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Reference [email protected]
(800) 541-6682 ext. 4613
1
Alvin ShermanAlvin ShermanAPA Basics
APABasics
• Title page
• Document format
• Quoting and citing resources
•Grammar rules
• Reference list
Agenda:
Agenda
FSEHS Style Guidelines
• Format for FSEHS written assignments:http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/oaa/pdf/fsehs_standard_format.pdf
• Format for FSEHS dissertationshttp://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc/pdf/guidead.pdf
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.)
• Checklist for APA Form and Stylehttp://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc/pdf/checklistapafs.pdf
• Top third of page
Title
• Middle third of page
Name
Course number and CRN
Name of course
• Bottom third of page
Name of institutionDate
Format for Title Page
Format for TitlePage
What Students Need to Know
About APA
Student’s Name
Course code and CRN:Title of course:
Title:
by
Laura Lucio Ramirez
CUR 526 24022Educational Research for Practitioners
Institution
Month day, year Nova Southeastern University
May 1, 2006
Example
Title:
Info on Applied Dissertation
Student’s Name
Institution
Year
Title Page for Dissertation
(Style Guide)
TitleP agefor Dissertation
(StyleGuide)
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• Pagination• Margins, fonts, line spacing
• Format of title and headings
• Numbers
• Parenthetical text citations
Document Format
Document Format
2
• 1 inch
margins
• Exception:
1½ inch left
margin for
dissertation.
NOTE: No running headers
Document Format (2)
Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title
page, abstract, body of the document, re ference list, appendixes,
tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within
references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326
of the Publication Manual.)
Issues to Consider
Major headings require specific formatting: (a) The first word of
the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles,
short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not
capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized.
Other issues also need to be considered. Students and teachers
2
Double spaced
12 pt font
Times New
Roman or
Courier
Indented
Left justified
No bolding
No underlining
No bullets
APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments
Document Format (3)
2
APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments
Issues to Consider
Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title
page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,
tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within
references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326
of the Publication Manual.)
Issues to Consider
Major headings require specific formatting: (a) The first word of
the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles,
short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not
capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized.
Other issues also need to be considered. Students and teachers
Document Format (4)
Headings (APA, p. 113)
Use Level 1 Headings for the Title
Level 3 – Flush Left, Italicized, Upper and
Lower Case Side Heading
• Copyright
• Paraphrased quotes
• Direct quotes
• Parenthetical citations
Quotes and Parenthetical Citations
Quotes andParenthetical Citations
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• opinions, beliefs, ideas, and theories fromany source
• any information obtained that is not common
knowledge
• direct quotes of the words used verbatim
• summarized or paraphrased ideas
Cite the following:
Note: Re-submitting the identical paper for assignments in two different classes is
considered plagiarism. If you want to refer to specific ideas presented in a previous
paper you wrote, cite it!Citethefollowing:
When citing a specific part of a resource or
using a direct quote, provide the page number:
All of them were victims of “cyberterrorism” (Stonebraker,
2004, p. 237).
Vest (2006) reported that "empirical research verified
compliance" (p. 48).
In another case, Scanlon, Gallego, Duran, and Reyes (2005)
found that the results should be “based on assumptions that
individuals are capable of self-directed and self-initiated
learning” (pp. 40-41).
See APA, pp. 213-214
When citinga specific part ofa resource or usinga direct quote, provide the page number
No page number is used in the
parenthetical citation if paraphrasing:
Freud's writing on the topic of dreams (as cited in Steinbrecker,
Jones, & Acevedo, 1997) emphasized....
in a definition ( Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 2001).
A couple of experiments (Eifrig, 1976; Skinner, 1956) found....
The Web site did not support the data (Wienhorst, n.d.).
See APA manual, pp. 207-213
No pagenumber isusedinthe
parenthetical citationif paraphrasing
1. The theory (Smith, Brown, and Jones, 2002)
or
2. The theory (Smith, Brown, & Jones, 2002) √√√√
1. Two research studies (Quinlan, 2002; Barnes, 2005)
or
2. Two research studies (Quinlan, 2002, & Barnes, 2005)
√√√√
1. MacDougall (2004, p. 34) stated that “the Information
Literacy Model needed to be implemented”.
or
2. MacDougall (2004) stated that “the Information Literacy
Model needed to be implemented” (p. 34).
or
3. MacDougall (2004) stated that “the Information Literacy
Module need to be implemented.” (34)
√√√√
Examples
“Instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for classass ignments. The
abstract is a one-paragraph summary or overview of the paper and should summarize
the essential content of the paper”(T unon, 2006, p. 34).
