Amalgam

Dental AmalgamDental Amalgam

Col Kraig S VandewalleUSAF Dental Evaluation amp Consultation Service

Official Disclaimer

bull The opinions expressed in this presentation are

those of the author and do not necessarily

reflect the official position of the US Air Force or

the Department of Defense (DOD)

bull Devices or materials appearing in this

presentation are used as examples of currently

available productstechnologies and do not

imply an endorsement by the author andor the

USAFDOD

Overview

bull History

bull Basic composition

bull Basic setting reactions

bull Classifications

bull Manufacturing

bull Variables in amalgam

performanceClick here for briefing on dental amalgam (PDF)

History

bull 1833

ndash Crawcour brothers introduceamalgam to US

bull powdered silver coins mixed with mercuryndash expanded on setting

bull 1895

ndash GV Black develops formula for modern amalgam alloy

bull 67 silver 27 tin 5 copper 1 zincndash overcame expansion problems

History

bull 1960rsquos

ndash conventional low-copper lathe-cut alloys

bull smaller particles

ndash first generation high-copper alloys

bull Dispersalloy (Caulk)

ndash admixture of spherical Ag-Cu

eutectic particles with

conventional lathe-cut

ndash eliminated gamma-2 phase

Mahler J Dent Res 1997

Historybull 1970rsquos

ndash first single composition sphericalbull Tytin (Kerr)

bull ternary system (silvertincopper)

bull 1980rsquos

ndash alloys similar to Dispersalloy and Tytin

bull 1990rsquos

ndash mercury-free alloys


Amalgam

bull An alloy of mercury with another metal

Why Amalgam

bull Inexpensive

bull Ease of use

bull Proven track record

ndash gt100 years

bull Familiarity

bull Resin-free

ndash less allergies than composite

Click here for Talking Paper on Amalgam Safety (PDF)

Constituents in Amalgam

bull Basic

ndash Silver

ndash Tin

ndash Copper

ndash Mercury

bull Other

ndash Zinc

ndash Indium

ndash Palladium

Basic Constituents

bull Silver (Ag)

ndash increases strength

ndash increases expansion

bull Tin (Sn)

ndash decreases expansion

ndash decreased strength

ndash increases setting time

Philliprsquos Science of Dental Materials 2003

Basic Constituents

bull Copper (Cu)

ndash ties up tin

bull reducing gamma-2 formation


ndash reduces tarnish and corrosion

ndash reduces creep

bull reduces marginal deterioration


Basic Constituents

bull Mercury (Hg)

ndash activates reaction

ndash only pure metal that is liquid at room temperature

ndash spherical alloysbull require less mercury

ndash smaller surface area easier to wet

raquo 40 to 45 Hg

ndash admixed alloysbull require more mercury

ndash lathe-cut particles more difficult to wet

raquo 45 to 50 Hg

Click here for ADA Mercury

Hygiene Recommendations


Other Constituents

bull Zinc (Zn)

ndash used in manufacturingbull decreases oxidation of other elements

ndash sacrificial anode

ndash provides better clinical performancebull less marginal breakdown

ndash Osborne JW Am J Dent 1992

ndash causes delayed expansion with low Cu alloysbull if contaminated with moisture during condensation

ndash Phillips RW JADA 1954


H2O + Zn ZnO + H2

Other Constituents

bull Indium (In)

ndash decreases surface tensionbull reduces amount of mercury necessary

bull reduces emitted mercury vapor

ndash reduces creep and marginal breakdown


ndash must be used in admixed alloys

ndash examplebull Indisperse (Indisperse Distributing Company)

ndash 5 indium

Powell J Dent Res 1989

Other Constituents

bull Palladium (Pd)

ndash reduced corrosion

ndash greater luster

ndash example

bull Valiant PhD (Ivoclar Vivadent)

ndash 05 palladium


Basic Compositionbull A silver-mercury matrix containing filler

particles of silver-tin

bull Filler (bricks)ndash Ag3Sn called gamma

bull can be in various shapes

ndash irregular (lathe-cut) sphericalor a combination

bull Matrixndash Ag2Hg3 called gamma 1

bull cement

ndash Sn8Hg called gamma 2 bull voids


Basic Setting Reactions

bull Conventional low-copper alloys

bull Admixed high-copper alloys

bull Single composition high-copper alloys

bull Dissolution and precipitation

bull Hg dissolves Ag and Snfrom alloy

bull Intermetallic compoundsformed

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Conventional Low-Copper Alloys

Hg Hg

AgAg33Sn + HgSn + Hg AgAg33Sn + AgSn + Ag22HgHg33 + Sn+ Sn88HgHg


1 2


bull Gamma ( ) = Ag3Sn

ndash unreacted alloy

ndash strongest phase and

corrodes the least

ndash forms 30 of volume

of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2


bull Gamma 1 ( 1) = Ag2Hg3

ndash matrix for unreacted alloy

and 2nd strongest phase

ndash 10 micron grains

binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy


bull Gamma 2 ( 2) = Sn8Hg

ndash weakest and softest phase

ndash corrodes fast voids form

ndash corrosion yields Hg which

reacts with more gamma ( )

ndash 10 of volume

ndash volume decreases with time

due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Admixed High-Copper Alloys

bull Ag enters Hg from Ag-Cu spherical eutectic particlesndash eutectic

bull an alloy in which the elements are completely soluble in liquid solution but separate into distinct areas upon solidification

bull Both Ag and Sn enter Hg from Ag3Sn particles


AgAg33Sn + AgSn + Ag--Cu + HgCu + Hg AgAg33Sn + AgSn + Ag--Cu + AgCu + Ag22HgHg33 + Cu+ Cu66SnSn55

1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg


bull Sn diffuses to surface of

Ag-Cu particles

ndash reacts with Cu to form

(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )

bull around unconsumed

Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1


bull Gamma 1 ( 1) (Ag2Hg3)

surrounds ( ) eta phase

(Cu6Sn5) and gamma ( )

alloy particles (Ag3Sn)Ag-Sn

Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys

bull Gamma sphere ( ) (Ag3Sn)

with epsilon coating ( )(Cu3Sn)

bull Ag and Sn dissolve in Hg

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn

AgAg33Sn + CuSn + Cu33Sn + HgSn + Hg AgAg33Sn + CuSn + Cu33Sn + AgSn + Ag22HgHg33 + Cu+ Cu66SnSn55


1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys

bull Gamma 1 ( 1) (Ag2Hg3) crystalsgrow binding together partially-

dissolved gamma ( ) alloyparticles (Ag3Sn)

bull Epsilon ( ) (Cu3Sn) develops crystals on surface of gamma particle (Ag3Sn)

in the form of eta ( ) (Cu6Sn5)

ndash reduces creep

ndash prevents gamma-2 formation

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications

bull Based on copper content

bull Based on particle shape

bull Based on method of adding

copper

Copper Content

bull Low-copper alloys

ndash 4 to 6 Cu

bull High-copper alloys

ndash thought that 6 Cu was maximum amount

bull due to fear of excessive corrosion and expansion

ndash Now contain 9 to 30 Cu

bull at expense of Ag


Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu

bull Dispersalloy Valiant

PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant

Method of Adding Copper

bull Single Composition Lathe-Cut (SCL)

bull Single Composition Spherical (SCS)

bull Admixture Lathe-cut + Spherical Eutectic (ALE)

bull Admixture Lathe-cut + Single Composition

Spherical (ALSCS)

Single Composition Lathe-Cut

(SCL)

bull More Hg needed than spherical alloys

bull High condensation force needed due to

lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example

ndash ANA 2000 (Nordiska Dental)

Single Composition Spherical

(SCS)bull Spherical particles wet easier with Hg

ndash less Hg needed (42)

bull Less condensation force larger condenser

bull Gamma particles as 20 micron spheres

ndash with epsilon layer on surface

bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)

ndash Valiant (Ivoclar Vivadent)

Admixture

Lathe-cut + Spherical Eutectic

(ALE)bull Composition

ndash 23 conventional lathe cut (3 Cu)

ndash 13 high Cu spherical eutectic (28 Cu)

ndash overall 12 Cu 1 Zn

bull Initial reaction produces gamma 2

ndash no gamma 2 within two years

bull Example

ndash Dispersalloy (Caulk)

Admixture

Lathe-cut + Single Composition

Spherical (ALSCS)bull High Cu in both lathe-cut and spherical

components

ndash 19 Cu

bull Epsilon layer forms on both components

bull 05 palladium added

ndash reinforce grain boundaries on gamma 1

bull Example

ndash Valiant PhD (Ivoclar Vivadent)

Manufacturing Process

bull Lathe-cut alloys

ndash Ag amp Sn melted together

ndash alloy cooled

bull phases solidify

ndash heat treat

bull 400 ordmC for 8 hours

ndash grind then mill to 25 - 50 microns

ndash heat treat to release stresses of grinding



bull Spherical alloys

ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize

bull spheres form as particles cool

ndash sizes range from 5 - 40 microns

bull variety improves condensability


Material-Related Variables

bull Dimensional change

bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change

bull Most high-copper amalgams undergo a

net contraction

bull Contraction leaves marginal gap

ndash initial leakage

bull post-operative sensitivity

ndash reduced with corrosion over time


Dimensional Change

bull Net contraction

ndash type of alloybull spherical alloys have more

contractionndash less mercury

ndash condensation techniquebull greater condensation = higher contraction

ndash trituration timebull overtrituration causes higher contraction


Strength

bull Develops slowly

ndash 1 hr 40 to 60 of maximum

ndash 24 hrs 90 of maximum

bull Spherical alloys strengthen faster

ndash require less mercury

bull Higher compressive vs tensile strength

bull Weak in thin sections

ndash unsupported edges fracture


Corrosion

bull Reduces strength

bull Seals margins

ndash low copper bull 6 months

ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase

ndash high copperbull 6 - 24 months

ndash SnO2 SnCl CuCl

ndash eta-phase (Cu6Sn5)

Sutow J Dent Res 1991

Creep

bull Slow deformation of amalgam placed under a constant load

ndash load less than that necessary to produce fracture

bull Gamma 2 dramatically affects creep rate

ndash slow strain rates produces plastic deformationbull allows gamma-1 grains to slide

bull Correlates with marginal breakdown


Creep

bull High-copper amalgams have creep resistance

ndash prevention of gamma-2 phasebull requires gt12 Cu total

ndash single composition sphericalbull eta (Cu6Sn5) embedded in gamma-1 grains

ndash interlock

ndash admixturebull eta (Cu6Sn5) around Ag-Cu particles

ndash improves bonding to gamma 1

Click here for table of creep values

Dentist-Controlled Variables

bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing

Triturationbull Mixing time

ndash refer to manufacturerrecommendations

bull Click here for details

bull Overtriturationndash ldquohotrdquo mix

bull sticks to capsule

ndash decreases working setting time

ndash slight increase in setting contraction

bull Undertriturationndash grainy crumbly mix


Condensation

bull Forces

ndash lathe-cut alloysbull small condensers

bull high force

ndash spherical alloysbull large condensers

bull less sensitive to amount of force

bull vertical lateral with vibratory motion

ndash admixture alloysbull intermediate handling between lathe-cut and spherical

Burnishing

bull Pre-carve

ndash removes excess mercury

ndash improves margin adaptation

bull Post-carve

ndash improves smoothness

bull Combined

ndash less leakage

Ben-Amar Dent Mater 1987

Early Finishing

bull After initial set

ndash prophy cup with pumice

ndash provides initial smoothness to restorations

ndash recommended for spherical amalgams

Polishing

bull Increased smoothness

bull Decreased plaque retention

bull Decreased corrosion

bull Clinically effective

ndash no improvement in marginal integrity

bull Mayhew Oper Dent 1986

bull Collins J Dent 1992

ndash Click here for abstract

Alloy Selection

bull Handling characteristics

bull Mechanical and physical

properties

bull Clinical performance

Click here for more details

Handling Characteristics

bull Spherical

ndash advantagesbull easier to condense

ndash around pins

bull hardens rapidly

bull smoother polish

ndash disadvantagesbull difficult to achieve tight contacts

bull higher tendency for overhangs



bull Admixed

ndash advantages

bull easy to achieve tight contacts

bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly

ndash lower early strength

Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)

Creep Tensile Strength

(24 hrs) (MPa)

Amalgam Type 1 hr 7 days

Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64


1Fine Cut Caulk 2 Dispersalloy Caulk 3Tytin Kerr

Survey of Practice TypesCivilian General Dentists

68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free

Haj-Ali Gen Dent 2005

Frequency of Posterior Materialsby Practice Type

39

51

3 7

Amalgam Direct Composite Indirect Composite Other

3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free


Profile of Amalgam UsersCivilian Practitioners

78

22

Do you use amalgam in

your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12

Do you place fewer amalgams

than 5 years ago

Yes

No

Review of Clinical Studies(Failure Rates in Posterior Permanent Teeth)

0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI

Longitudinal Cross-Sectional

Hickel J Adhes Dent 2001

Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure

Manhart Oper Dent 2004

Click here for abstract

Standard Deviation

Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Data


Acknowledgements

bull Dr David Charlton

bull Dr Charles Hermesch

bull Col Salvador Flores

QuestionsComments

Col Kraig Vandewalle

ndash DSN 792-7670

ndash ksvandewallenidbrmednavymil

Official Disclaimer

bull The opinions expressed in this presentation are

those of the author and do not necessarily

reflect the official position of the US Air Force or

the Department of Defense (DOD)

bull Devices or materials appearing in this

presentation are used as examples of currently

available productstechnologies and do not

imply an endorsement by the author andor the

USAFDOD

Overview

bull History




bull Manufacturing



History

bull 1833



bull 1895



History

bull 1960rsquos













bull 1980rsquos


bull 1990rsquos



Amalgam


Why Amalgam

bull Inexpensive

bull Ease of use


ndash gt100 years

bull Familiarity

bull Resin-free




bull Basic

ndash Silver

ndash Tin

ndash Copper

ndash Mercury

bull Other

ndash Zinc

ndash Indium

ndash Palladium

Basic Constituents

bull Silver (Ag)



bull Tin (Sn)





Basic Constituents

bull Copper (Cu)

ndash ties up tin




ndash reduces creep



Basic Constituents

bull Mercury (Hg)





raquo 40 to 45 Hg



raquo 45 to 50 Hg




Other Constituents

bull Zinc (Zn)








H2O + Zn ZnO + H2

Other Constituents

bull Indium (In)







ndash 5 indium


Other Constituents

bull Palladium (Pd)



ndash example


ndash 05 palladium








bull cement










Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Overview

bull History




bull Manufacturing



History

bull 1833



bull 1895



History

bull 1960rsquos













bull 1980rsquos


bull 1990rsquos



Amalgam


Why Amalgam

bull Inexpensive

bull Ease of use


ndash gt100 years

bull Familiarity

bull Resin-free




bull Basic

ndash Silver

ndash Tin

ndash Copper

ndash Mercury

bull Other

ndash Zinc

ndash Indium

ndash Palladium

Basic Constituents

bull Silver (Ag)



bull Tin (Sn)





Basic Constituents

bull Copper (Cu)

ndash ties up tin




ndash reduces creep



Basic Constituents

bull Mercury (Hg)





raquo 40 to 45 Hg



raquo 45 to 50 Hg




Other Constituents

bull Zinc (Zn)








H2O + Zn ZnO + H2

Other Constituents

bull Indium (In)







ndash 5 indium


Other Constituents

bull Palladium (Pd)



ndash example


ndash 05 palladium








bull cement










Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


History

bull 1833



bull 1895



History

bull 1960rsquos













bull 1980rsquos


bull 1990rsquos



Amalgam


Why Amalgam

bull Inexpensive

bull Ease of use


ndash gt100 years

bull Familiarity

bull Resin-free




bull Basic

ndash Silver

ndash Tin

ndash Copper

ndash Mercury

bull Other

ndash Zinc

ndash Indium

ndash Palladium

Basic Constituents

bull Silver (Ag)



bull Tin (Sn)





Basic Constituents

bull Copper (Cu)

ndash ties up tin




ndash reduces creep



Basic Constituents

bull Mercury (Hg)





raquo 40 to 45 Hg



raquo 45 to 50 Hg




Other Constituents

bull Zinc (Zn)








H2O + Zn ZnO + H2

Other Constituents

bull Indium (In)







ndash 5 indium


Other Constituents

bull Palladium (Pd)



ndash example


ndash 05 palladium








bull cement










Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


History

bull 1960rsquos













bull 1980rsquos


bull 1990rsquos



Amalgam


Why Amalgam

bull Inexpensive

bull Ease of use


ndash gt100 years

bull Familiarity

bull Resin-free




bull Basic

ndash Silver

ndash Tin

ndash Copper

ndash Mercury

bull Other

ndash Zinc

ndash Indium

ndash Palladium

Basic Constituents

bull Silver (Ag)



bull Tin (Sn)





Basic Constituents

bull Copper (Cu)

ndash ties up tin




ndash reduces creep



Basic Constituents

bull Mercury (Hg)





raquo 40 to 45 Hg



raquo 45 to 50 Hg




Other Constituents

bull Zinc (Zn)








H2O + Zn ZnO + H2

Other Constituents

bull Indium (In)







ndash 5 indium


Other Constituents

bull Palladium (Pd)



ndash example


ndash 05 palladium








bull cement










Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670





bull 1980rsquos


bull 1990rsquos



Amalgam


Why Amalgam

bull Inexpensive

bull Ease of use


ndash gt100 years

bull Familiarity

bull Resin-free




bull Basic

ndash Silver

ndash Tin

ndash Copper

ndash Mercury

bull Other

ndash Zinc

ndash Indium

ndash Palladium

Basic Constituents

bull Silver (Ag)



bull Tin (Sn)





Basic Constituents

bull Copper (Cu)

ndash ties up tin




ndash reduces creep



Basic Constituents

bull Mercury (Hg)





raquo 40 to 45 Hg



raquo 45 to 50 Hg




Other Constituents

bull Zinc (Zn)








H2O + Zn ZnO + H2

Other Constituents

bull Indium (In)







ndash 5 indium


Other Constituents

bull Palladium (Pd)



ndash example


ndash 05 palladium








bull cement










Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Amalgam


Why Amalgam

bull Inexpensive

bull Ease of use


ndash gt100 years

bull Familiarity

bull Resin-free




bull Basic

ndash Silver

ndash Tin

ndash Copper

ndash Mercury

bull Other

ndash Zinc

ndash Indium

ndash Palladium

Basic Constituents

bull Silver (Ag)



bull Tin (Sn)





Basic Constituents

bull Copper (Cu)

ndash ties up tin




ndash reduces creep



Basic Constituents

bull Mercury (Hg)





raquo 40 to 45 Hg



raquo 45 to 50 Hg




Other Constituents

bull Zinc (Zn)








H2O + Zn ZnO + H2

Other Constituents

bull Indium (In)







ndash 5 indium


Other Constituents

bull Palladium (Pd)



ndash example


ndash 05 palladium








bull cement










Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Why Amalgam

bull Inexpensive

bull Ease of use


ndash gt100 years

bull Familiarity

bull Resin-free




bull Basic

ndash Silver

ndash Tin

ndash Copper

ndash Mercury

bull Other

ndash Zinc

ndash Indium

ndash Palladium

Basic Constituents

bull Silver (Ag)



bull Tin (Sn)





Basic Constituents

bull Copper (Cu)

ndash ties up tin




ndash reduces creep



Basic Constituents

bull Mercury (Hg)





raquo 40 to 45 Hg



raquo 45 to 50 Hg




Other Constituents

bull Zinc (Zn)








H2O + Zn ZnO + H2

Other Constituents

bull Indium (In)







ndash 5 indium


Other Constituents

bull Palladium (Pd)



ndash example


ndash 05 palladium








bull cement










Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670



bull Basic

ndash Silver

ndash Tin

ndash Copper

ndash Mercury

bull Other

ndash Zinc

ndash Indium

ndash Palladium

Basic Constituents

bull Silver (Ag)



bull Tin (Sn)





Basic Constituents

bull Copper (Cu)

ndash ties up tin




ndash reduces creep



Basic Constituents

bull Mercury (Hg)





raquo 40 to 45 Hg



raquo 45 to 50 Hg




Other Constituents

bull Zinc (Zn)








H2O + Zn ZnO + H2

Other Constituents

bull Indium (In)







ndash 5 indium


Other Constituents

bull Palladium (Pd)



ndash example


ndash 05 palladium








bull cement










Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Basic Constituents

bull Silver (Ag)



bull Tin (Sn)





Basic Constituents

bull Copper (Cu)

ndash ties up tin




ndash reduces creep



Basic Constituents

bull Mercury (Hg)





raquo 40 to 45 Hg



raquo 45 to 50 Hg




Other Constituents

bull Zinc (Zn)








H2O + Zn ZnO + H2

Other Constituents

bull Indium (In)







ndash 5 indium


Other Constituents

bull Palladium (Pd)



ndash example


ndash 05 palladium








bull cement










Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Basic Constituents

bull Copper (Cu)

ndash ties up tin




ndash reduces creep



Basic Constituents

bull Mercury (Hg)





raquo 40 to 45 Hg



raquo 45 to 50 Hg




Other Constituents

bull Zinc (Zn)








H2O + Zn ZnO + H2

Other Constituents

bull Indium (In)







ndash 5 indium


Other Constituents

bull Palladium (Pd)



ndash example


ndash 05 palladium








bull cement










Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Basic Constituents

bull Mercury (Hg)





raquo 40 to 45 Hg



raquo 45 to 50 Hg




Other Constituents

bull Zinc (Zn)








H2O + Zn ZnO + H2

Other Constituents

bull Indium (In)







ndash 5 indium


Other Constituents

bull Palladium (Pd)



ndash example


ndash 05 palladium








bull cement










Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Other Constituents

bull Zinc (Zn)








H2O + Zn ZnO + H2

Other Constituents

bull Indium (In)







ndash 5 indium


Other Constituents

bull Palladium (Pd)



ndash example


ndash 05 palladium








bull cement










Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Other Constituents

bull Indium (In)







ndash 5 indium


Other Constituents

bull Palladium (Pd)



ndash example


ndash 05 palladium








bull cement










Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Other Constituents

bull Palladium (Pd)



ndash example


ndash 05 palladium








bull cement










Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670








bull cement










Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670









Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

(Hg)

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn


Hg Hg



1 2





corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670






corrodes the least


of set amalgam

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury

Ag

AgAg

Sn

Sn

Sn

Hg

Hg

Hg



1 2






binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670







binding gamma ( )

ndash 60 of volume

1



1 2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670








ndash 10 of volume


due to corrosion



1 2

2

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy







1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670








1

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Sn

AlloyMercury

Ag

AgAg

SnSn

Ag-Cu Alloy

AgHgHg



Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670




Ag-Cu particles


(eta) Cu6Sn5 ( )


Ag-Cu particles

Ag-Sn

Alloy

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1






Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670







Alloy

1

Ag-Cu Alloy

Ag-Sn

Alloy



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys




Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Mercury (Hg)

Ag

Sn

Ag

Sn



1

Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Single Composition

High-Copper Alloys





ndash reduces creep


Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

Ag-Sn Alloy

1



1

Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Classifications




copper

Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Copper Content


ndash 4 to 6 Cu







Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Particle Shape

bull Lathe cut

ndash low Cu

bull New True

Dentalloy

ndash high Cu

bull ANA 2000

bull Admixture

ndash high Cu


PhD

bull Spherical

ndash low Cu

bull Cavex SF

ndash high Cu

bull Tytin Valiant






Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670







Spherical (ALSCS)


(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670



(SCL)



lathe cut

bull 20 Cu

bull Example








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670








bull Examples

ndash Tytin (Kerr)


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Admixture








bull Example


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Admixture



components

ndash 19 Cu




bull Example





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670





ndash alloy cooled


ndash heat treat







ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670




ndash melt alloy

ndash atomize







bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670




bull Strength

bull Corrosion

bull Creep

Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Dimensional Change


net contraction






Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Dimensional Change







Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Strength










Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Corrosion


bull Seals margins


ndash SnO2 SnCl

ndash gamma-2 phase





Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Creep







Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Creep




ndash interlock





bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670



bull Manipulation

ndash trituration

ndash condensation

ndash burnishing

ndash polishing










Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670











Condensation

bull Forces


bull high force





Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Burnishing

bull Pre-carve



bull Post-carve


bull Combined

ndash less leakage


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Early Finishing





Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Polishing









Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Alloy Selection



properties




bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670



bull Spherical


ndash around pins







bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670



bull Admixed

ndash advantages


bull good polish

ndash disadvantages

bull hardens slowly


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Amalgam Properties

Compressive

Strength (MPa)


(24 hrs) (MPa)


Low Copper1 145 343 20 60

Admixture2 137 431 04 48

Single

Composition3

262 510 013 64




68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670



68

32

Amalgam

Users

Amalgam

Free



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670



39

51

3 7


3

77

8

12

Amalgam Users

Amalgam Free



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670



78

22


your practice

Yes

No

DPR 2005

88

12


than 5 years ago

Yes

No


0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670



0

2

4

6

8

Amalgam Direct

Comp

Comp

Inlays

Ceramic

Inlays

CADCAM

Inlays

Gold

Inlays amp

Onlays

GI



Annual Failure

0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


0

5

10

15

Amalga

m

Direct

Com

p

Compo

mer

Comp

Inlays

Ceram

ic In

lays

CADCAM

Cast G

old G

I

Tunn

elART

Annual Failure



Standard Deviation



Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Acknowledgements




QuestionsComments


ndash DSN 792-7670


Amalgam

Marketing

Transcript of Amalgam