cent (Exhibit 7).

Type of Assets

Structure dominated the NKS with a share of 65.0 per cent and registered a favourable growth of

4.9 per cent supported by expenditure on non-residential and other structure. Other assets

remained second largest in terms of share with 19.0 per cent and grew by 3.1 per cent supported

by expenditure on mineral exploration & evaluation and research & development activities.

Meanwhile, Machinery & equipment contributed 16.0 per cent to total NKS with a growth of

4.5 per cent (Exhibit 8).

Exhibit 7: NKS by Manufacturing activity at constant 2010 prices

Manufacturing

RM294.5 billion Share to NKS

12.8% Growth

7.8%

2016 2017

Share to total Manufacturing 2017 (%)

Exhibit 8: NKS by type of assets at constant 2010 prices

13

PERFORMANCE OF PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL STOCK


PKS generated a value of RM3.0 trillion in 2017 as compared to RM2.9 trillion in the previous

year and grew by 4.6 per cent. In terms of share, Services sectors recorded 67.3 per cent

followed by Mining & quarrying at 15.6 per cent. Manufacturing sector contributed 13.5 per cent

with a growth of 6.8 per cent as compared to 5.8 per cent in 2016 (Exhibit 9).

Type of Assets

Structure and Other assets were the major contributors to the PKS with a share of 62.9 per cent

and 18.7 per cent respectively (Exhibit 10). Machinery & equipment which includes computer,

other machinery & equipment and furniture & fittings posted a share of 18.4 per cent. The growth

of structure improved to 4.7 per cent as compared to 4.4 per cent in 2016. Other assets grew by

4.0 per cent supported by capitalised planting and research & development. Moreover,

Machinery & equipment registered 4.6 per cent as compared to 3.4 per cent in 2016.

Exhibit 9: PKS by kind of economic activity at constant 2010 prices


Share 2017 (%)

Exhibit 10: PKS by type of assets at constant 2010 prices

14



15

Artikel 1:

Produktiviti buruh dan intensiti modal: Korea Selatan berbanding Malaysia1

Oleh: Ahmad Redzuan Abdul Hadi, Mohd Firdaus Zaini dan Mohd Fahmi Mohd Arupin

Pengenalan

Transformasi ekonomi Korea Selatan dari tahun 1970 hingga sekarang adalah sangat luar

biasa (Harvie & Pahlavani, 2006). Dari sebuah negara yang dilanda kemiskinan dan

kemunduran ekonomi dengan Pendapatan Negara Kasar (PNK) per kapita US$280 pada

tahun 1970 kepada melebihi US$27,000 pada tahun 2016 serta menjadi ekonomi keempat

belas terbesar di dunia (Bank Dunia, 2018). Walaupun PNK per kapita Malaysia (US$370)

adalah lebih tinggi daripada Korea Selatan pada tahun 1970, Korea Selatan sedang

menikmati kemakmuran ekonomi dan menjadi negara berpendapatan tinggi, sementara

Malaysia masih berjuang untuk melepaskan diri dari perangkap pendapatan sederhana. Pada

masa ini, Malaysia agak jauh di belakang kerana hanya mencapai PNK per kapita US$9,860

pada tahun 2016.

Produktiviti buruh dan pertumbuhan ekonomi

Teori pertumbuhan neoklasik menekankan tiga input yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan

sesebuah ekonomi iaitu modal, buruh dan teknologi. Berdasarkan teori ini, pertumbuhan

ekonomi yang mampan boleh dicapai dengan penggunaan input-input tersebut secara cekap.

Produktiviti biasanya ditakrifkan sebagai nisbah ukuran jumlah output kepada jumlah

penggunaan input (Krugman, 2018). Penggunaan input yang tinggi untuk menghasilkan

output menunjukkan produktiviti yang rendah sementara penggunaan input yang rendah

menunjukkan produktiviti yang tinggi.

Produktiviti boleh diukur dengan pelbagai kaedah mengikut keperluan dan ketersediaan data.

Kaedah-kaedah ini boleh diklasifikasikan kepada dua kategori iaitu produktiviti faktor tunggal

dan produktiviti pelbagai faktor. Produktiviti buruh adalah salah satu daripada produktiviti

1 Artikel ini adalah pandangan penulis dan tidak semestinya mencerminkan pandangan Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.

Carta 1: PNK per kapita (harga semasa US$), 1970-2016

Sumber: Pangkalan Data Bank Dunia

16

faktor tunggal yang merujuk kepada kecekapan dan keberkesanan setiap pekerja untuk

menjana nilai ditambah atau output keseluruhan (Produktiviti Buruh, 2018). Ia dikira

menggunakan nisbah nilai ditambah kepada bilangan pekerja.

Produktiviti buruh yang tinggi merupakan salah satu faktor mengapa Korea Selatan dapat

mencapai negara berpendapatan tinggi2 dalam tempoh 32 tahun3. Jadual 1 menunjukkan

purata pertumbuhan tahunan produktiviti buruh bagi negara Korea Selatan yang sentiasa

melebihi Malaysia sejak 1970an. Purata pertumbuhan tahunan bagi Malaysia adalah

2.7 peratus setahun manakala Korea Selatan sebanyak 4.4 peratus setahun bagi tempoh

1982 hingga 2016. Walau bagaimanapun, purata pertumbuhan tahunan produktiviti buruh

di antara Malaysia dan Korea Selatan menunjukkan jurang yang semakin hampir disebabkan

oleh trend purata pertumbuhan tahunan produktiviti buruh Korea Selatan yang semakin

berkurangan.

Korea Selatan telah mengalami perubahan besar dalam dasar ekonomi pada 1980an dan

1990an ketika kerajaan yang memerintah pada masa itu menumpukan pada penstabilan

ekonomi, liberalisasi perdagangan, liberalisasi kewangan, pasaran terbuka, mempromosi

perusahaan kecil dan sederhana, undang-undang antitrust, pelaburan asing dan perubahan

struktur ke arah pembangunan industri berasaskan teknologi (Harvie & Pahlavani, 2006).

Purata pertumbuhan tahunan KDNK yang tinggi untuk Korea Selatan dicatatkan pada 1970an

dengan 10.5 peratus setahun, 1980an dengan 8.8 peratus setahun dan pada 1990an dengan

7.1 peratus setahun seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1.

2 Mengikut klasifikasi Bank Dunia 2018, negara dengan PNK per kapita lebih daripada US$12,055 diklasifikasikan sebagai

Negara Berpendapatan Tinggi. 3 Berdasarkan PNK per kapita menggunakan Kaedah Atlas (Harga semasa US$), Korea Selatan telah mencapai

Negara Berpendapatan Tinggi pada tahun 2002.

Jadual 1: Purata pertumbuhan produktiviti buruh dan KDNK pada harga malar 2010, 1970-2016

17

Carta 2 menunjukkan tahap produktiviti Korea Selatan dan Malaysia dari 1982 hingga 2016.

Jurang di antara tahap produktiviti buruh Malaysia dengan produktiviti buruh Korea Selatan

semakin melebar bermula dari 1982 dengan perbezaan sebanyak US$1,503 hingga

mencapai perbezaan sebanyak US$25,160 pada tahun 2016 menjadikan produktiviti Korea

Selatan dua kali ganda berbanding Malaysia.

Intensiti modal

Intensiti modal dinyatakan sebagai ukuran penggunaan modal berbanding faktor input lain

(Ratnasingam, et al., 2017). Pengukuran intensiti modal yang paling umum adalah nisbah

modal kepada buruh. Nisbah ini mengukur sama ada sesebuah industri itu secara relatifnya

berintensifkan modal atau buruh. Nisbah yang tinggi menunjukkan intensiti modal yang tinggi.

Nisbah yang rendah menunjukkan bahawa ekonomi atau industri bergantung kepada kaedah

intensif buruh atau terdapat input teknologi yang rendah (Perbadanan Produktiviti Malaysia,

2017). Peningkatan intensiti modal biasanya meningkatkan produktiviti buruh kerana terdapat

lebih banyak modal untuk digunakan oleh buruh dalam proses pengeluaran.

Jadual 2: Purata pertumbuhan intensiti modal, buruh dan stok modal produktif (SMP) pada harga malar 2010, 1970-2016

Carta 2: Produktiviti buruh, 1982-2016


18

Korea Selatan menunjukkan purata pertumbuhan tahunan yang tinggi untuk intensiti modal

dari semasa ke semasa seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 2. Purata pertumbuhan

tahunan intensiti modal Korea Selatan adalah 5.7 peratus setahun untuk tempoh 1982 hingga

2016 berbanding Malaysia dengan purata pertumbuhan tahunan 3.7 peratus.

Pertumbuhan kukuh intensiti modal Korea Selatan terutama pada tempoh 1970an hingga

1990an disokong oleh pengumpulan modal yang lebih tinggi, yang meningkat dua kali ganda.

Sebaliknya, Malaysia mencatatkan purata pertumbuhan tahunan buruh yang lebih tinggi

daripada Korea Selatan untuk semua tempoh menyebabkan intensiti modal Korea Selatan

menjadi tiga kali ganda berbanding Malaysia seperti ditunjukkan dalam Carta 3.


Carta 3: Intensiti modal, 1982-2016

Carta 4: Produktiviti buruh dan intensiti modal, 2016

Sumber: Pengiraan oleh penulis berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari Pangkalan Data Bank Dunia

19

Dengan membuat perbandingan prestasi produktiviti buruh di antara negara di peringkat

industri, data yang dikumpulkan menunjukkan bahawa produktiviti buruh Malaysia adalah

lebih rendah dari Korea Selatan kecuali industri Perlombongan dan pengkuarian. Malaysia

mempunyai kelebihan besar dalam Perlombongan dan pengkuarian kerana pekerja Malaysia

mampu menghasilkan US$314.2 ribu berbanding US$107.3 ribu di Korea Selatan.

Sebaliknya, produktiviti buruh bagi empat industri di Malaysia adalah kurang daripada

50 peratus dari Korea Selatan terutamanya Pembuatan, Pembinaan, Utiliti dan Hartanah dan

perkhidmatan perniagaan.

Dari segi intensiti modal, Malaysia mencatatkan intensiti modal yang rendah untuk semua

industri kecuali Perlombongan dan pengkuarian. Ini menunjukkan bahawa Malaysia lebih

berintensifkan buruh berbanding Korea Selatan untuk merangsang ekonomi.

Carta 5: Produktiviti buruh mengikut aktiviti ekonomi, 2016


Carta 6: Intensiti modal mengikut aktiviti ekonomi, 2016


20

Kesimpulan

Produktiviti buruh dan intensiti modal Korea Selatan yang lebih tinggi telah menghasilkan

prestasi ekonomi yang kukuh berbanding Malaysia. Korea Selatan telah melaksanakan

pelbagai program dan dasar ekonomi bagi meningkatkan produktiviti buruh dan intensiti

modal sejak dari 1970an. Segala usaha mereka telah membuahkan hasil apabila mencapai

taraf negara maju pada tahun 2002 dan menjadi ekonomi keempat belas terbesar di dunia.

Bagi kes Malaysia, analisis menunjukkan bahawa semua industri mencatatkan produktiviti

buruh yang lebih rendah kecuali Perlombongan dan pengkuarian. Keputusan dari analisis

intensiti modal juga menyokong bahawa majoriti industri di Korea Selatan lebih berintensifkan

modal berbanding Malaysia. Kerajaan Malaysia dalam Rancangan Malaysia Kesebelas

(RMK11) turut menggariskan keperluan dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan produktiviti yang

menjadi pemangkin kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi. Pertumbuhan produktiviti yang tinggi

dapat dicapai melalui inisiatif yang komprehensif di semua peringkat dan diterajui oleh pemain

industri. Keupayaan Malaysia untuk meningkatkan kadar pertumbuhan produktiviti buruh dan

intensiti modal bergantung kepada kapasiti negara untuk menjana peningkatan kecekapan

daripada modal insan dan penggunaan automasi yang lebih meluas dalam proses

pengeluaran. Peningkatan dalam kecekapan modal secara relatifnya turut meningkatkan

produktiviti buruh kerana terdapat lebih banyak modal untuk digunakan oleh buruh dalam

proses pengeluaran. Oleh itu, peningkatan pelaburan modal perlu menjadi tumpuan utama

industri-industri Malaysia terutamanya sektor Pembuatan dan Perkhidmatan bagi

meningkatkan tahap produktiviti buruh dan mencapai kemajuan ekonomi seperti yang

dinikmati oleh Korea Selatan.

21

Bibliografi

Bank Dunia. (2018, October 15). World Bank Open Data. Diperoleh dari

https://data.worldbank.org/?locations=KR-MY

Harvie, C., & Pahlavani, M. (2006). Sources of economic growth in South Korea: an

application of the ARDL analysis in the presence of structural breaks – 1980-2005#.

Seoul, Korea.

Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. (2018). Produktiviti Buruh, Suku Tahun Pertama 2018.

Putrajaya: Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.

Krugman, P. (2018, October). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Diperoleh dari Defining and Measuring Productivity:

https://www.oecd.org/sdd/productivity-stats/40526851.pdf

Kunio, Y. (2004, June). The Comparative Economic Performance of Malaysia: An Analysis.

Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 42, No. 1.

OECD. (2001). Measuring Productivity OECD Manual, Measurement of Aggregate and

Industry-level Productivity Growth. Paris: OECD Publishing.

OECD. (2009). Measuring Capital OECD Manual. Paris: OECD Publishing.

Perbadanan Produktiviti Malaysia. (2017). Laporan Produktiviti 2016/2017. Selangor:

Perbadanan Produktiviti Malaysia.

Ratnasingam, J., Ark, C. K., Mohamed, S., Liat, L. C., Ramasamy, G., & Senin, A. L. (2017,

January 12). An Analysis of Labor and Capital Productivity in the Malaysian Timber

Sector. Diperoleh dari BioResources:

http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/

BioRes_12_1_1430_Ratnasingam_Analysis_Labor_Capital_Productivity

Unit Perancang Ekonomi. (2015). Bab 2: Memperkukuh Daya Tahan Ekonomi Makro untuk

Pertumbuhan Mampan. Dalam Rancangan Malaysia Kesebelas 2016-2020:

Pertumbuhan Berpaksikan Rakyat (pp. 2-5). Putrajaya: Unit Perancang Ekonomi.

Unit Perancang Ekonomi. (2018, October 19). Laman Web Rasmi Kementerian Hal Ehwal

Ekonomi. Diperoleh dari Unit Perancang Ekonomi: http://www.epu.gov.my/ms/dasar/

sejarah-ekonomi

22

Article 1:

Labour productivity and capital intensity: South Korea versus Malaysia1

By: Ahmad Redzuan Abdul Hadi, Mohd Firdaus Zaini dan Mohd Fahmi Mohd Arupin

Introduction

The economic transformation of South Korea economy from 1970 to the present has been

truly remarkable (Harvie & Pahlavani, 2006). From being a poverty stricken and economically

backward country in 1970 with a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of US$280, by 2016

this exceeded US$27,000 and the country had become the fourteenth largest economy in the

world (World Bank, 2018). Although Malaysia's GNI per capita (US$370) was higher than

South Korea in 1970, South Korea is enjoying economic prosperity and becoming a high

income nation, while Malaysia is still struggling to lift up from the middle income trap.

Currently, Malaysia is relatively behind South Korea as Malaysia only reached its GDP

per capita at US$9,860 in 2016.

Labour productivity and economic growth

Neoclassical growth theory emphasizes three inputs that influence the growth of an economy,

which are capital, labour and technology. Based on this theory, sustainable economic growth

can be achieved with a proper usage of those inputs. Productivity is commonly defined as a

ratio of a volume measure of output to a volume measure of input use (Krugman, 2018). It is a

measure of how efficiently inputs are used within the economy to produce outputs. Higher

input used to produce an output indicates low productivity while lower input used indicates

high productivity.

Productivity can be measured by various methods depending on the requirements and

availability of data. These methods can be classified into two categories namely single factor

productivity and multifactor productivity. Labour productivity is one of the single factor

productivity that refers to the efficiency and effectiveness of each employee to generate value

1 This article is an authors’ view and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Statistics, Malaysia.

Chart 1: GNI per capita (current US$), 1970-2016

Source: World Bank Database

23

added or overall output (Labour Productivity, 2018). It is calculated by using a value added

ratio and number of employees.

Higher labour productivity is one of the factors why South Korea able to achieve a high

income nation2 within 32 years3. Table 1 shows the average annual growth for labour

productivity indicates that South Korea has always exceeded Malaysia since 1970s. The

annual average growth for Malaysia is 2.7 per cent per annum while South Korea is

4.4 per cent per annum for the period 1982 to 2016. However, the average annual growth for

labour productivity between Malaysia and South Korea indicates a closer gap between

Malaysia and South Korea due to South Korea’s annual average growth of labour productivity

grew at diminishing trend.

South Korea has experienced major shifts in economic policy during the 1980s and 1990s as

the ruling government at that time focused on economic stabilization, trade liberalization,

financial liberalization, market opening, promotion of small and medium enterprises, antitrust

legislation, foreign investments and structural change towards the development of technology

based industries (Harvie & Pahlavani, 2006). Average annual growth of GDP which is high for

South Korea was recorded during the 1970s with 10.5 per cent per annum, 1980s with

8.8 per cent per annum and 1990s with 7.1 per cent per annum as shown in Table 1.

2 According to World Bank‘s classification 2018, a country with GNI per capita more than US$12,055 is classified as High

Income Nation. 3 Based on GNI per capita using Atlas Method (Current prices US$), South Korea has reached a High Income Nation in 2002.

Table 1: Average growth of labour productivity and GDP at constant 2010 prices, 1970-2016

24

Chart 2 shows the level of productivity of South Korea and Malaysia from 1982 to 2016. The

gap between the level of Malaysian labour productivity and South Korea's labour productivity

is increasing further from 1982 with a difference of US$1,503 to a difference of US$25,160 in

2016 to make South Korea's productivity two times compared to Malaysia.

Capital intensity

Capital intensity is described as a measure of the capital consumption compared to other

input factors (Ratnasingam, et al., 2017). The most common measurement of capital intensity

is the ratio of capital to labour. This ratio measures whether an industry is relatively capital

intensive or labour intensive. A high ratio indicates high capital intensity. A low ratio indicates

that the economy or industry is dependent on labour intensive methods or that there is low

technological input (Malaysia Productivity Corporation, 2017). Increasing capital intensity

typically improves labour productivity as labours have more capital to use in the production

process.

Chart 2: Labour Productivity, 1982-2016


Table 2: Average growth of capital Intensity, labour and productive capital stock (PKS) at constant 2010 prices, 1970-2016

25

South Korea shows a high average annual growth for capital intensity over time as depicted in

Table 2. The average annual growth of South Korea’s capital intensity was 5.7 per cent

per annum for the period of 1982 to 2016 as compared to Malaysia with the average annual

growth 3.7 per cent.

The strong growth of South Korea’s capital intensity especially in the periods of 1970s to

1990s was backed by the higher accumulation of capital, which grew by double. On the

contrary, Malaysia has recorded higher average annual growth of labour than South Korea for

all periods has resulted the capital intensity of South Korea to be threefold than Malaysia as

shown in Chart 3.

Chart 4: Labour productivity and capital intensity, 2016

Source: Calculations by authors based on data obtained from the World Bank Database

Chart 3: Capital Intensity, 1982-2016


26

By comparing labour productivity performance between countries at industrial level, data

assembled indicates that Malaysia labour productivity is lower than South Korea except for

Mining and quarrying. Malaysia has massive advantage in Mining and quarrying as Malaysian

workers are able to generate US$314.2 thousand compared to US$107.3 thousand for South

Korea.

On the other hand, Malaysia labour productivity of four industries is less than

50 per cent of South Korea especially Manufacturing, Construction, Utilities and Real estate

and business services.

In terms of capital intensity, Malaysia registered low capital intensity for all industries except

Mining and quarrying. This shows that Malaysia is more labour intensive than South Korea to

stimulate the economy.

Chart 6: Capital intensity by kind of economic activity, 2016


Chart 5: Labour productivity by kind of economic activity, 2016


27

Conclusion

The higher labour productivity and capital intensity of South Korea has resulted a strong

economic performance, as compared to Malaysia. South Korea has implemented various

programs and economic policies to increase labour productivity and capital intensity since the

1970s. All their efforts have paid off when they reach developed nation status in 2002 and

became the fourteenth largest economy in the world. In the case of Malaysia, analysis showed

that all industries recorded lower labour productivity except Mining & quarrying. The results of

the analysis of capital intensity also support that the majority of industries in South Korea are

more capital-intensive than Malaysia. The government of Malaysia in the Eleventh Malaysia

Plan (11 MP) also outlines the need to increase productivity growth which is a catalyst for

economic growth. High productivity growth can be achieved through a comprehensive

initiative at all levels and led by industry players. Malaysia's ability to increase labour

productivity growth rates and capital intensity is dependent on national capacity to generate

greater efficiency of human capital and greater use of automation in the production process.

The increase in capital efficiency has relatively increased labour productivity as there is more

capital to be used by labour in the production process. Therefore, the increase in capital

investment should be the main focus of the Malaysian industries, particularly the

Manufacturing and Services sectors to increase the level of labour productivity and achieve

economic progress as enjoyed by South Korea.

28

Bibliography

Department of Statistics, Malaysia. (2018). Labour Productivity, First Quarter 2018. Putrajaya:

Department of Statistics, Malaysia.

Economic Planning Unit. (2015). Chapter 2: Strengthening macroeconomic resilience for

sustained growth. In Eleven Malaysia Plan 2016-2020: Anchoring Growth On People

(pp. 2-5). Putrajaya: Economic Planning Unit.

Economic Planning Unit. (2018, October 19). Official Website of Ministry of Economic Affairs.

Retrieved from http://epu.gov.my/en/policies/economic-history

Harvie, C., & Pahlavani, M. (2006). Sources of economic growth in South Korea: an

application of the ARDL analysis in the presence of structural breaks – 1980-2005#.

Seoul, Korea.

Krugman, P. (2018, October). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Retrieved from Defining and Measuring Productivity: https://www.oecd.org/sdd/

productivity-stats/40526851.pdf

Kunio, Y. (2004, June). The Comparative Economic Performance of Malaysia: An Analysis.

Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 42, No. 1.

Malaysia Productivity Corporation. (2017). Productivity Report 2017/2018. Selangor: Malaysia

Productivity Corporation.

OECD. (2001). Measuring Productivity OECD Manual, Measurement of Aggregate and

Industry-level Productivity Growth. Paris: OECD Publishing.


Ratnasingam, J., Ark, C. K., Mohamed, S., Liat, L. C., Ramasamy, G., & Senin, A. L. (2017,

January 12). An Analysis of Labor and Capital Productivity in the Malaysian Timber

Sector. Retrieved from BioResources:

http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/

BioRes_12_1_1430_Ratnasingam_Analysis_Labor_Capital_Productivity

World Bank. (2018, October 15). World Bank Open Data. Retrieved from

https://data.worldbank.org/?locations=KR-MY

29

Artikel 2:

Intensiti Modal di Malaysia, 1982 - 20171

Oleh: Syahron Helmy Abdullah Halim, Salmah Salleh dan Farihin Rosni

Pengenalan

Ekonomi Malaysia telah menunjukkan daya tahan beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini

walaupun terdapat kejutan luaran dan kekal dengan prestasi yang baik. Kemajuan telah

dibuat ke arah mencapai status berpendapatan tinggi. Dalam menentukan pertumbuhan

ekonomi jangka panjang, intensiti modal memainkan peranan penting di mana kaedah yang

berintensifkan modal membolehkan peningkatan dalam pengeluaran dan standard hidup

yang lebih tinggi.

Intensiti modal secara amnya didefinisikan sebagai nisbah modal kepada buruh yang

digunakan dalam proses pengeluaran atau industri pada suatu masa tertentu, semakin tinggi

nisbah semakin tinggi intensiti modal dan sebaliknya (Kalim, 2001). Umumnya, negara yang

sedang membangun mengalami kekurangan modal, oleh itu meminimumkan intensiti modal

sebagai kriteria pelaburan adalah dianggap wajar. Untuk mengukur tahap faktor intensiti, dua

indikator iaitu nisbah modal buruh dan nisbah modal nilai ditambah digunakan dengan

maksud yang lebih meluas.

Artikel ini membincangkan mengenai intensiti modal di Malaysia dari tahun 1982 hingga 2017

berdasarkan nisbah modal buruh. Analisis ini bermula pada tahun 1982 kerana ini

merupakan data terawal yang tersedia berdasarkan Survei Guna Tenaga yang dilaksanakan

oleh Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. Stok Modal Bersih (SMB) pada harga malar 2010 dan

bilangan pekerja yang bekerja dalam negara digunakan dalam analisis artikel ini. Objektif

artikel ini adalah untuk menjelaskan intensiti modal dalam pelbagai sektor ekonomi. Pertama,

artikel ini akan membincangkan SMB dan pekerja secara umum dalam tempoh yang

dibincangkan. Seterusnya, artikel ini akan menjelaskan intensiti modal di peringkat nasional

diikuti dengan intensiti modal pelbagai sektor dari tahun 1982 hingga 2017.

Stok Modal Bersih dan Pekerja

SMB merupakan pelaburan terkumpul ditolak dengan nilai aset yang telah bersara dan susut

nilai terkumpul bagi aset yang masih beroperasi. Ia juga merupakan nilai bersih semasa bagi

menjana perkhidmatan modal di masa depan yang akan diberikan oleh aset terkumpul

tersebut dan menggambarkan kekayaan ekonomi Malaysia (OECD, 2009). Sepanjang

tempoh 36 tahun (1982 hingga 2017) SMB tumbuh daripada RM0.3 trilion kepada

RM2.3 trilion (Carta 1a), dengan purata pertumbuhan tahunan 6.3 peratus. Pada

pertengahan 1990an, SMB merekodkan pertumbuhan dua-digit bagi lima tahun berturut-turut

disebabkan oleh suntikan modal yang besar terutamanya bagi sektor Perkhidmatan selari

dengan perkembangan industri ini dalam tempoh tersebut.

1 Artikel ini adalah pandangan penulis dan tidak semestinya mencerminkan pandangan Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.

30

Pekerja adalah semua orang yang bekerja sekurang-kurangnya sejam semasa minggu

rujukan untuk mendapatkan upah, keuntungan atau keuntungan keluarga (sebagai majikan,

pekerja, pekerja sendiri atau pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji) (Produktiviti Buruh, 2018).

Pertumbuhan pekerja menunjukkan trend meningkat bagi Malaysia dari 1982 hingga 2017

seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Carta 1b. Dalam tempoh 36 tahun ini, purata bilangan yang

bekerja di Malaysia telah mencapai 9.3 juta orang mencapai paras tertinggi 14.5 juta orang

pada 2017 dengan bilangan terendah 5.2 juta orang pada 1982. Dari segi pertumbuhan,

pekerja di Malaysia merekodkan kadar pertumbuhan purata tahunan 2.9 peratus dari tahun

1982 hingga 2017. Pertumbuhan tertinggi bagi pekerja direkodkan pada tahun 1996

sebanyak 9.6 peratus. Pada tahun 1996, industri di Malaysia telah mengambil hampir dua

juta pekerja asing untuk menyokong perkembangan ekonomi yang pantas bagi sektor

Pembuatan dan Perkhidmatan (Sulaiman & Govindan, 2000).

Carta 1b: Pekerja di Malaysia, 1982 - 2017

Sumber: Statistik Siri Masa Survei Tenaga Buruh, 1982-2017, Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia

Carta 1a: Stok Modal Bersih di Malaysia, 1982 - 2017

Sumber: Data Siri Masa Perangkaan Stok Modal, Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia

31

Intensiti Modal di Malaysia

Modal intensif merujuk kepada pengeluaran yang memerlukan pelaburan modal yang lebih

tinggi seperti sumber kewangan, jentera canggih, mesin yang lebih automatik dan peralatan

teknologi moden. Industri berintensifkan modal menimbulkan halangan yang lebih tinggi untuk

ditembusi kerana ianya memerlukan lebih banyak pelaburan dalam peralatan dan jentera

untuk menghasilkan barangan dan perkhidmatan.

Dalam kes negara-negara membangun, terdapat bukti empirikal yang menyokong bahawa

keanjalan penggantian dalam sektor Pembuatan adalah positif yang menunjukkan bahawa

harga faktor relatif dapat memainkan peranan penting dalam menentukan nisbah modal buruh

(Roamer, 1975; Kim, 1984 and Malik et al., 1989). Penggunaan teknologi yang lebih canggih

mungkin telah meningkatkan nisbah modal buruh dalam sesetengah industri. Walau

bagaimanapun, terdapat banyak faktor lain yang juga boleh menyebabkan nisbah modal

buruh yang tinggi. Sebagai contoh, peningkatan dalam penggunaan kapasiti yang tidak

digunakan di seluruh industri di antara tempoh dua masa mungkin telah mempengaruhi

nisbah modal buruh dan ianya tidak mudah untuk dikenal pasti secara empirikal

(Bhalla, 1975).

Berdasarkan Carta 1c, ekonomi menjadi lebih berintensifkan modal dari 1982 hingga 1998

di mana pada 1998 intensiti modal merekodkan RM131,025 bagi setiap orang yang bekerja

lebih dua kali ganda berbanding tahun 1982. Ini dicerminkan oleh pertumbuhan ekonomi

Malaysia yang dirangsang oleh banyak inisiatif kerajaan pada awal tahun 90an. Sehubungan

itu, walaupun Malaysia menghadapi Krisis Kewangan ASEAN pada tahun 1999, intensiti

modal telah kembali pulih pada tahun 2001 dan terus berkembang. Selepas kegawatan

ekonomi global pada tahun 2008, intensiti modal susut sedikit dan hanya meningkat kembali

pada 2015.

Carta 1c: Intensiti Modal di Malaysia, 1982 - 2017

Sumber: Berdasarkan pengiraan penulis

32

Intensiti Modal mengikut Sektor Ekonomi, 1982-2017

Ekonomi menjadi lebih berintensifkan modal merentas kebanyakan sektor ekonomi, seperti

yang digambarkan oleh peningkatan stok modal bersih kepada bilangan pekerja yang bekerja.

Manjappa & Mahesha (2008) mengklasifikasikan aktiviti ekonomi berintensifkan modal dan

tenaga kerja berdasarkan nisbah modal buruh. Jika nisbah modal buruh lebih tinggi dari paras

min, industri akan diklasifikasikan sebagai industri yang berintensifkan modal dan jika

nisbahnya lebih rendah daripada nisbah modal buruh keseluruhan ekonomi, industri akan

dikelaskan sebagai industri berintensifkan buruh.

Berdasarkan Jadual 1a, sektor Perlombongan dan pengkuarian merupakan sektor yang

paling berintensifkan modal di Malaysia dari tahun 1982 hingga 2017. Pelaburan yang besar

dalam Perlombongan dan pengkuarian merupakan penyebab kepada intensiti modal yang

tinggi. Pengumpulan aset modal adalah terutamanya untuk aktiviti carigali mineral, sejajar

dengan perkembangan industri minyak dan gas dalam negara. Pada tahun 2017, nisbah

modal kepada buruh bagi Perlombongan dan pengkuarian mencatatkan RM3.9 juta bagi

setiap pekerja.

Intensiti modal kedua tertinggi dicatatkan oleh sektor Perkhidmatan walaupun nisbahnya

hanya RM174.2 ribu bagi setiap orang yang bekerja, jauh lebih rendah daripada

Perlombongan dan pengkuarian. Sepanjang tempoh tersebut, tahun 2000 telah mencatatkan

nisbah modal buruh tertinggi dan nisbahnya sedikit lebih rendah pada tahun 2010 berikutan

peningkatan jumlah orang yang bekerja dalam industri ini. Tenaga kerja yang lebih tinggi

dalam sektor Perkhidmatan tidak dapat dielakkan berikutan pengembangan pesat sektor ini

pada tahun kebelakangan ini.

Jadual 1a: Intensiti Modal mengikut Aktiviti Ekonomi, 1982 - 2017

Sumber: Berdasarkan pengiraan penulis

Intensiti Modal (RM’000 / pekerja) 1982 1990 2000 2010 2017

Pertanian 11.2 14.5 18.0 21.3 32.9

Perlombongan dan pengkuarian 414.3 1,042.9 2,808.9 3,860.0 3,873.3

Pembuatan 30.7 38.6 71.3 96.7 117.4

Pembinaan 19.7 18.6 13.8 13.8 18.7

Perkhidmatan 83.7 124.0 194.8 175.2 174.2

Utiliti 534.1 995.4 2,280.3 1,080.2 1,038.5

Perdagangan borong & runcit dan

makanan & minuman dan penginapan 15.8 17.9 29.2 24.2 28.3

Pengangkutan & penyimpanan dan

maklumat & komunikasi 63.3 172.5 612.6 361.3 374.2

Kewangan, insurans, hartanah dan

perkhidmatan perniagaan 393.1 508.2 499.8 273.6 290.7

Perkhidmatan lain 69.1 105.0 128.8 230.1 214.3

Keseluruhan Ekonomi 51.5 76.9 129.2 143.4 159.7

33

Utiliti menunjukkan nisbah modal buruh yang tertinggi dalam sektor Perkhidmatan. Nisbah

modal buruh pada tahun 2000 adalah lebih dua kali ganda berbanding pada tahun 1990

disebabkan oleh pengenalan Independent Power Producer (IPP) pada tahun 1993.

Pelaksanaan IPP di Malaysia telah mendorong pelaburan modal yang tinggi oleh syarikat

swasta. Sementara itu, Kewangan, insurans, hartanah dan perkhidmatan perniagaan

merekodkan nisbah modal buruh yang kedua tertinggi bagi tempoh 1982 hingga 1990 tetapi

Pengangkutan & penyimpanan dan maklumat & komunikasi telah melepasi aktiviti tersebut

pada tahun 2000. Pada tahun 2000, nisbah modal buruh untuk aktiviti Pengangkutan &

penyimpanan dan maklumat & komunikasi telah mencecah RM612.6 ribu bagi setiap orang

yang bekerja. Pelaburan dalam projek pengangkutan dan pendedahan teknologi maklumat

pada awal 2000 telah mendorong kepada modal yang lebih tinggi dalam aktiviti ini.

Perdagangan borong & runcit dan makanan & minuman dan penginapan merupakan

sub-sektor dalam sektor Perkhidmatan yang boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai industri

berintensifkan buruh kerana bilangan pekerja yang tinggi terutamanya dalam aktiviti

peruncitan dan makanan & minuman.

Sektor Pertanian dan Pembinaan diklasifikasikan sebagai industri berintensifkan buruh

disebabkan oleh nisbah modal buruh yang rendah daripada nisbah modal buruh bagi

keseluruhan ekonomi walaupun kedua-dua sektor ini menunjukkan peningkatan nisbah modal

buruh dari tahun ke tahun. Perkara ini dapat difahami memandangkan sektor Pertanian tidak

memerlukan pelaburan kewangan yang besar atau mesin yang berteknologi maju dalam

pengeluaran manakala sektor Pembinaan di negara ini sangat bergantung kepada pekerja

(Marhani et al., 2012).

Nisbah modal buruh bagi sektor Pembuatan semakin meningkat daripada tahun 1982 hingga

2017 walaupun ianya masih rendah daripada nisbah modal buruh bagi keseluruhan ekonomi.

Nisbah modal buruh yang rendah adalah disebabkan oleh bilangan pekerja yang tinggi dalam

industri ini. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat bukti yang sebahagian industri dalam sektor

Pembuatan mempunyai intensiti modal yang tinggi (Kalim, 2001). Black et al. (2017) telah

membahagikan sektor Pembuatan kepada empat kategori iaitu, berintensifkan modal,

berintensifkan modal pertengahan, berintensifkan buruh dan berintensifkan ultra buruh untuk

memperjelaskan kepelbagaian dalam sektor Pembuatan. Sehubungan itu, adalah tidak

konklusif sektor Pembuatan Malaysia adalah berintensifkan buruh dan adalah penting untuk

dikaji dengan lebih lanjut bagi kefahaman yang lebih baik berkaitan dengan sektor ini.

34

Kesimpulan

Intensiti modal memainkan peranan penting dalam menentukan pertumbuhan jangka masa

panjang di mana kaedah berintensifkan modal membolehkan peningkatan pengeluaran dan

standard kehidupan yang lebih tinggi. Stok Modal Bersih pada harga malar 2010 dan

bilangan pekerja yang bekerja digunakan dalam analisis ini yang hanya fokus kepada intensiti

modal dalam pelbagai sektor ekonomi di Malaysia daripada tahun 1982 hingga 2017.

Pasaran industri berintensifkan modal adalah sukar ditembusi berikutan industri ini

memerlukan pelaburan yang besar dalam peralatan dan mesin dalam pengeluaran barangan

dan perkhidmatan. Ekonomi telah menjadi lebih berintensifkan modal bermula tahun 1982

hingga 1998. Ini dicerminkan oleh ekonomi Malaysia yang dipertingkatkan dengan banyak

inisiatif kerajaan pada awal tahun 90an. Dalam analisis ini, industri yang paling

berintensifkan modal adalah sektor Perlombongan dan pengkuarian daripada tahun 1982

hingga 2017 di mana pengumpulan aset modal adalah untuk aktiviti carigali mineral. Sektor

Perkhidmatan telah merekodkan intensiti modal yang kedua tertinggi. Sektor Pertanian dan

Pembinaan diklasifikasikan sebagai berintensifkan buruh disebabkan oleh nisbah modal

buruh yang rendah daripada nisbah modal buruh bagi keseluruhan ekonomi. Nisbah modal

buruh bagi sektor Pembuatan adalah semakin meningkat daripada tahun 1982 hingga 2017

walaupun ianya masih rendah daripada nisbah modal buruh bagi keseluruhan ekonomi.

Memandangkan ekonomi mengalami transformasi ke arah nilai ditambah yang tinggi,

ekonomi berpendapatan yang tinggi, menambahbaik kualiti stok modal dan kecekapan

penggunaannya merupakan faktor kejayaan yang kritikal. Penambahbaikan dalam kecekapan

modal dan produktiviti adalah komponen yang kritikal dalam memastikan pelaburan baru

projek bagi meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi.

35

Bibliografi

Black, A., Craig S., & Dunne, P. (2017). Capital intensity, employment and sustainability in

the South African manufacturing sector. Paper for TIPS Conference, June 2017.

Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia (2018). Produktiviti Buruh Suku Pertama. Putrajaya.

Kalim, Rukhsana (2001). Capital Intensity in the Large-Scale Manufacturing of Pakistan.

Pakistan Economic and Social Review. Volume XXXIX,

No. 2 (Winter 2001). p.p. 135-151.

Kim, A.W. (1984). CES production function in manufacturing and problems of industrialization

in LDCs: Evidence from Korea.

Malik, S. I, M. Mushtaq and H. Nazli (1989). An analysis of production relations in the

large-scale textiles manufacturing sector of Pakistan. The Pakistan Development

Review, Volume 28, No.1, 27-42.

Manjappa, D. H., & Mahesha, M. (2008). Measurement of productivity growth, efficiency

change and technical progress of selected capital-intensive and labour-intensive

industries during reform period in India. Indian Journal of Economics and Business,

7(1), 167.

Marhani, M. A., Adnan, H., Baharuddin, H. E., Esa, M. R., & Hassan, A. A. (2012).

Dependency of foreign workers in Malaysian construction industry. Built Environment

Journal, 9(1), 39-50.

Roamer, M. (1975). The neoclassical model applied to Ghanian manufacturing. The Journal

of Development Studies, Volume 11, No. 2, 1975-1990.

Statistik Siri Masa Survei Tenaga Buruh, 1982-2017. Retrive from:https://www.dosm.gov.my/

v1/index.php?r=column/ctimeseries&menu_id=NHJlaGc2Rlg4ZXlGTjh1SU1kaWY5UT09

Sulaiman, M., & Govindan, K. (2000, June). Macroeconomic fundamentals of the Malaysian

economy: before and after the crisis. In National Seminar on Strengthening the

Macroeconomic Fundamentals of the Malaysian Economy, organized by UUM and UKM,

June (pp. 5-6).


36

Article 2:

Capital Intensity in Malaysia, 1982 - 20171

By: Syahron Helmy Abdullah Halim, Salmah Salleh dan Farihin Rosni

Introduction

The Malaysian economy has shown resilience in recent years in spite of external shocks and

has sustained to perform well. Progress was made toward achieving high income status. In

determining long run economic growth, capital intensity plays an important role where more

capital intensive methods enable increased output and higher living standards.

Capital intensity is generally defined as the ratio of capital to labour used in a production

process or industry at a given time, the higher the ratio the more is the capital intensity and

vice versa (Kalim, 2001). Generally, developing countries are in shortage of capital hence,

minimizing capital intensity as an investment criterion is considered desirable. For measuring

the degree of factor intensity, two indicators namely capital labour ratios and capital value

added ratios are used in a broader sense.

This article discussed on the capital intensity in Malaysia from 1982 to 2017 based on capital

labour ratio. The analysis starts from 1982 as this was the earliest data available for

employment based on Labour Force Survey conducted by Department of Statistics, Malaysia.

The Net Capital Stock (NKS) at constant 2010 prices and the total number of employed

persons in the country are used in the analysis of this article. The objective of this

article is to elucidate capital intensive in various sector of the economy. First, this article will

have an overview of NKS and employment across the period discussed. Then, this article will

dwell on the capital intensity at national level followed by capital intensity of various sectors

from 1982 to 2017.

Net Capital Stock and Employment

NKS represents accumulated investment less retirements and accumulated depreciation for

assets still operating. It also represents the net present values of the future capital services to

be provided by the assets and represents the wealth of Malaysia's economy (OECD, 2009).

Over the course of 36 periods (1982 to 2017) NKS grew from RM0.3 trillion to RM2.3 trillion

(Chart 1a), with an annual average growth of 6.3 per cent. In the mid-1990's, NKS registered

double-digit growth for five consecutive years due to higher injection of capital particularly in

Services sector which was in line with the expansion of this industry during that period.

1 This article is an authors’ view and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Statistics, Malaysia.

37

Employees are all persons who, at any time during the reference week worked at least one

hour for pay, profit or family gain (as an employer, employee, own-account worker or unpaid

family worker) (Labour Productivity, 2018). The employment growth showed an increasing

trend for Malaysia from 1982 to 2017 as shown in Chart 1b. In these 36 years, the average

number of employed persons in Malaysia was 9.3 million person reaching an all-time high of

14.5 million people in 2017 with the lowest number was 5.2 million person in 1982. In terms of

growth, employment in Malaysia recorded an average annual growth rate of 2.9 per cent from

1982 to 2017. The highest growth for employment was recorded in 1996 at 9.6 per cent. In

1996, the Malaysian industries had employed nearly two million foreign workers to support the

rapid economic expansion of the Manufacturing and Services sectors (Sulaiman & Govindan,

2000).

Chart 1a: Net Capital Stock in Malaysia, 1982 - 2017

Source: National Accounts Capital Stock Statistics, Department of Statistics, Malaysia

Chart 1b: Employment in Malaysia, 1982 - 2017

Source: Labour Force Survey Time Series Statistics, Department of Statistics, Malaysia

38

Capital Intensity in Malaysia

Intensive capital refers to production which requires higher capital investment such as

financial resources, sophisticated machinery, more automated machines and

advanced-technology equipment. Capital intensive industries posed a higher barrier to entry

because they require more investment in equipment and machinery to produce goods and

services.

In the case of developing countries, there is sufficient empirical evidence to support that the

elasticity of substitution in the manufacturing sector is positive which indicates that relative

factor prices can play an important role in determining capital labour ratios (Roamer, 1975;

Kim, 1984 and Malik et al., 1989). The use of more advanced technology might have

increased capital labour ratios in some industries. However, there are many other factors as

well which may lead to high capital labour ratios. For example, an increase in under-utilization

of capacity across industries between the two time periods might have affected capital labour

ratios and which may not be easy to identify empirically (Bhalla, 1975).

Based on Chart 1c, the economy became more capital-intensive from 1982 to 1998 wherein

1998 the capital intensity recorded at RM131,025 per employed person which was more than

double as compared to 1982. This was reflected by the growing economy of Malaysia boosted

by many government initiatives in the early 90’s. Thus, even though Malaysia was facing

ASEAN Financial Crisis in 1999, the capital intensity had quickly rebound by 2001 and grew

steadily again. Post global economic turmoil in 2008, capital intensity slipped a little and only

picked-up again since 2015.

Chart 1c: Capital Intensity in Malaysia, 1982 - 2017

Source: Based on author’s self-calculation

39

Capital Intensity by Economic Sectors, 1982-2017

The economy became more capital intensive across most economic sectors, as reflected by

the increasing proportion of net capital stock to the number of workers employed. Manjappa &

Mahesha (2008) classified economic activity to capital and labour intensive based on the

capital labour ratio. If the capital labour ratio is higher than mean level, the industries will be

classified as a capital intensive industry while if the ratio is lower than the total economy

capital labour ratio, the industries will be classified as the labour intensive industry.

Based on Table 1a, Mining and quarrying sector has been the most capital intensive industry

in Malaysia from 1982 to 2017. Vast investment in Mining and quarrying is the reason for high

capital intensity. The accumulation of capital assets was mainly for mineral exploration

activity, in line with the development of the oil and gas industry in the country. In 2017, the

ratio of capital to labour for Mining and quarrying registered RM3.9 million per employee.

The second highest capital intensity was recorded by the Services sector although the ratio is

only RM174.2 thousand per employed person, much lower than Mining and quarrying. Across

the periods, the year 2000 has recorded the highest capital labour ratio and the ratio slightly

lower in 2010 due to increasing number of an employed person in this industry. Higher

employment in Services sector was unavoidable as the sector is growing rapidly in recent

years.

Table 1a: Capital Intensity by Kind of Economic Activity, 1982 - 2017

Source: Based on author’s self-calculation

Capital Intensity (RM’000 / person) 1982 1990 2000 2010 2017

Agriculture 11.2 14.5 18.0 21.3 32.9

Mining and quarrying 414.3 1,042.9 2,808.9 3,860.0 3,873.3

Manufacturing 30.7 38.6 71.3 96.7 117.4

Construction 19.7 18.6 13.8 13.8 18.7

Services 83.7 124.0 194.8 175.2 174.2

Utilities 534.1 995.4 2,280.3 1,080.2 1,038.5

Wholesale & retail trade and food &

beverages and accommodation 15.8 17.9 29.2 24.2 28.3

Transportation & storage and

information & communication 63.3 172.5 612.6 361.3 374.2

Finance, insurance, real estate

and business services 393.1 508.2 499.8 273.6 290.7

Other services 69.1 105.0 128.8 230.1 214.3

Total Economy 51.5 76.9 129.2 143.4 159.7

40

Utilities showed the highest capital labour ratios in the Services sector. The capital labour ratio

in 2000 was more than double as compared to 1990 due to the introduction of Independent

Power Producer (IPP) in 1993. The implementation of IPP in Malaysia has induced high

capital investment by private companies. Meanwhile, Finance, insurance, real estate and

business services recorded the second highest capital labour ratio for the period 1982 to 1990

but Transportation & storage and information & communication has surpassed the former

activities in 2000. In 2000, the capital labour ratio for Transportation & storage and information

& communication has reached RM612.6 thousand per employed person. The investment in

transportation projects and the exposure of technology of communication in early 2000 has led

to the higher capital in these activities. Wholesale & retail trade and food & beverages and

accommodation were the only sub-sector in Services sector which can be classified as the

labour intensive industry due to the high number of employment particularly in retail and food

& beverages activities.

Agriculture and Construction sectors was classified as labour intensive industries due to lower

capital labour ratio than the total economy capital labour ratio although both sectors showed

an increasing capital labour ratio across the years. This was understandable as the Agriculture

sector did not require large financial investment or advanced technology machines in the

production while Construction sector in this country was highly dependent on labour

(Marhani et al., 2012).

Capital labour ratio for the Manufacturing sector was steadily increasing from 1982 to 2017

despite it is still lower than the total economy capital labour ratio. The lower capital labour ratio

was due to the high number of an employed person in this industry. However, there is

evidence that some of the industries in the Manufacturing sector have high capital intensity

(Kalim, 2001). Black et al (2017) have divided the Manufacturing sector into four categories

namely capital intensive, intermediate capital intensive, labour intensive and ultra-labour

intensive to explain the diversities in the Manufacturing sector. Thus, it was not conclusive in

Malaysia case that the Manufacturing sector was the labour intensive sector and it was

necessary to examine further for better understanding regarding this sector.

41

Conclusion

Capital intensity plays a vital role in determining long-run economic growth where more

capital intensive methods allow increased output and higher living standards. Net Capital

Stock at constant 2010 prices and the total number of employed are used in the analysis

which focussed on the capital intensity in various sector of the economy in Malaysia from

1982 to 2017. A higher barrier to entry is posed by the capital intensive industries as they

require more investment in equipment and machinery to produce goods and services. The

economy turned out to be more capital intensive from 1982 to 1998. This was reflected by the

emergent economy of Malaysia enhanced by many government initiatives in the early 90’s. In

the analysis, the most capital intensive industry in Malaysia from 1982 to 2017 is

Mining and quarrying sector where the accumulation of capital assets was mainly for mineral

exploration activity. Services sector recorded the second highest capital intensity. Agriculture

and Construction sectors was classified as labour intensive industries due to lower capital

labour ratio than the total economy capital labour ratio. Capital labour ratio for the

Manufacturing sector was steadily increasing from 1982 to 2017 even though it is still lower

than the total economy capital labour ratio. As the economy undergoes a transformation

towards a high value-added, high income economy, improving the quality of the capital stock

and the efficiency of its utilisation would be critical success factors. Improvement in capital

efficiency and productivity is a critical component to ensure the new investment projects in

enhancing economic growth.

42

Bibliography

Black, A., Craig S., & Dunne, P. (2017). Capital intensity, employment and sustainability in

the South African manufacturing sector. Paper for TIPS Conference, June 2017.

Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia (2018). Produktiviti Buruh Suku Pertama. Putrajaya.

Kalim, Rukhsana (2001). Capital Intensity in the Large-Scale Manufacturing of Pakistan.

Pakistan Economic and Social Review. Volume XXXIX,

No. 2 (Winter 2001). p.p. 135-151.

Kim, A.W. (1984). CES production function in manufacturing and problems of industrialization

in LDCs: Evidence from Korea.

Malik, S. I, M. Mushtaq and H. Nazli (1989). An analysis of production relations in the

large-scale textiles manufacturing sector of Pakistan. The Pakistan Development

Review, Volume 28, No.1, 27-42.

Manjappa, D. H., & Mahesha, M. (2008). Measurement of productivity growth, efficiency

change and technical progress of selected capital-intensive and labour-intensive

industries during reform period in India. Indian Journal of Economics and Business,

7(1), 167.

Marhani, M. A., Adnan, H., Baharuddin, H. E., Esa, M. R., & Hassan, A. A. (2012).

Dependency of foreign workers in Malaysian construction industry. Built Environment

Journal, 9(1), 39-50.

Roamer, M. (1975). The neoclassical model applied to Ghanian manufacturing. The Journal

of Development Studies, Volume 11, No. 2, 1975-1990.

Statistik Siri Masa Survei Tenaga Buruh, 1982-2017. Retrive from:https://www.dosm.gov.my/

v1/index.php?r=column/ctimeseries&menu_id=NHJlaGc2Rlg4ZXlGTjh1SU1kaWY5UT09

Sulaiman, M., & Govindan, K. (2000, June). Macroeconomic fundamentals of the Malaysian

economy: before and after the crisis. In National Seminar on Strengthening the

Macroeconomic Fundamentals of the Malaysian Economy, organized by UUM and UKM,

June (pp. 5-6).


Jadual SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga semasa

Table GKS by kind of economic activity at current prices

Jenis aktiviti ekonomi

Kind of economic activity Nilai akhir tahun (RM juta) Perubahan peratusan tahunan

End year value (RM million) Annual percentage change

1. Pertanian 107,382 109,702 120,841 7.6 2.2 10.2

Agriculture

2. Perlombongan dan pengkuarian 637,549 680,766 716,203 10.8 6.8 5.2

Mining and quarrying

3. Pembuatan 539,836 577,804 620,722 6.2 7.0 7.4

Manufacturing

3.1 Makanan, minuman dan tembakau 56,496 60,838 64,837 9.8 7.7 6.6

Food, beverages and tobacco

3.2 Produk tekstil dan kayu 54,535 55,368 55,913 1.7 1.5 1.0

Textiles and wood products

3.3 Produk petroleum, kimia, getah dan plastik 145,685 165,306 186,482 10.7 13.5 12.8

Petroleum, chemicals, rubber and plastic products

3.4 Produk mineral bukan logam, logam asas dan produk logam yang direka 59,038 62,046 65,682 5.4 5.1 5.9

Non-metallic mineral products, basic metal and fabricated metal products

3.5 Produk elektrik, elektronik dan optikal 184,418 193,662 206,225 4.5 5.0 6.5

Electrical, electronic and optical products

3.6 Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikan 39,664 40,584 41,584 2.3 2.3 2.5

Transport equipment, other manufacturing and repair

4. Pembinaan 44,216 47,891 51,614 8.5 8.3 7.8

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 2,912,554 3,105,783 3,317,416 6.8 6.6 6.8

Services

5.1 Utiliti 339,760 352,498 369,851 5.5 3.7 4.9

Utilities

5.2 Perdagangan borong dan runcit 152,293 166,721 181,994 8.5 9.5 9.2

Wholesale and retail trade

5.3 Makanan & minuman dan penginapan 41,029 44,453 48,193 8.1 8.3 8.4

Food & beverage and accommodation

5.4 Pengangkutan & penyimpanan dan maklumat & komunikasi 626,670 664,528 711,825 6.8 6.0 7.1

Transportation & storage and information & communication

5.5 Kewangan, insurans, hartanah dan perkhidmatan perniagaan 769,328 845,107 924,252 9.1 9.9 9.4

Finance, insurance, real estate and business services

5.6 Perkhidmatan lain 983,474 1,032,476 1,081,300 5.2 5.0 4.7

Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS


Kind of economic activity Peratus sumbangan SMK

Percentage share of GKS

1. Pertanian 2.5 2.4 2.5

Agriculture

2. Perlombongan dan pengkuarian 15.0 15.1 14.8


3. Pembuatan 12.7 12.8 12.9

Manufacturing

3.1 Makanan, minuman dan tembakau 1.3 1.3 1.3


3.2 Produk tekstil dan kayu 1.3 1.2 1.2


3.3 Produk petroleum, kimia, getah dan plastik 3.4 3.7 3.9


3.4 Produk mineral bukan logam, logam asas dan produk logam yang direka 1.4 1.4 1.4


3.5 Produk elektrik, elektronik dan optikal 4.3 4.3 4.3


3.6 Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikan 0.9 0.9 0.9


4. Pembinaan 1.0 1.1 1.1

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 68.7 68.7 68.7

Services

5.1 Utiliti 8.0 7.8 7.7

Utilities

5.2 Perdagangan borong dan runcit 3.6 3.7 3.8


5.3 Makanan & minuman dan penginapan 1.0 1.0 1.0


5.4 Pengangkutan & penyimpanan dan maklumat & komunikasi 14.8 14.7 14.7


5.5 Kewangan, insurans, hartanah dan perkhidmatan perniagaan 18.1 18.7 19.1


5.6 Perkhidmatan lain 23.2 22.8 22.4

Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

2017p

2016e

7.3

2015

6.76.6

2017p

4,826,795

2017p

100.0

4,241,536 4,521,945

2015 2016e

1.1

100.0 100.0

2015 2016e

43

Jadual SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga malar 2010

Table GKS by kind of economic activity at constant 2010 prices




1. Pertanian 89,009 94,311 99,308 5.6 6.0 5.3

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 475,094 497,804 525,800 4.4 4.8 5.6

Manufacturing



3.2 Produk tekstil dan kayu 46,356 45,942 45,451 -0.6 -0.9 -1.1










4. Pembinaan 38,698 41,108 43,542 7.1 6.2 5.9

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 2,341,952 2,439,143 2,545,022 4.2 4.1 4.3

Services

5.1 Utiliti 274,093 279,933 287,308 2.8 2.1 2.6

Utilities









5.6 Perkhidmatan lain 786,876 804,570 823,021 2.4 2.2 2.3

Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS


Kind of economic activity Peratus sumbangan SMK

Percentage share of GKS

1. Pertanian 2.6 2.7 2.7

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 14.0 14.0 14.1

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 1.1 1.2 1.2

Construction


Services

5.1 Utiliti 8.1 7.9 7.7

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

2017p

3,721,390

2017p

100.0

1.2

3,398,880 3,555,695

2015 2016e

100.0 100.0

2016e2015

2015

4.9

2017p

4.7

2016e

4.6

44

Jadual SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga semasaTable GKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at current prices

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 41,489 15,030 50,864 107,382

Agriculture

2. Perlombongan dan pengkuarian 17,989 93,848 525,712 637,549


3. Pembuatan 246,339 242,237 51,261 539,836

Manufacturing

3.1 Makanan, minuman dan tembakau 24,651 29,133 2,712 56,496


3.2 Produk tekstil dan kayu 34,234 18,558 1,743 54,535


3.3 Produk petroleum, kimia, getah dan plastik 64,499 71,942 9,244 145,685


3.4 Produk mineral bukan logam, logam asas dan produk logam yang direka 27,974 28,285 2,779 59,038


3.5 Produk elektrik, elektronik dan optikal 76,584 78,040 29,794 184,418


3.6 Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikan 18,397 16,279 4,988 39,664


4. Pembinaan 21,146 21,184 1,886 44,216

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 2,360,375 375,806 176,373 2,912,554

Services

5.1 Utiliti 258,132 63,364 18,264 339,760

Utilities

5.2 Perdagangan borong dan runcit 102,533 28,237 21,523 152,293


5.3 Makanan & minuman dan penginapan 29,284 10,171 1,574 41,029


5.4 Pengangkutan & penyimpanan dan maklumat & komunikasi 398,777 191,319 36,574 626,670


5.5 Kewangan, insurans, hartanah dan perkhidmatan perniagaan 696,989 29,332 43,006 769,328


5.6 Perkhidmatan lain 874,661 53,381 55,432 983,474

Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 5.6 10.2 8.5 7.6

Agriculture

2. Perlombongan dan pengkuarian 14.6 13.4 10.2 10.8


3. Pembuatan 9.2 3.5 5.6 6.2

Manufacturing

3.1 Makanan, minuman dan tembakau 7.1 11.3 19.5 9.8


3.2 Produk tekstil dan kayu 3.6 -2.1 6.2 1.7


3.3 Produk petroleum, kimia, getah dan plastik 16.3 6.2 9.3 10.7


3.4 Produk mineral bukan logam, logam asas dan produk logam yang direka 5.3 4.9 10.9 5.4


3.5 Produk elektrik, elektronik dan optikal 9.2 0.4 3.8 4.5


3.6 Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikan 5.8 -0.8 0.0 2.3


4. Pembinaan 6.5 11.2 1.5 8.5

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 7.2 5.3 4.2 6.8

Services

5.1 Utiliti 4.9 5.7 14.4 5.5

Utilities

5.2 Perdagangan borong dan runcit 12.5 7.8 -6.4 8.5


5.3 Makanan & minuman dan penginapan 6.6 13.8 1.2 8.1


5.4 Pengangkutan & penyimpanan dan maklumat & komunikasi 7.6 4.4 10.2 6.8


5.5 Kewangan, insurans, hartanah dan perkhidmatan perniagaan 9.1 16.6 5.5 9.1


5.6 Perkhidmatan lain 5.7 0.3 1.1 5.2

Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

Perubahan peratusan tahunan

Annual percentage change

7.4 5.9 8.4 7.3

4,241,536

1.3

Nilai akhir tahun (RM juta)

End year value (RM million)

2,687,337 748,104 806,094

2015

45

Jadual SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga semasaTable GKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at current prices 1.3

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.5 2.0 6.3 2.5

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.2 32.4 6.4 12.7

Manufacturing



3.2 Produk tekstil dan kayu 1.3 2.5 0.2 1.3








3.6 Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikan 0.7 2.2 0.6 0.9


4. Pembinaan 0.8 2.8 0.2 1.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 87.8 50.2 21.9 68.7

Services

5.1 Utiliti 9.6 8.5 2.3 8.0

Utilities

5.2 Perdagangan borong dan runcit 3.8 3.8 2.7 3.6









Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 38.6 14.0 47.4 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 45.6 44.9 9.5 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 47.8 47.9 4.3 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 81.0 12.9 6.1 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 76.0 18.6 5.4 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS63.4 17.6 19.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Peratus sumbangan mengikut jenis aset

Percentage share by type of assets

Peratus sumbangan mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi

Percentage share by kind of economic activity2015

46


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 43,880 16,643 49,178 109,702

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 269,761 252,998 55,045 577,804

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 22,459 23,458 1,974 47,891

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 2,533,053 396,913 175,816 3,105,783

Services

5.1 Utiliti 270,187 65,676 16,635 352,498

Utilities









5.6 Perkhidmatan lain 922,663 54,080 55,733 1,032,476

Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 5.8 10.7 -3.3 2.2

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.5 4.4 7.4 7.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 6.2 10.7 4.7 8.3

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 7.3 5.6 -0.3 6.6

Services

5.1 Utiliti 4.7 3.6 -8.9 3.7

Utilities





5.4 Pengangkutan & penyimpanan dan maklumat & komunikasi 7.9 5.0 -8.6 6.0





Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS6.6

1.3



2,889,493 791,695 840,757 4,521,945



7.5 5.8 4.3

2016

47

Jadual SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga semasaTable GKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at current prices1.3

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.5 2.1 5.8 2.4

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.3 32.0 6.5 12.8

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.8 3.0 0.2 1.1

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 87.7 50.1 20.9 68.7

Services

5.1 Utiliti 9.4 8.3 2.0 7.8

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 40.0 15.2 44.8 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 46.7 43.8 9.5 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 46.9 49.0 4.1 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 81.6 12.8 5.7 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 76.6 18.6 4.7 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS63.9 17.5 18.6 100.0




Percentage share by kind of economic activity

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2016

48


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 46,348 18,301 56,192 120,841

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 292,683 268,407 59,633 620,722

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 23,698 25,767 2,149 51,614

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 2,710,522 419,283 187,611 3,317,416

Services

5.1 Utiliti 283,949 67,991 17,912 369,851

Utilities









5.6 Perkhidmatan lain 969,829 55,139 56,332 1,081,300

Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 5.6 10.0 14.3 10.2

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 8.5 6.1 8.3 7.4

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 5.5 9.8 8.8 7.8

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 7.0 5.6 6.7 6.8

Services

5.1 Utiliti 5.1 3.5 7.7 4.9

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS



7.2 6.1 5.8

1.3



3,097,096 840,384 889,315 4,826,795

6.7

2017

49

Jadual SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga semasaTable GKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at current prices 1.3

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.5 2.2 6.3 2.5

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.5 31.9 6.7 12.9

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.8 3.1 0.2 1.1

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 87.5 49.9 21.1 68.7

Services

5.1 Utiliti 9.2 8.1 2.0 7.7

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 38.4 15.1 46.5 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 47.2 43.2 9.6 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 45.9 49.9 4.2 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 81.7 12.6 5.7 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 76.8 18.4 4.8 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

100.0



64.2 17.4 18.4 100.0

100.0



100.0 100.0

2017

50

Jadual SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010Table GKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 32,315 14,706 41,987 89,009

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 192,859 238,037 44,198 475,094

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 16,570 20,758 1,371 38,698

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 1,843,727 366,555 131,670 2,341,952

Services

5.1 Utiliti 200,658 62,335 11,100 274,093

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 2.8 9.3 6.5 5.6

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 5.9 2.6 7.8 4.4

Manufacturing



3.2 Produk tekstil dan kayu 0.5 -3.0 10.1 -0.6






3.5 Produk elektrik, elektronik dan optikal 6.0 -0.6 5.7 2.8




4. Pembinaan 3.3 10.4 5.2 7.1

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 4.2 4.8 2.9 4.2

Services

5.1 Utiliti 2.2 4.8 3.6 2.8

Utilities









5.6 Perkhidmatan lain 2.7 -0.5 1.0 2.4

Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS



4.4 5.2 6.3 4.9

3,398,880

1.4



2,099,477 732,169 567,233

2015

51

Jadual SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010Table GKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices 1.4

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.5 2.0 7.4 2.6

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.2 32.5 7.8 14.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.8 2.8 0.2 1.1

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 87.8 50.1 23.2 68.9

Services

5.1 Utiliti 9.6 8.5 2.0 8.1

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 36.3 16.5 47.2 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 40.6 50.1 9.3 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 42.8 53.6 3.5 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 78.7 15.7 5.6 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 73.2 22.7 4.0 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS61.8 21.5 16.7 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0





52

Jadual SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010Table GKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 33,275 16,004 45,032 94,311

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 205,361 245,414 47,029 497,804

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 17,108 22,567 1,434 41,108

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 1,924,629 380,158 134,356 2,439,143

Services

5.1 Utiliti 204,588 63,982 11,364 279,933

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 3.0 8.8 7.3 6.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 6.5 3.1 6.4 4.8

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 3.2 8.7 4.6 6.2

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 4.4 3.7 2.0 4.1

Services

5.1 Utiliti 2.0 2.6 2.4 2.1

Utilities









5.6 Perkhidmatan lain 2.7 -0.3 -0.4 2.2

Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS



4.6 4.2 5.2 4.6

3,555,695

1.4



2,195,798 763,204 596,693

2016

53

Jadual SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010Table GKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices 1.4

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.5 2.1 7.5 2.7

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.4 32.2 7.9 14.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.8 3.0 0.2 1.2

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 87.7 49.8 22.5 68.6

Services

5.1 Utiliti 9.3 8.4 1.9 7.9

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 35.3 17.0 47.7 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 41.3 49.3 9.4 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 41.6 54.9 3.5 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 78.9 15.6 5.5 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 73.1 22.9 4.1 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS61.8 21.5 16.8 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0





54

Jadual SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010 Table GKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 34,332 17,322 47,655 99,308

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 217,729 258,292 49,779 525,800

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 17,648 24,401 1,493 43,542

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 2,013,378 395,257 136,386 2,545,022

Services

5.1 Utiliti 209,918 65,825 11,565 287,308

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 3.2 8.2 5.8 5.3

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 6.0 5.2 5.8 5.6

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 3.2 8.1 4.1 5.9

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 4.6 4.0 1.5 4.3

Services

5.1 Utiliti 2.6 2.9 1.8 2.6

Utilities









5.6 Perkhidmatan lain 2.7 0.8 -1.2 2.3

Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

620,629 3,721,390



4.8 4.8 4.0 4.7

1.4



2,300,749 800,011

2017

55

Jadual SMK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010 Table GKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices 1.4

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.5 2.2 7.7 2.7

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.5 32.3 8.0 14.1

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.8 3.1 0.2 1.2

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 87.5 49.4 22.0 68.4

Services

5.1 Utiliti 9.1 8.2 1.9 7.7

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 34.6 17.4 48.0 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 41.4 49.1 9.5 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 40.5 56.0 3.4 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 79.1 15.5 5.4 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 73.1 22.9 4.0 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMK

Total GKS

100.0



61.8 21.5 16.7 100.0

100.0



100.0 100.0

2017

56

Jadual SMB mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga semasa

Table NKS by kind of economic activity at current prices




1. Pertanian 57,658 59,509 65,705 8.9 3.2 10.4

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 296,719 323,204 353,856 7.8 8.9 9.5

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 23,970 25,954 28,071 8.0 8.3 8.2

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 1,812,387 1,924,362 2,051,841 6.2 6.2 6.6

Services

5.1 Utiliti 180,472 184,187 192,714 3.4 2.1 4.6

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS


Kind of economic activity Peratus sumbangan SMB

Percentage share of NKS

1. Pertanian 2.1 2.1 2.2

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 11.0 11.3 11.6

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.9 0.9 0.9

Construction


Services

5.1 Utiliti 6.7 6.4 6.3

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

2015 2016e

2017p

100.0 100.0 100.0

2,691,020 2,859,295 3,044,111

2.1

2015 2016e

2017p

2017p

6.57.0 6.3

2015 2016e

57

Jadual SMB mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga malar 2010

Table NKS by kind of economic activity at constant 2010 prices




1. Pertanian 47,534 50,884 53,641 6.8 7.0 5.4

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 256,289 273,319 294,500 5.9 6.6 7.7

Manufacturing











3.6 Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikan 18,115 17,978 18,022 -0.3 -0.8 0.2


4. Pembinaan 20,787 22,064 23,477 6.4 6.1 6.4

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 1,446,547 1,498,146 1,560,118 3.4 3.6 4.1

Services

5.1 Utiliti 144,596 145,114 148,511 0.4 0.4 2.3

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS


Kind of economic activity Peratus sumbangan SMB

Percentage share of NKS

1. Pertanian 2.2 2.3 2.3

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 12.1 12.4 12.8

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 1.0 1.0 1.0

Construction


Services

5.1 Utiliti 6.8 6.6 6.4

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

2015 2016e

2017p

100.0 100.0 100.0

2,119,511 2,208,677 2,307,447

2.2

2015 2016e

2017p

2017p

4.54.4 4.2

2015 2016e

58

Jadual SMB mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga semasaTable NKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at current prices

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 22,804 7,495 27,359 57,658

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 156,762 107,701 32,256 296,719

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 12,381 10,501 1,088 23,970

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 1,548,142 176,379 87,866 1,812,387

Services

5.1 Utiliti 140,620 28,936 10,915 180,472

Utilities



5.3 Makanan & minuman dan penginapan 15,989 5,325 851 22,165







Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 8.3 13.3 8.3 8.9

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.5 6.4 4.1 7.8

Manufacturing











3.6 Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikan 3.7 0.9 -5.4 1.4


4. Pembinaan 7.0 10.0 0.0 8.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 6.8 1.6 3.8 6.2

Services

5.1 Utiliti 3.8 -1.2 10.6 3.4

Utilities





5.4 Pengangkutan & penyimpanan dan maklumat & komunikasi 6.8 -1.2 7.1 4.8





Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS



7.2 4.2 8.4 7.0

2,691,020

2.3



1,750,679 352,163 588,179

2015

59

Jadual SMB mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga semasaTable NKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at current prices 2.3

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.3 2.1 4.7 2.1

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.0 30.6 5.5 11.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.7 3.0 0.2 0.9

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 88.4 50.1 14.9 67.3

Services

5.1 Utiliti 8.0 8.2 1.9 6.7

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 39.6 13.0 47.5 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 52.8 36.3 10.9 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 51.7 43.8 4.5 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 85.4 9.7 4.8 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 77.9 16.0 6.0 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS65.1 13.1 21.9 100.0



100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0



2015

60


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 24,690 8,433 26,386 59,509

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 172,757 116,392 34,055 323,204

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 13,198 11,647 1,109 25,954

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 1,658,174 179,698 86,490 1,924,362

Services

5.1 Utiliti 145,724 28,786 9,677 184,187

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 8.3 12.5 -3.6 3.2

Agriculture

2. Perlombongan dan pengkuarian 17.7 -0.4 5.5 5.2


3. Pembuatan 10.2 8.1 5.6 8.9

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 6.6 10.9 2.0 8.3

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 7.1 1.9 -1.6 6.2

Services

5.1 Utiliti 3.6 -0.5 -11.3 2.1

Utilities



5.3 Makanan & minuman dan penginapan 7.6 12.5 -0.6 8.5


5.4 Pengangkutan & penyimpanan dan maklumat & komunikasi 7.2 -0.6 -9.3 4.6





Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS



7.5 4.0 4.0 6.3

2,859,295

2.3



1,881,283 366,080 611,932

2016

61


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.3 2.3 4.3 2.1

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.2 31.8 5.6 11.3

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.7 3.2 0.2 0.9

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 88.1 49.1 14.1 67.3

Services

5.1 Utiliti 7.7 7.9 1.6 6.4

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 41.5 14.2 44.3 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 53.5 36.0 10.5 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 50.9 44.9 4.3 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 86.2 9.3 4.5 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 79.1 15.6 5.3 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS65.8 12.8 21.4 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0





62


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 26,653 9,292 29,760 65,705

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 188,219 129,141 36,497 353,856

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 13,966 12,924 1,180 28,071

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 1,773,823 186,488 91,530 2,051,841

Services

5.1 Utiliti 152,725 29,902 10,087 192,714

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 8.0 10.2 12.8 10.4

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 8.9 11.0 7.2 9.5

Manufacturing



3.2 Produk tekstil dan kayu -0.1 -1.1 8.2 0.0










4. Pembinaan 5.8 11.0 6.4 8.2

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 7.0 3.8 5.8 6.6

Services

5.1 Utiliti 4.8 3.9 4.2 4.6

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

638,784 3,044,111



7.3 5.8 4.4 6.5

2.3



2,018,108 387,219

2017

63


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.3 2.4 4.7 2.2

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.3 33.4 5.7 11.6

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.7 3.3 0.2 0.9

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 87.9 48.2 14.3 67.4

Services

5.1 Utiliti 7.6 7.7 1.6 6.3

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 40.6 14.1 45.3 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 53.2 36.5 10.3 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 49.8 46.0 4.2 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 86.5 9.1 4.5 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 79.2 15.5 5.2 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

100.0



66.3 12.7 21.0 100.0

100.0



100.0 100.0

2017

64

Jadual SMB mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010 Table NKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 17,776 7,328 22,430 47,534

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 122,739 105,812 27,737 256,289

Manufacturing



3.2 Produk tekstil dan kayu 13,842 7,295 784 21,921










4. Pembinaan 9,703 10,289 795 20,787

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 1,209,259 172,095 65,192 1,446,547

Services

5.1 Utiliti 109,421 28,476 6,700 144,596

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 5.3 12.2 6.2 6.8

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 6.3 5.3 6.2 5.9

Manufacturing



3.2 Produk tekstil dan kayu -1.8 -2.5 11.3 -1.6








3.6 Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikan 0.6 -0.1 -3.4 -0.3


4. Pembinaan 3.8 9.2 3.4 6.4

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 3.8 1.1 2.2 3.4

Services

5.1 Utiliti 1.1 -2.1 0.3 0.4

Utilities





5.4 Pengangkutan & penyimpanan dan maklumat & komunikasi 4.0 -1.5 2.0 2.3





Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS



4.1 3.5 6.0 4.4

2,119,511

2.4



1,367,728 344,680 407,103

2015

65

Jadual SMB mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010 Table NKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices 2.4

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.3 2.1 5.5 2.2

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.0 30.7 6.8 12.1

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.7 3.0 0.2 1.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 88.4 49.9 16.0 68.2

Services

5.1 Utiliti 8.0 8.3 1.6 6.8

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 37.4 15.4 47.2 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 47.9 41.3 10.8 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 46.7 49.5 3.8 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 83.6 11.9 4.5 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 75.7 19.7 4.6 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS64.5 16.3 19.2 100.0



100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0



2015

66

Jadual SMB mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010 Table NKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 18,734 8,090 24,059 50,884

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 131,522 112,723 29,073 273,319

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 10,054 11,194 817 22,064

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 1,259,912 172,391 65,842 1,498,146

Services

5.1 Utiliti 110,435 28,062 6,617 145,114

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 5.4 10.4 7.3 7.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 7.2 6.5 4.8 6.6

Manufacturing











3.6 Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikan 0.2 -0.6 -4.4 -0.8


4. Pembinaan 3.6 8.8 2.7 6.1

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 4.2 0.2 1.0 3.6

Services

5.1 Utiliti 0.9 -1.5 -1.2 0.4

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS



4.5 2.4 4.6 4.2

2,208,677

2.4



1,429,682 353,094 425,902

2016

67

Jadual SMB mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010 Table NKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices 2.4

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.3 2.3 5.6 2.3

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.2 31.9 6.8 12.4

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.7 3.2 0.2 1.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 88.1 48.8 15.5 67.8

Services

5.1 Utiliti 7.7 7.9 1.6 6.6

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 36.8 15.9 47.3 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 48.1 41.2 10.6 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 45.6 50.7 3.7 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 84.1 11.5 4.4 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 76.1 19.3 4.6 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS64.7 16.0 19.3 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0





68

Jadual SMB mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010Table NKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 19,756 8,761 25,123 53,641

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 140,024 124,031 30,445 294,500

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 10,402 12,239 835 23,477

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 1,317,597 176,308 66,213 1,560,118

Services

5.1 Utiliti 113,019 28,991 6,500 148,511

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 5.5 8.3 4.4 5.4

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 6.5 10.0 4.7 7.7

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 3.5 9.3 2.2 6.4

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 4.6 2.3 0.6 4.1

Services

5.1 Utiliti 2.3 3.3 -1.8 2.3

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

439,197 2,307,447



4.9 4.5 3.1 4.5

2.4



1,499,229 369,021

2017

69

Jadual SMB mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010Table NKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices 2.4

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.3 2.4 5.7 2.3

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.3 33.6 6.9 12.8

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.7 3.3 0.2 1.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 87.9 47.8 15.1 67.6

Services

5.1 Utiliti 7.5 7.9 1.5 6.4

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 36.8 16.3 46.8 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 47.5 42.1 10.3 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 44.3 52.1 3.6 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 84.5 11.3 4.2 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 76.1 19.5 4.4 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMB

Total NKS

100.0



65.0 16.0 19.0 100.0

100.0



100.0 100.0

2017

70

Jadual SMP mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga semasa

Table PKS by kind of economic activity at current prices




1. Pertanian 79,706 81,956 90,442 8.3 2.8 10.4

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 416,866 450,312 488,733 7.0 8.0 8.5

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 33,722 36,441 39,305 8.0 8.1 7.9

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 2,362,028 2,510,981 2,676,252 6.4 6.3 6.6

Services

5.1 Utiliti 258,805 265,764 277,523 4.2 2.7 4.4

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS


Kind of economic activity Peratus sumbangan SMP

Percentage share of PKS

1. Pertanian 2.3 2.2 2.3

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 11.9 12.1 12.3

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 1.0 1.0 1.0

Construction


Services

5.1 Utiliti 7.4 7.1 7.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

2015 2016e

2017p

100.0 100.0 100.0

3,504,152 3,729,711 3,975,003

3.1

2015 2016e

2017p

2017p

6.67.2 6.4

2015 2016e

71

Jadual SMP mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga malar 2010

Table PKS by kind of economic activity at constant 2010 prices




1. Pertanian 65,991 70,326 74,164 6.2 6.6 5.5

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 363,510 384,562 410,631 5.2 5.8 6.8

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 29,412 31,159 33,043 6.4 5.9 6.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 1,893,452 1,964,407 2,045,191 3.7 3.7 4.1

Services

5.1 Utiliti 208,204 210,256 214,757 1.4 1.0 2.1

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS


Kind of economic activity Peratus sumbangan SMP

Percentage share of PKS

1. Pertanian 2.4 2.4 2.4

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 13.1 13.2 13.5

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 1.1 1.1 1.1

Construction


Services

5.1 Utiliti 7.5 7.2 7.1

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

2015 2016e

2017p

100.0 100.0 100.0

2,782,118 2,904,868 3,037,277

3.2

2015 2016e

2017p

2017p

4.64.6 4.4

2015 2016e

72

Jadual SMP mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga semasaTable PKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at current prices

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 31,095 10,913 37,699 79,706

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 203,853 164,005 49,008 416,866

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 16,681 15,537 1,504 33,722

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 1,968,426 266,819 126,783 2,362,028

Services

5.1 Utiliti 199,869 44,485 14,451 258,805

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 6.8 11.6 8.5 8.3

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.2 5.0 5.5 7.0

Manufacturing











3.6 Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikan 4.8 -0.1 -0.3 2.2


4. Pembinaan 6.7 10.1 1.3 8.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 6.9 3.5 4.0 6.4

Services

5.1 Utiliti 4.2 2.0 12.3 4.2

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS



7.2 5.1 8.7 7.2

3,504,152

3.3



2,234,374 529,390 740,388

2015

73

Jadual SMP mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga semasaTable PKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at current prices 3.3

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.4 2.1 5.1 2.3

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.1 31.0 6.6 11.9

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.7 2.9 0.2 1.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 88.1 50.4 17.1 67.4

Services

5.1 Utiliti 8.9 8.4 2.0 7.4

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 39.0 13.7 47.3 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 48.9 39.3 11.8 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 49.5 46.1 4.5 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 83.3 11.3 5.4 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 77.2 17.2 5.6 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS63.8 15.1 21.1 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0





74


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 33,261 12,204 36,491 81,956

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 223,451 174,305 52,556 450,312

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 17,736 17,141 1,563 36,441

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 2,108,344 276,513 126,125 2,510,981

Services

5.1 Utiliti 207,721 44,936 13,107 265,764

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 7.0 11.8 -3.2 2.8

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.6 6.3 7.2 8.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 6.3 10.3 3.9 8.1

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 7.1 3.6 -0.5 6.3

Services

5.1 Utiliti 3.9 1.0 -9.3 2.7

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS



7.4 4.9 4.7 6.4

3,729,711

3.3



2,399,213 555,335 775,163

2016

75


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.4 2.2 4.7 2.2

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.3 31.4 6.8 12.1

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.7 3.1 0.2 1.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 87.9 49.8 16.3 67.3

Services

5.1 Utiliti 8.7 8.1 1.7 7.1

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 40.6 14.9 44.5 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 49.6 38.7 11.7 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 48.7 47.0 4.3 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 84.0 11.0 5.0 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 78.2 16.9 4.9 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS64.3 14.9 20.8 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0





76


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 35,519 13,477 41,446 90,442

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 242,526 189,466 56,741 488,733

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 18,730 18,888 1,686 39,305

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 2,253,377 288,823 134,052 2,676,252

Services

5.1 Utiliti 217,328 46,309 13,886 277,523

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 6.8 10.4 13.6 10.4

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 8.5 8.7 8.0 8.5

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 5.6 10.2 7.9 7.9

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 6.9 4.5 6.3 6.6

Services

5.1 Utiliti 4.6 3.1 5.9 4.4

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

817,295 3,975,003



7.1 5.9 5.4 6.6

3.3



2,569,820 587,888

2017

77


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.4 2.3 5.1 2.3

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.4 32.2 6.9 12.3

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.7 3.2 0.2 1.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 87.7 0.0 16.4 67.3

Services

5.1 Utiliti 8.5 7.9 1.7 7.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 39.3 14.9 45.8 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 49.6 38.8 11.6 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 47.7 48.1 4.3 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 84.2 10.8 5.0 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 78.3 16.7 5.0 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

100.0



64.6 14.8 20.6 100.0

100.0



100.0 50.9

2017

78

Jadual SMP mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010 Table PKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 24,229 10,676 31,086 65,991

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 159,602 161,188 42,720 363,510

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 13,072 15,225 1,115 29,412

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 1,537,538 260,332 95,582 1,893,452

Services

5.1 Utiliti 155,425 43,779 9,000 208,204

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 3.9 10.6 6.6 6.2

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 5.9 3.9 7.7 5.2

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 3.5 9.3 4.8 6.4

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 3.9 2.9 2.8 3.7

Services

5.1 Utiliti 1.4 1.1 2.5 1.4

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS



4.1 4.4 6.5 4.6

2,782,118

3.4



1,745,591 518,204 518,323

2015

79

Jadual SMP mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010 Table PKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices 3.4

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.4 2.1 6.0 2.4

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.1 31.1 8.2 13.1

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.7 2.9 0.2 1.1

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 88.1 50.2 18.4 68.1

Services

5.1 Utiliti 8.9 8.4 1.7 7.5

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 36.7 16.2 47.1 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 43.9 44.3 11.8 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 44.4 51.8 3.8 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 81.2 13.7 5.0 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 74.7 21.0 4.3 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS62.7 18.6 18.6 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0





80

Jadual SMP mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010Table PKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 25,229 11,728 33,370 70,326

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 170,111 169,053 45,399 384,562

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 13,510 16,486 1,162 31,159

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 1,601,931 265,172 97,304 1,964,407

Services

5.1 Utiliti 157,338 43,822 9,097 210,256

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 4.1 9.8 7.3 6.6

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 6.6 4.9 6.3 5.8

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 3.4 8.3 4.2 5.9

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 4.2 1.9 1.8 3.7

Services

5.1 Utiliti 1.2 0.1 1.1 1.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS



4.4 3.4 5.3 4.4

2,904,868

3.4



1,823,239 535,755 545,874

2016

81

Jadual SMP mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010Table PKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices 3.4

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.4 2.2 6.1 2.4

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.3 31.6 8.3 13.2

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.7 3.1 0.2 1.1

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 87.9 49.5 17.8 67.6

Services

5.1 Utiliti 8.6 8.2 1.7 7.2

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 35.9 16.7 47.4 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 44.2 44.0 11.8 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 43.4 52.9 3.7 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 81.5 13.5 5.0 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 74.8 20.8 4.3 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS62.8 18.4 18.8 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0





82

Jadual SMP mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010Table PKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 26,319 12,736 35,109 74,164

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 180,421 182,218 47,992 410,631

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 13,950 17,887 1,205 33,043

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 1,673,802 272,822 98,567 2,045,191

Services

5.1 Utiliti 160,731 44,899 9,128 214,757

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 4.3 8.6 5.2 5.5

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 6.1 7.8 5.7 6.8

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 3.3 8.5 3.7 6.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 4.5 2.9 1.3 4.1

Services

5.1 Utiliti 2.2 2.5 0.3 2.1

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

567,967 3,037,277



4.7 4.6 4.0 4.6

3.4



1,909,063 560,247

2017

83

Jadual SMP mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010Table PKS by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices 3.4

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.4 2.3 6.2 2.4

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 9.5 32.5 8.4 13.5

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.7 3.2 0.2 1.1

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 87.7 48.7 17.4 67.3

Services

5.1 Utiliti 8.4 8.0 1.6 7.1

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 35.5 17.2 47.3 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 43.9 44.4 11.7 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 42.2 54.1 3.6 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 81.8 13.3 4.8 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 74.8 20.9 4.3 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah SMP

Total PKS

100.0



62.9 18.4 18.7 100.0

100.0



100.0 100.0

2017

84

Jadual PMT mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga semasa

Table COFC by kind of economic activity at current prices


Kind of economic activity RM juta Perubahan peratusan tahunan

RM million Annual percentage change

1. Pertanian 6,960 7,176 8,026 7.9 3.1 11.8

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 39,572 41,645 44,351 5.4 5.2 6.5

Manufacturing



3.2 Produk tekstil dan kayu 3,291 3,291 3,285 0.9 0.0 -0.2










4. Pembinaan 3,661 3,939 4,245 8.7 7.6 7.8

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 114,273 121,120 128,569 6.2 6.0 6.1

Services

5.1 Utiliti 16,629 16,999 17,499 5.8 2.2 2.9

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC


Kind of economic activity Peratus sumbangan PMT

Percentage share of COFC

1. Pertanian 3.7 3.6 3.8

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 21.0 20.8 20.8

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 1.9 2.0 2.0

Construction


Services

5.1 Utiliti 8.8 8.5 8.2

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

2015

2015 2016e

2016e

20152017p

2017p

6.6

2016e

100.0

7.1 6.2212,851

2017p

4.1

188,009 199,747

100.0 100.0

85

Jadual PMT mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi pada harga malar 2010

Table COFC by kind of economic activity at constant 2010 prices


Kind of economic activity RM juta Perubahan peratusan tahunan

RM million Annual percentage change

1. Pertanian 6,061 6,502 6,939 6.6 7.3 6.7

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 37,181 38,622 40,601 4.4 3.9 5.1

Manufacturing











3.6 Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikan 2,664 2,663 2,670 0.3 -0.1 0.3


4. Pembinaan 3,449 3,648 3,857 7.8 5.8 5.7

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 98,721 102,620 106,644 4.5 4.0 3.9

Services

5.1 Utiliti 14,556 14,721 14,903 3.9 1.1 1.2

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC


Kind of economic activity Peratus sumbangan PMT

Percentage share of COFC

1. Pertanian 3.7 3.8 3.8

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 22.5 22.3 22.4

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 2.1 2.1 2.1

Construction


Services

5.1 Utiliti 8.8 8.5 8.2

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC100.0 100.0 100.0

2015 2016e

2017p

165,099 173,051 181,079

4.2

2015 2016e

2017p

2017p

4.65.5 4.8

2015 2016e

86

Jadual PMT mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga semasaTable COFC by kind of economic activity and type of assets at current prices

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1,143 1,888 3,929 6,960

Agriculture

2. Perlombongan dan pengkuarian 505 12,362 10,676 23,542


3. Pembuatan 7,045 28,328 4,199 39,572

Manufacturing

3.1 Makanan, minuman dan tembakau 699 3,587 177 4,463




3.3 Produk petroleum, kimia, getah dan plastik 1,730 8,531 677 10,938


3.4 Produk mineral bukan logam, logam asas dan produk logam yang direka 819 3,342 181 4,342




3.6 Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikan 551 1,873 430 2,854


4. Pembinaan 604 2,950 106 3,661

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 57,640 46,637 9,996 114,273

Services

5.1 Utiliti 7,666 8,179 784 16,629

Utilities

5.2 Perdagangan borong dan runcit 2,806 4,278 750 7,834


5.3 Makanan & minuman dan penginapan 843 1,360 73 2,276







Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 5.4 9.8 7.7 7.9

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 8.5 4.6 6.2 5.4

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 6.2 9.4 3.1 8.7

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 7.4 5.6 2.7 6.2

Services

5.1 Utiliti 4.6 6.3 11.7 5.8

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC



7.5 6.8 7.1 7.1

188,009

4.3

RM juta

RM million

66,938 92,165 28,907

2015

87

Jadual PMT mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga semasaTable COFC by kind of economic activity and type of assets at current prices 4.3

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.7 2.0 13.6 3.7

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 10.5 30.7 14.5 21.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.9 3.2 0.4 1.9

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 86.1 50.6 34.6 60.8

Services

5.1 Utiliti 11.5 8.9 2.7 8.8

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 16.4 27.1 56.5 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 17.8 71.6 10.6 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 16.5 80.6 2.9 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 50.4 40.8 8.7 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 46.1 49.2 4.7 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC35.6 49.0 15.4 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0





88


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1,206 2,100 3,870 7,176

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 7,662 29,407 4,576 41,645

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 641 3,184 114 3,939

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 61,871 49,066 10,183 121,120

Services

5.1 Utiliti 7,996 8,259 744 16,999

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 5.6 11.2 -1.5 3.1

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 8.8 3.8 9.0 5.2

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 6.1 7.9 6.9 7.6

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 7.3 5.2 1.9 6.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 4.3 1.0 -5.1 2.2

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC



7.5 5.8 4.9 6.2

199,747

4.3

RM juta

RM million

71,947 97,471 30,328

2016

89


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.7 2.2 12.8 3.6

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 10.6 30.2 15.1 20.8

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.9 3.3 0.4 2.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 86.0 50.3 33.6 60.6

Services

5.1 Utiliti 11.1 8.5 2.5 8.5

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 16.8 29.3 53.9 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 18.4 70.6 11.0 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 16.3 80.8 2.9 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 51.1 40.5 8.4 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 47.0 48.6 4.4 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC36.0 48.8 15.2 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0





90


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1,273 2,320 4,433 8,026

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 8,295 31,099 4,956 44,351

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 676 3,445 124 4,245

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 66,130 51,660 10,779 128,569

Services

5.1 Utiliti 8,333 8,374 793 17,499

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 5.5 10.5 14.6 11.8

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 8.3 5.8 8.3 6.5

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 5.4 8.2 9.3 7.8

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 6.9 5.3 5.8 6.1

Services

5.1 Utiliti 4.2 1.4 6.5 2.9

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

32,707 212,851



7.0 5.8 7.8 6.6

4.3

RM juta

RM million

77,017 103,126

2017

91


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.7 2.2 13.6 3.8

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 10.8 30.2 15.2 20.8

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.9 3.3 0.4 2.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 85.9 50.1 33.0 60.4

Services

5.1 Utiliti 10.8 8.1 2.4 8.2

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 15.9 28.9 55.2 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 18.7 70.1 11.2 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 15.9 81.1 2.9 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 51.4 40.2 8.4 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 47.6 47.9 4.5 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

100.0



36.2 48.4 15.4 100.0

100.0



100.0 100.0

2017

92

Jadual PMT mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010 Table COFC by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 890 1,850 3,321 6,061

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 5,516 27,912 3,753 37,181

Manufacturing



3.2 Produk tekstil dan kayu 811 2,124 81 3,015










4. Pembinaan 474 2,894 82 3,449

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 45,047 45,577 8,097 98,721

Services

5.1 Utiliti 5,958 8,068 531 14,556

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 2.5 9.0 6.5 6.6

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 5.2 3.6 8.7 4.4

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 3.0 8.6 7.4 7.8

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 4.3 5.0 2.9 4.5

Services

5.1 Utiliti 1.9 5.4 5.5 3.9

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC



4.4 6.0 6.4 5.5

165,099

4.4

RM juta

RM million

52,320 90,402 22,377

2015

93

Jadual PMT mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset pada harga malar 2010 Table COFC by kind of economic activity and type of assets at constant 2010 prices 4.4

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.7 2.0 14.8 3.7

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 10.5 30.9 16.8 22.5

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.9 3.2 0.4 2.1

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 86.1 50.4 36.2 59.8

Services

5.1 Utiliti 11.4 8.9 2.4 8.8

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 14.7 30.5 54.8 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 14.8 75.1 10.1 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 13.7 83.9 2.4 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 45.6 46.2 8.2 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 40.9 55.4 3.6 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC31.7 54.8 13.6 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0





94


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 915 2,031 3,556 6,502

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 5,833 28,751 4,038 38,622

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 488 3,072 87 3,648

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 47,028 47,322 8,271 102,620

Services

5.1 Utiliti 6,053 8,121 546 14,721

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 2.8 9.7 7.1 7.3

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 5.7 3.0 7.6 3.9

Manufacturing











3.6 Peralatan pengangkutan, pembuatan lain dan pembaikan 2.6 -1.4 3.3 -0.1


4. Pembinaan 3.1 6.2 6.2 5.8

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 4.4 3.8 2.2 4.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 1.6 0.7 2.9 1.1

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC



4.5 4.7 5.8 4.8

173,051

4.4

RM juta

RM million

54,693 94,690 23,669

2016

95


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.7 2.1 15.0 3.8

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 10.7 30.4 17.1 22.3

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.9 3.2 0.4 2.1

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 86.0 50.0 34.9 59.3

Services

5.1 Utiliti 11.1 8.6 2.3 8.5

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 14.1 31.2 54.7 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 15.1 74.4 10.5 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 13.4 84.2 2.4 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 45.8 46.1 8.1 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 41.1 55.2 3.7 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC31.6 54.7 13.7 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0





96


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 943 2,206 3,790 6,939

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 6,171 30,134 4,296 40,601

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 503 3,261 92 3,857

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 49,151 49,107 8,386 106,644

Services

5.1 Utiliti 6,159 8,189 554 14,903

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 3.1 8.6 6.6 6.7

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 5.8 4.8 6.4 5.1

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 3.1 6.2 5.4 5.7

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 4.5 3.8 1.4 3.9

Services

5.1 Utiliti 1.7 0.8 1.5 1.2

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

24,834 181,079



4.7 4.6 4.9 4.6

4.4

RM juta

RM million

57,245 98,999

2017

97


Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 1.6 2.2 15.3 3.8

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 10.8 30.4 17.3 22.4

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 0.9 3.3 0.4 2.1

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 85.9 49.6 33.8 58.9

Services

5.1 Utiliti 10.8 8.3 2.2 8.2

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

Struktur

Structure

Jentera dan

peralatan

Machinery and

equipment

Aset lain

Other assets

Jumlah

Total

1. Pertanian 13.6 31.8 54.6 100.0

Agriculture



3. Pembuatan 15.2 74.2 10.6 100.0

Manufacturing













4. Pembinaan 13.1 84.6 2.4 100.0

Construction

5. Perkhidmatan 46.1 46.0 7.9 100.0

Services

5.1 Utiliti 41.3 55.0 3.7 100.0

Utilities










Other services

Jumlah PMT

Total COFC

100.0



31.6 54.7 13.7 100.0

100.0



100.0 100.0

2017

98

99

NOTA TEKNIKAL

1. DEFINISI

1.1 Stok Modal Kasar (SMK)

SMK merupakan pelaburan terkumpul ditolak dengan nilai aset terkumpul yang tidak lagi

beroperasi (iaitu telah bersara atau dibuang).

1.2 Stok Modal Bersih (SMB)

SMB merupakan pelaburan terkumpul ditolak dengan nilai aset yang telah bersara dan

susut nilai terkumpul bagi aset yang masih beroperasi (SMK ditolak dengan susut nilai

terkumpul bagi aset masih beroperasi). Ia juga merupakan nilai bersih semasa bagi

menjana perkhidmatan modal di masa depan yang akan diberikan oleh aset terkumpul

tersebut.

1.3 Stok Modal Produktif (SMP)

SMP diperoleh daripada nilai kasar aset bagi aset yang berbeza usianya kerana

perbezaan kecekapan aset-aset tersebut.

1.4 Penggunaan Modal Tetap (PMT)

PMT merupakan aset yang digunakan dalam proses pengeluaran semasa tempoh

perakaunan.

Nilai bagi SMK, SMB dan SMP adalah merujuk kepada nilai akhir tahun manakala bagi PMT

merujuk kepada nilai tahun semasa.

2. METODOLOGI

Perpetual Inventory Method (PIM) menjana anggaran stok modal dengan mengumpul

pembelian aset-aset terdahulu mengikut anggaran hayat perkhidmatannya. Terdapat dua

pendekatan dalam melaksanakan PIM iaitu tradisional PIM dan pendekatan bersepadu.

2.1 PIM pendekatan bersepadu

PIM pendekatan bersepadu digunakan untuk menganggarkan stok modal di Malaysia.

Pendekatan bersepadu PIM dipelopori oleh United States Bureau of Labor Statistics

(BLS) dan turut digunakan oleh Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).

Pendekatan bersepadu mempunyai kelebihan iaitu semua data stok dan aliran perlu

konsisten antara satu sama lain. Pendekatan ini digunakan kerana ia memastikan

konsistensi antara pengukuran perkhidmatan modal, PMT dan SMB.

100

Profil kecekapan-usia digunakan untuk menjana profil harga-usia aset dan di mana

kemudiannya PMT diperoleh secara tidak langsung sebagai perbezaan antara turutan nilai

SMB. Langkah-langkah yang terlibat dalam melaksanakan PIM diringkaskan dalam Rajah 1.

2.2 Keperluan PIM

Keperluan asas untuk menjana PIM adalah:

i. Pembentukan Modal Tetap Kasar (PMTK)

Data siri masa PMTK mengikut jenis aktiviti ekonomi dan jenis aset.

ii. Indeks harga aset

Indeks harga mengikut jenis aset untuk sepanjang tempoh PMTK.

iii. Purata hayat perkhidmatan aset

Purata hayat perkhidmatan aset iaitu purata tempoh masa sesuatu aset digunakan

dalam pengeluaran.

iv. Fungsi persaraan

Setakat mana harta bersara sebelum, semasa atau selepas purata jangka hayatnya.

Persaraan terjadi apabila harta modal dikeluarkan daripada stok modal pada akhir

hayat perkhidmatannya. Persaraan juga sinonim dengan “dibuang” dan “dimusnahkan”.

Rajah 1: Aplikasi PIM (Pendekatan bersepadu)

101

v. Profil kecekapan-usia

Profil kecekapan-usia aset menggambarkan perubahan (biasanya penurunan) dalam

kecekapan aset apabila usia sesuatu aset meningkat. Dalam konteks ini, kecekapan

merujuk kepada kemampuan aset untuk menghasilkan kuantiti perkhidmatan modal

bagi jumlah input yang telah diberikan. Ia digunakan untuk mendapatkan anggaran

SMP.

vi. Profil harga-usia

Profil harga-usia aset menggambarkan perubahan (biasanya penurunan) dalam harga

aset apabila usia sesuatu aset meningkat. Ia digunakan untuk mendapatkan anggaran

SMB dan PMT.

2.3 Pola persaraan, fungsi kecekapan-usia dan harga-usia

i. Pola persaraan

Empat jenis pola persaraan yang disarankan dalam manual OECD iaitu:

keluar serentak

linear

linear tertangguh

bentuk loceng (Winfrey, Weibull dan Lognormal)

Winfrey S31 digunakan untuk fungsi persaraan bagi semua jenis aset kecuali aset

hiburan, kesusasteraan dan kesenian asal.

ii. Fungsi kecekapan-usia

Terdapat beberapa fungsi kecekapan-usia yang telah dibincangkan dalam manual

OECD. Fungsi hiperbolik yang digunakan adalah sama seperti yang digunakan oleh

ABS dan BLS. Fungsi kecekapan-usia hiperbolik menerangkan bahawa kecekapan

aset pada mulanya menurun dengan jumlah yang kecil dan kadar penurunan mula

meningkat apabila aset tersebut semakin meningkat usianya (Rajah 2).

%

Kecekapan-usia logistik

Kecekapan-usia hiperbolik

Jangka hayat aset (Tahun)

13 14 15 16 178 9 10 11 123 4 5 6 70 1 2 18 19 20

0

60

40

20

100

80

Sepadan kepada:

____________________________________________________

1 Keluk mortality function Winfrey S3 telah dibangunkan oleh Robley Winfrey berdasarkan kepada kajian beliau ke atas 176 kumpulan aset industri. Keluk mortality function Winfrey S3 ini telah mengandaikan bahawa “pembuangan aset” bermula pada 45% daripada purata jangka hayat dan berterusan ke 155% daripada purata, di mana semua aset bagi umur yang diberikan telah dibuang. Engineering Valuation and Depreciation, 1953, Jadual B.1 halaman 416.

Rajah 3: Fungsi harga-usia

%

Logistik

Hiperbolik

5

100

80

60

40

20

0

0 1 2 3 4 18 19 20

Jangka hayat aset (Tahun)

12 13 14 15 16 176 7 8 9 10 11

Rajah 2: Fungsi kecekapan-usia

Hiperbolik

Logistik

Jangka hayat aset (Tahun) Jangka hayat aset (Tahun)

Kecekapan-usia hiperbolik

Kecekapan-usia logistik

Sepadan kepada:

102

Penurunan hiperbolik adalah dalam bentuk:

Et = M-At

M-ßAt

Di mana; Et adalah kecekapan aset pada waktu t (sebagai nisbah

kecekapan hayat aset semasa aset tersebut masih baru)

M adalah jangka hayat aset untuk setiap taburan Winfrey

At adalah usia aset pada masa t

ß adalah parameter pengurangan kecekapan

Parameter pengurangan kecekapan ß ditetapkan pada 0.5 untuk jentera dan peralatan,

perabot dan pemasangan, komputer dan 0.75 untuk struktur (yang sama digunakan

oleh ABS dan BLS seperti yang disarankan dalam manual OECD). Untuk carigali

mineral & penilaian dan penyelidikan & pembangunan, ß ditetapkan pada 1,

menggambarkan bahawa tiada penurunan kecekapan dalam pengetahuan.

Rajah 2 dan 3 menunjukkan jenis utama bagi fungsi kecekapan-usia dan fungsi

harga-usia yang berkaitan dengan setiap fungsi kecekapan-usia. Apabila fungsi

hiperbolik bagi setiap kemungkinan hayat perkhidmatan aset diwajarkan bersama

(untuk setiap taburan Winfrey), ia menghasilkan purata fungsi kecekapan-usia yang

menyerupai fungsi logistik dengan titik lengkuk balas apabila mencapai akhir usia

maksimum aset2.

iii. Fungsi harga-usia

Fungsi harga-usia dikira menggunakan fungsi kecekapan-usia dan kadar diskaun

benar. Ia menggambarkan penurunan aliran perkhidmatan modal bagi aset yang

semakin meningkat usia. Dengan menggunakan kadar diskaun tersebut, nilai bersih

semasa perkhidmatan modal masa hadapan dapat dikira. Dalam penyusunan ini, kadar

diskaun benar lima peratus telah dipilih iaitu hampir kepada kadar benar purata bagi

10 tahun bon kerajaan Malaysia.

____________________________________________________

2 Australian System of National Accounts : Concepts, Sources and Methods 2015, Bab 14 halaman 357-381

103

3. SUMBER DATA

3.1 Pembentukan Modal Tetap Kasar (PMTK)

Data siri masa PMTK dikumpul dan disusun bermula dari tahun 1955 hingga tahun terkini

mengikut 16 jenis aset dan 24 jenis aktiviti ekonomi di Malaysia. Bagi tahun-tahun terkini,

data PMTK diperoleh daripada penyusunan PMTK tahunan.

i. Sumber data dalaman

Bagi data siri masa terdahulu, sumber data dalaman diperoleh daripada banci dan

penyiasatan ekonomi yang dijalankan oleh Jabatan, penerbitan yang mengandungi

maklumat agensi lain dan data import barangan modal.

ii. Sumber data luaran

Sumber data luaran adalah daripada rekod pentadbiran, laporan tahunan syarikat,

akaun kewangan syarikat, data yang diperoleh dan diekstrak daripada Arkib Negara

Malaysia, penerbitan agensi lain dan maklumat daripada Rancangan Malaysia. Data

siri masa terutamanya untuk sektor pengangkutan dan utiliti disusun daripada rekod

pentadbiran dan laporan tahunan syarikat yang diekstrak daripada Arkib Negara

Malaysia. Selain itu, bagi tahun di mana data PMTK tidak diperoleh, pelbagai teknik

anggaran digunakan untuk memperoleh data PMTK termasuk menggunakan

petunjuk-petunjuk seperti pengeluaran, pendapatan dan jualan.

Maklumat daripada Rancangan Malaysia dan Kajian Separuh Penggal Rancangan

Malaysia memberikan panduan nilai belanjawan yang diperuntukkan dan telah

digunakan terutama bagi projek-projek utama dalam pelbagai sektor seperti

pengangkutan, utiliti dan telekomunikasi. Maklumat ini turut merangkumi projek-projek

yang telah dilaksanakan atau ditangguhkan.

Oleh itu, Rancangan Malaysia dan Kajian Separuh Penggal juga sangat penting untuk

menyokong dan menjadi asas kepada anggaran PMTK bagi suatu tempoh masa

tertentu terutamanya pada peringkat sektor ekonomi.

3.2 Indeks harga aset

Indeks Harga Pengeluar (IHPR), Indeks Kos Bahan Binaan Bangunan (IKB), Indeks

Harga Pengguna (IHP) dan indeks upah adalah indeks harga aset yang telah dikenal pasti

untuk digunakan sebagai pendeflasi harga aset untuk anggaran stok modal. IHPR

digunakan untuk pendeflasi sebahagian besar aset seperti jentera dan peralatan,

peralatan pengangkutan, komputer dan perabot & pemasangan. IKB digunakan untuk

mendeflasi struktur, sementara carigali mineral & penilaian dan penyelidikan &

pembangunan dideflasi menggunakan indeks upah pekerja yang terlibat dalam industri.

Pendeflasi untuk hiburan, kesusasteraan dan kesenian asal adalah menggunakan IHP

dan IHPR yang relevan bagi item tersebut.

104

3.3 Min hayat perkhidmatan aset

Hayat perkhidmatan aset diperoleh daripada pelbagai sumber, terutamanya daripada

laporan tahunan syarikat pelbagai industri. Anggaran hayat perkhidmatan aset tertentu

adalah berdasarkan kepada perbincangan dengan industri, penilaian pakar dan hayat

perkhidmatan aset tertentu di negara-negara lain yang dianggap sama3. Hayat

perkhidmatan bagi semua aset adalah tetap sepanjang masa. Semakan hayat

perkhidmatan komputer dan kos pindah milik telah dilaksanakan semasa pelaksanaan

pengasasan semula. Min hayat perkhidmatan aset yang digunakan dalam siri ini adalah

seperti jadual di bawah.

Min hayat perkhidmatan aset

____________________________________________________

3 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Measuring Capital OECD Manual, 2009, halaman 110.

Jenis asetKategori tiga

kumpulan aset

1 35 Kediaman

2 35 - 50 Bukan kediaman

3 35 - 50 Struktur lain

4 7 Kenderaan bermotor

5 5 - 8 Kenderaan perdagangan

6 10 Peralatan pengangkutan lain

7 5 - 10 Komputer

8 10 Jentera dan peralatan lain

9 5 Perabot dan pemasangan

10 8 Ternakan

11 15 Tanaman modal

12 34 Carigali mineral dan penilaian

13 10 Penyelidikan dan pembangunan

14 17 - 27 Kos pindah milik

15 15 Sistem persenjataan

16 3 Hiburan, kesusasteraan dan kesenian asal

Min hayat

perkhidmatan (tahun)

Struktur

Jentera dan

peralatan

Aset lain

105

TECHNICAL NOTES

1. DEFINITIONS

1.1 Gross Capital Stock (GKS)

GKS represents accumulated investment less the accumulated value of the assets no

longer operating (that is retired or discarded).

1.2 Net Capital Stock (NKS)

NKS represents accumulated investment less retirements and accumulated depreciation

for assets still operating (GKS less accumulated depreciation on assets still operating). It

also represents the net present values of the future capital services to be provided by the

assets.

1.3 Productive Capital Stock (PKS)

PKS is derived from the gross value of assets of different ages due to differences in their

efficiencies.

1.4 Consumption of Fixed Capital (COFC)

COFC is the assets used up in the production process during an accounting period.

The value of GKS, NKS and PKS was referred to the end year value, while COFC was

referred to the value of current year.

2. METHODOLOGY

The Perpetual Inventory Method (PIM) generates an estimate of capital stock by accumulating

past purchases of assets over their estimated service lives. There are two approaches in

applying PIM that are the traditional PIM and integrated approach.

2.1 PIM integrated approach

PIM integrated approach is applied to estimate the capital stocks in Malaysia. The PIM

integrated approach was pioneered by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)

and also used by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).

The integrated approach has an advantage that all stocks and flow data are necessarily

consistent with each other. This approach is used as it ensures consistency between the

measurement of capital services, COFC and NKS.

106

The age-efficiency profile is used to generate age-price profiles for assets and then to

derive COFC indirectly as the difference between successive values of the NKS.

The steps involved in applying the PIM are summarised in Diagram 1.

2.2 Requirements of PIM

The basic requirements to apply the PIM are:

i. Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF)

Time series of GFCF data by kind of economic activity and by type of assets.

ii. Asset price indices

Price indices by type of assets for the entire time span of GFCF.

iii. Average asset service lives

The average length of asset service lives, i.e. average length of time they are used in

production.

iv. Retirement function

The extent to which assets are retired before, on or after the average asset lives for that

asset. Retirements occur when capital assets are withdrawn from the capital stocks at

the end of their service lives. Retirements are also synonymous with “discards” and

“scrapping”.

Diagram 1: Application of PIM (Integrated approach)

107

v. Age-efficiency profile

The age-efficiency profile of an asset describes the change (usually the decline) in the

efficiency of an asset as it ages. In this context, efficiency refers to the asset's ability to

produce quantity of capital services for a given amount of inputs. It is used to derive

PKS estimates.

vi. Age-price profile

The age-price profile of an asset describes the change (usually the decline) in the price

of an asset as it ages. It is used to derive NKS and COFC estimates.

2.3 Retirement patterns, age-efficiency and age-price functions

i. Retirement patterns

Four types of retirement patterns are recommended in the OECD manual, which are:

simultaneous exit

linear

delayed linear

bell shaped (Winfrey, Weibull and Lognormal)

Winfrey S31 was applied for retirement functions for all the asset types except

entertainment, literary and artistic originals.

ii. Age-efficiency functions

There are several age-efficiency functions that were discussed in the OECD manual.

Hyperbolic functions are applied as used by ABS and BLS. The hyperbolic

age-efficiency function describes that the efficiency of the asset declines by small

amounts at first and the rate of decline increases as the asset ages (Diagram 2).

____________________________________________________

1 Winfrey S3 curve mortality function was developed by Robley Winfrey based on his studies on 176 groups of industrial assets. The Winfrey S3 curve mortality function assumes that discards start at 45% of the average age and continue to 155% of the average, by which time all the assets of a given vintage have been discarded. Engineering Valuation and Depreciation, 1953, Table B.1 page 416.

Corresponding to : %

Logistic age-efficiency

Hyperbolic age-efficiency

Assets life (Years)

14 15 16 17 18

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 19 20

60

40

20

100

80

Diagram 3: Age-price functions

Hyperbolic age-efficiency

Logistic age-efficiency

Assets lives (Years)

Corresponding to: %100

0

20

40

60

80

0 2019181716765432 13 1514121110981

Assets lives (Years)

Hyperbolic

Logistic

Diagram 2: Age-efficiency functions

108

Hyperbolic decline in the form:

Et = M-At

M-ßAt

Where ; Et is the efficiency of the asset at time t (as a ratio of

the asset’s lives efficiency when the asset is new)

M is the asset lives as per the Winfrey distribution

At is the age of the asset at time t

ß is the efficiency reduction parameter

The efficiency reduction parameter ß is set to 0.5 for machinery and equipment,

furniture and fittings, computers and 0.75 for structure (the same being used by ABS

and BLS as recommended in the OECD Manual). For mineral exploration & evaluation

and research & development, ß is set to 1, implying that there is no efficiency decline

in knowledge.

Diagram 2 and 3 show the main types of age-efficiency functions and the age-price

functions respectively relating to each of the age-efficiency functions. When the

hyperbolic functions for each of the possible lives of an asset are weighted together

(as per the Winfrey distributions), the resulting average age-efficiency function

resembles a logistic function with a point of inflection towards the end of its maximum

lives of assets2.

iii. Age-price function

Age-price function is calculated using age-efficiency functions and a real discount rate.

It describes the decline in the flow of capital services of an asset as it ages. By using

the discount rate, the net present values of future capital services can be calculated. In

this compilation, a real discount rate of five per cent has been chosen, which is

approximately to the average real Malaysia’s 10-year government bond rate.

____________________________________________________

2 Australian System of National Accounts : Concepts, Sources and Methods 2015, Chapter 14 page 357-381

109

3. DATA SOURCES

3.1 Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF)

The GFCF time series data was collected and compiled from 1955 onwards by 16 types of

assets and 24 kind of economic activities in Malaysia. In the recent years, GFCF data are

obtained from the annual GFCF compilation.

i. Internal data sources

For the historical time series data, internal data sources are obtained from the

economic censuses and surveys conducted by the Department, publications containing

information from other agencies and imported capital goods data.

ii. External data sources

External data sources are from administrative records, company annual reports,

company financial accounts, data obtained and extracted from National Archives of

Malaysia, other agencies’ publications and information from the Malaysia Plans. The

time series data particularly for transport and the utilities sectors is compiled from the

administrative records and company annual reports extracted from National Archives of

Malaysia. Other than that, for years when the GFCF data are not available, various

estimation techniques are applied to obtain GFCF data which include using indicators

such as production, revenues and sales.

Information from the Malaysia Plan and the Mid-Term Review Malaysia Plan provides

guidelines on the value of the budget allocated and used especially for key projects in

various sectors such as the transportation, utilities and telecommunication sectors. The

information also includes the projects that had been implemented or postponed.

Thus, the Malaysia Plan and Mid-Term Review Malaysia Plans are very essential to

support and to provide basis for the estimation of the GFCF data for the respective

period specifically at the level of economic sectors.

3.2 Asset price indices

The Producer Price Index (PPI), the Building Material Cost Index (BCI), the Consumer

Price Index (CPI) and wage index are the asset price indices which have been identified to

be used as the asset price deflator for capital stocks estimation. The PPI is used to deflate

most of the assets such as machinery and equipment, transport equipment, computers

and furniture & fittings. The BCI is used to deflate structure, while mineral exploration &

evaluation and research & development are deflated using wage index of employees

involved in the industries. The deflator for the entertainment, literary and artistic originals

are the relevant CPI and PPI for the items.

110

3.3 Mean service lives of assets

The service lives of assets are obtained from various sources, mainly from the company

annual reports of various industries. The estimation of service lives for certain assets are

based on discussion with the industry, expert judgment and service lives of certain assets

of other countries which are deemed to be similar3. Service lives for all assets are fixed

over time. Revisions on the service lives of computers and cost of ownership transfer had

been done during the rebasing exercise. The mean service lives of assets in this series is

shown in the table below.

____________________________________________________

3 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Measuring Capital OECD Manual, 2009, page 110.

Mean service lives of assets

Type of assetsCategory by three

group of assets

1 35 Residential

2 35 - 50 Non-residential

3 35 - 50 Other structure

4 7 Motor vehicles

5 5 - 8 Commercial vehicles

6 10 Other transport equipment

7 5 - 10 Computers

8 10 Other machinery and equipment

9 5 Furniture and fittings

10 8 Livestock

11 15 Capitalised planting

12 34 Mineral exploration and evaluation

13 10 Research and development

14 17 - 27 Cost of ownership transfer

15 15 Weapon systems

16 3 Entertainment, literary and artistic originals

Mean of service lives

(years)

Structure

Machinery and

equipment

Other assets

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