Direct quote for less than 40 words:
Block quote (more than 40 words):
Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to
use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated:
Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book,
journal, brochure, or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a short title
in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical
titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text
citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized
in the reference list. (p. 342)
Callahan (2001), however, says ….
(NOTE: FSE uses single space, but APA uses double spacing.)
Note where the periods go!
Direct quoteandBlockquoteexamples
Paraphrase < 50% and include cite
When President Bush signed the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act into law, it
was the country’s most comprehensive education reform of federal education
policy in years. NCLB is the foundation for education reforms and the
president’s attempt to strengthen the system of education in the U.S.
“Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child
Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reformof federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen America’seducation system” (Smith, 2004, p. 212). Should be block quote
WhenPresident Bush signed the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act into law,
it was the country’s most comprehensive education reform of federal
education policy in years. NCLB is the foundation for education reforms and
the president’s attempt to strengthen the system of education in the U.S.
No citation
President Bush’s the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act was signed into law
in January of 2002. The law provided the most sweeping education changes
in the United States in decades and provided a foundation for
strengthening educational policy at the national level for years to come
(Smith, 2004).
Parenthetical
text citation
50% rule
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Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD)
American Psychological Association (APA)
Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS)
Fischler School of Education and Human Services (FSEHS)
Nova Southeastern University ( NSU)
Abbreviations and
Acronyms:
• Spell out first time
• Must use abbreviationthereafter
Use
sparingly
See APA manual, pp. 103-106Abbreviationsand Acronyms
• Use figures for numbers 10 and above:
343 students in 26 classes
• The numbers between one and nine should be spelled out:
A total of six experiments went awry.
Exceptions
• Numbers above and below 10 grouped for comparison:
3 of 15 students
The school needs 4 teachers and 11 staff people.
• Numbers representing time, dates, and age
3 months ago, April 8, 1 hr 10 min
Numbers: See APA pp. 122-125
Numbers
• Numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table
Table 5,
Session 3
page 2
• Use words for numbers below 10 that do not represent precise
measurements:
eight items
nine pages
• Use words for numbers beginning a sentence, title, or heading:
Twenty-four percent complied, and 6% did not answer the question.
Nineteen students improved.
Numbers, cont.
More exceptions:
Numbers(2)
1. Ten students ate in the cafeteria.
or
2. 10 students ate in the cafeteria.
1. The seventh grade went on a field trip.
or
2. The 7th grade went on a field trip.
1. Students in Grades 4 and 5 took the test.
or
2. Students in grades 4 and 5 took the test.
or
3. Students in grades four and five took the test.
1. The 7th grade did better than the 10th grade.
or
2. The seventh grade did better than the tenth grade.
or
3. The seventh grade did better than the 10th grade.
√√√√
√√√√
√√√√
√√√√
Examples
• Role playing
• High anxiety
• Seventh grade
• Role-playing technique
• High-anxiety situations
• Seventh-grade students
but
• Type II error
• Post hoc comparisons
Compound-Adjectives
See APA manual, p. 91
1. These fourth graders need to study.
or
2. These fourth-grade students need to study.
or
3. These students in Grade 4 need to study.
or
4. These 4th-grade students need to study more than the
10th-grade students.
1. The 11th grade was busy.
or
2. The 11th grade was busy.
1. The store closed three months ago.
or
2. The store closed 3 months ago.
√√√√
√√√√
√√√√
√√√√
√√√√
√√√√
Examples
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• Between independent clauses:
Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.
• Series of three or more
Jane, Dick , and Harry argued about money.
• Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses
Direct TV, which is available in south
Florida, offers some nice features.
Commas
Use commas:
But:
• Not to separate a compound predicate
Jane baked a cake and worked on her homework.
1. The cat ran, but the dog sat down.
or
2. The cat ran but the dog sat down.
1. Methods, theories, and logic all need to be examined.
or
2. Methods, theories and logic all need to be examined.
1. The literature review evaluates and synthesizes resources.or
2. The literature review evaluates, and synthesizes resources.
1. Empirical studies, also called hard evidence, are important.
or
2. Empirical studies also called hard evidence are important.
√√√√
√√√√
√√√√
√√√√
Examples
• Periods at the end of a sentence:
Students’ scores improved. The study
demonstrated that …
• