Analisis persamaan n perbezaan word

8/7/2019 Analisis persamaan n perbezaan word

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1.0 PENGENALAN

American Psychological Association atau lebih dikenali dengan APA ialah bermaksud set of

rules developed to assist reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style).

Sistem atau format APA adalah sangat penting diketahui terutamanya di dalam penulisan

seperti contoh berkaitan penulisan tesis agar terdapat satu standard yang sama yang boleh

diguna pakai di semua institusi pendidikan di seluruh dunia. Melalui penggunaan sistem APA

juga keaslian sesuatu sumber rujukan dapat dipertahankan dan mengelakkan salah laku yang

dipanggil plagiarism

Melalui sistem APA terdapat banyak aspek yang perlu diteliti oleh seseorang penulis agar

penulisan yang diterbitkan akan menyamai standard yang ada di dalam format APA. Melalui

American Psychological Association (2010) terdapat beberapa panduan yang diberikan

antaranya ialah Manuscript Structure and Content, Writing Clearly and Concisely, The

Mechanics of Style, Displaying Results, Crediting Sources, Reference Examples dan

The Publication Process.

Oleh itu, analisis persamaan dan perbezaan jurnal berdasarkan format APA akan merujuk

dengan lebih lanjut berdasarkan panduan yang diberikan melalui buku Publication Manual of the

American psychological Association (2010).

2.0 LATAR BELAKANG JURNAL

Dalam menganalisis persamaan dan perbezaan kandungan jurnal berdasarkan format

APA, Journal of Academics Ethics yang bertajuk Learning to Neighbor?

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Service-Learning in Context telah digunakan sebagai bahan untuk dibandingkan kandungannya

dengan format APA. Jurnal ini telah diterbitkan pada tahun 2007 dan ditulis oleh Mary-Ellen

Boyle.

Jurnal ini telah dipilih kerana kesesuaian kandungannya yang merujuk ke arah aspek

moral dan pendidikan dan tertumpu kepada pelajar pengurusan perniagaan. Jurnal ini

menumpukan terhadap service-learning yang mana ia dilihat sebagai Kaedah yang

membolehkan seseorang pelajar memperoleh nilai moral dan sivik dan seterusnya mendapat

pengetahuan dan latihan kemahiran dalam dunia sebenar. (Boyle, 2007).

3.0 PERSAMAAN PERBANDINGAN JURNAL DENGAN FORMAT APA

3.1 Abstract

Mengikut American Psychological Association (2010), The label Abstract should appear

in uppercase and lowercase letters, centered, at the top of the page. Dalam jurnal yang ditulis

oleh Boyle (2007), terdapat beberapa persamaan dengan format APA antaranya ialah perkataan

abstract ditulis dengan huruf besar di awal perkataan dan huruf seterusnya ditulis dengan

huruf kecil. Selain itu perkataan abstract juga tidak dicondongkan tetapi dibiarkan dengan huruf

biasa sahaja.

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Abstract Service-learning has received a great deal of attention in the management educationliterature over the past decade, as a method by which students can acquire moral and civicvalues as well as gain academic knowledge and practice real-world skills.Scholars focus on student and community impact, curricular design, and rationale.However, the educational environment (context) in which service-learning occurs has


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3.2 Penggunaan Huruf Condong (Italic)

Huruf condong atau italic biasanya digunakan apabila introduction of a new technical,

or key term or label (after a term has been used once, do not italicize it). (American

Psychological Association, 2010). Seperti contoh daripada jurnal ditulis oleh Boyle (2007),

perkataan hidden curriculum dan educational atmosphere telah dicondongkan hurufnya.

3.3 Kutipan Bahan Rujukan dalam Teks Penulisan

3.3 (a) Melalui Jurnal bertajuk Learning to Neighbor? Service-Learning in Context ,

Boyle (2007) telah meletakkan kutipan berdasarkan bahan rujukan yang diambil ke

dalam teks penulisan iaitu dengan membuat kurungan dan di dalam kurungan tersebut di

letakkan nama pengarang dan tahun.

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First is that of the hidden curriculum , defined as the unstated lessons thatare learned inside and outside the classroom, found in every learning institution (Snyder 1971 ). Second, and not unrelated, is the educational atmosphere (also known as the cultureor climate) of a school, a key factor in creating an environment for effective learning,

especially influential with respect to moral education (Jackson et al. 1993 ).

First is that of the hidden curriculum , defined as the unstated lessons that are learned insideand outside the classroom, found in every learning institution (Snyder 1971 ). Second, and notunrelated, is the educational atmosphere (also known as the culture or climate) of a school, akey factor in creating an environment for effective learning, especially influential with respectto moral education (Jackson et al. 1993 ). Third is the social role of the university, importantsince the institution transmits powerful educational messages far beyond the nuances of thecurriculum. Specifically, the extent to which colleges and universities are good neighbors is acritical part of the context in which students are expected to learn citizenship behaviors(Bringle et al. 1999 ).


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3.3 (b) Sekiranya kutipan adalah kurang daripada 40 patah perkataan, kutipan tersebut perlu

dimasukkan ke dalam teks penulisan dengan meletakkan tanda pembuka dan penutup

kata. Contohnya ialah seperti berikut:

3.3 (c) Sekiranya kutipan yang diambil adalah lebih daripada 40 patah perkataan, maka

mengikut American Psychological Association perlu start such a block quotation on anew line and indent the block about a half inch from the left margin (in the same position

as a new paragraph (American Psychological Association, 2010).

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Claims about service learning and its influence on moral and civic behavior abound. A1996 report for Association for Higher Education asserts Service-learning is coming of age, and its value in preparing students for citizenship roles in their communities isbeing recognized (Godfrey and Grasso 2000 :1).

With regard to the hidden curriculum in higher education, two themes dominate: thesubversion of academic values by excessive commercialization and emphasis on athletics(Bok 2003 ), and the folly of trying to teach citizenship without modeling it. Colby andcolleagues illustrate:

If college students see faculty rewarded for pursuing their own professional prestigerather than caring for others or the institution, if they are subjected to competitivezero-sum climates in which one students success contributes to anothers failure, if they are confronted with institutional hypocrisy, those practices convey moralmessages that can contribute to students cynicism and self-interestedness (Colbyet al. 2003 :11).


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3.4 Footnotes

Mengikut American Psychological Association (2010), footnotes digunakan to

provide additional content or to acknowledge copyright permission status. Boyle (2007) telah

mengaplikasikan footnotes didalam jurnal beliau seperti contoh dibawah:

3.5 Jadual

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These three contexts will be examined with respect to their influence on the moral andcivic promise of service-learning. Moral and civic values2 can be encouraged throughwelldesigned service-learning activities. Such values are of particular importance to1 Not taken into account in this analysis are the pressures beyond the walls of theschool: media, family, community, religion, business, government. Though these are

powerful societal forces, and surely impact schools efforts to educate for morality andcivility, management educators ability to influence them is minimal. Also not taken intoaccount is the context surrounding a particular service-learning experience, also knownas the program design, i.e. site, background, reflection, and planning ( Hecht 2003 ).While this programmatic level is crucial to the success of a particular service program,my interest is in that which extends beyond the program design.2 See Colby et al. ( 2003 ) for a cogent discussion of the pitfalls educators face whendiscussing moral and civic values in a society as strongly pluralist as ours (pp.14-15).These authors also persuasively explain why they refer to both moral and civic values,development, and education (pp.15-17). For purposes of this article, the sought-aftervalues are defined by what they are not: neither self-interest nor instrumental

individualism.

Table 1 Assessing and aligning the hidden curriculum

Category Questions Action steps

1. Rituals and What achievements are Give citizenship or combinedceremonies recognized at graduation? scholar/citizen awards.

How are new students oriented? Include a service project during orientation.

2. Physical What objects are on display in Highlight service-learning projects andenvironment the common areas? Classrooms? citizenship activities

Website?Consider flags, maps, plaques,faculty publications, student work


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Mengikut American Psychological Association (2010), tables designated as

supplemented materials must be accompanied by enough information. Selain itu, di dalam teks,

jadual perlu dirujuk kepada nombor jadual tersebut. Contohnya seperti Jadual 1 dan Jadual 2 dan

ada limit the use of rules.

3.6 Rujukan

3.6.1 Rujukan Berdasarkan Buku

Bagi sumber rujukan daripada buku, maka terdapat beberapa peraturan yang perlu

diikuti iaitu dengan menulis:

- Author,A.A. (1967). Title of Work . Location: Publisher. atau

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Aronowitz, S. (2000). The knowledge factory: Dismantling the corporate university and creating true higher learning. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

Aspen Institute (2003). Where will they lead? MBA student attitudes about business and society.Washington, DC: The Aspen Institute.

Ballantine, J. H. (1997). The sociology of education: A systemic analysis (4th ed.). New Jersey:Prentice-Hall.

Battistoni, R. (2002). Civic engagement across the curriculum: A resource book for service-learning faculty in all disciplines . RI: Campus Compact.


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- Editor, A.A. (Ed). (1986). Title of Work. Location: Publisher. (American Psychological

Association, 2010).

3.6.2 Rujukan Berdasarkan Jurnal

Rujukan berdasarkan jurnal di dalam penulisan Boyle (2007) adalah betul dari

segi urutan berdasarkan ketetapan seperti berikut:

-Author, A.A. (Year). Title of Article. Title of Periodical , xx. pp-pp. (American Psychological

Association, 2010).

4.0 PERBEZAAN JURNAL BERDASARKAN FORMAT APA

4.1 Abstract

Mengikut American Psychological Association (2010), The label Abstract

should appear in uppercase and lowercase letters, centered, at the top of the page. Namun begitu,

penulisan Boyle (2007) tidak meletakkan perkataan abstract di tengah-tengah. Contoh yang betul

seperti berikut:

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McCabe, D., & Trevino, L. (1993). Academic dishonesty: Honor codes and other contextualinfluences. Journal of Higher Education , 64(5), 522538.

Srinivasan, S., Kemelgor, B., & Johnson, S. D. (2000). The future of business schoolscholarship: An empirical assessment of the Boyer framework by US deans. Journal of Education for Business, 76(2) , 7580.

AbstractService-learning has received a great deal of attention in the management education literatureover the past decade, as a method by which students can acquire moral and civic values as wellas gain academic knowledge and practice real-world skills.Scholars focus on student and community impact, curricular design, and rationale.However, the educational environment (context) in which service-learning occurs has


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4.2 Dua atau Lebih Kerja oleh Penulis Yang Sama

Mengikut American Psychological Association (2010), arrange two or more works by

the same author (in the same order) by year of publication. Namun penulisan oleh Boyle (2007)

menunjukkan perbezaan daripada format APA iaitu dari segi tahun tidak mengikut urutan.

Seharusnya mengikut format APA, tahun tersebut perlu disusun mengikut tahun

paling awal iaitu 1997 dan diikuti tahun 1999. Contoh yang betul seperti berikut:

4.3 Kutipan Bahan Rujukan dalam Teks Penulisan

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It has been asserted that first, mission should inform and inspire the nature of university civic

engagement (Holland 1999, 1997 )

It has been asserted that first, mission should inform and inspire the nature of university civic

engagement (Holland 1997, 1999 )


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Terdapat perbezaan dalam penulisan Boyle (2007) jika dibandingkan dengan

format APA. Ini kerana dalam penulisan Boyle (2007), kutipan antara penulis dan tahun tidak

dipisahkan dengan tanda koma. Contoh yang betul seperti berikut:

4.4 Institutional Affiliation

Mengikut American Psychological Association (2010), Institutional affiliation

ialah the affiliation identifies the location where the authors were when the research was

conducted, which is usually an institution.

Kedudukan nama pengarang perlu berada di tengah antara side margin.

Manakala institutional affliation perlu berada di tengah dan berada di bawah nama pengarang.

Contoh penulisan oleh Boyle (2007) seperti berikut:

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Learning to Neighbor? Service-learning in ContextMary-Ellen Boyle

Published online: 16 November 2007# Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2007

Abstract Service-learning has received a great deal of attention in the management education literatureover the past decade, as a method by which students can acquire moral and civic values as well as gain

academic knowledge and practice real-world skills. Scholars focus on student and community impact,curricular design, and rationale. However, the educational environment (context) in which service-learning occurs has been given less attention, although experienced educators know that the classroom ishardly a vacuum and that students learn a great deal from the non-curricular aspects of their educationalexperience. Moral values in particular are conveyed by what is not said. Given this, I argue that thecontexts in which service-learning takes place are as important as the activity itself. Three perspectives oncontext will be described and assessed: the hidden curriculum, the educational atmosphere, and theuniversitys orientation towards socialresponsibility.Keywords Hidden curriculum . Moral and civic values . Management education. Service-learning .University social responsibility

In Learning to Labour (Willis 1977 ), an often-taught ethnography of a British secondary school, PaulWillis showed how the educational experience prepared working class lads for working class positions,despite a curriculum designed to help them move away from menial labor. In this situation, the formalcurriculum was subverted by a combination of factors in the broader educational environment: the socialrelations among the boys, the attitudes of the teachers, the social climate of the school, and the studentsneighborhood. The lads clearly learned a great deal through their educational experiences, but they didnot learn what the curriculum was designed to teach. In fact, they learned the opposite. This

An earlier version of this paper was presented at Academy of Management, symposium on institutionalintegrity. Seattle 2003.M.-E. Boyle ( * )

Graduate School of Management, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610-1477,USA

Students who are socialized with values beyond selfinterest will make desirable employees,and there is some evidence that corporate recruiters are paying attention to these attributes(Training, 2004 ). Non-profit and governmental agencies are the organizational beneficiariesof service-learning programs, and thus support efforts of management educators to createinterventions, if effectively designed (Dewar and Isaac, 1998 ). In places where formaluniversitycommunity partnerships exist, the partnership can assist in creating the desiredatmosphere and assuring that the school is doing more than just paying lip service to its socialresponsibilities (Maurrasse, 2001 ).


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Jika mengikut standard APA seperti ditulis dalam buku Publication Manual of the

American Psychological Association, contoh yang betul ialah seperti berikut:

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5.0 KESIMPULAN

Dalam menganalisis jurnal yang telah dipilih berdasarkan format APA, maka didapati

terdapat persamaan dan perbezaan yang ketara. Setiap persamaan dan perbezaan itu

menunjukkan betapa wujudnya kepelbagaian penulisan artikel di dalam jurnal yang ditulis dari

seluruh dunia.

Dengan menganalisis jurnal berdasarkan format APA ini bukan sahaja melihatkan kita

kepada persamaan dan perbezaan penulisan malah memberikan kita input yang berguna dari segi

pengetahuan agar setiap kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh pengarang sesebuah jurnal tidak diulangi

lagi dalam penulisan yang dihasilkan pada masa akan datang.

Begitu juga dari segi aspek persamaan memberikan kita contoh yang sebenar dan betul

yang dapat dicontohi dalam penulisan yang bakal dihasilkan nanti. Sesungguhnya pengetahuan

yang mendalam mengenai format APA yang sebenarnya amat penting untuk mengelakkan

keraguan mengenai keaslian sesebuah penulisan akademik dan juga memudahkan pembaca

untuk merujuk kepada sumber rujukan yang digunakan oleh penulis.

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Learning to Neighbor? Service-learning in Context

Mary-Ellen BoyleGraduate School of Management, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610-1477,

USA

Published online: 16 November 2007# Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2007

Abstract Service-learning has received a great deal of attention in the management education literatureover the past decade, as a method by which students can acquire moral and civic values as well as gainacademic knowledge and practice real-world skills. Scholars focus on student and community impact,curricular design, and rationale. However, the educational environment (context) in which service-learning occurs has been given less attention, although experienced educators know that the classroom is


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6.0 RUJUKAN

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the AmericanPsycological Association (6 th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Boyle, M.E. (2007). Learning to Neighbor? Service-Learning in Context. The Journal of Academic Ethics , 5 (1), 85-104.

APA Style. Capaian pada 8 Januari 2010 daripada http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style.

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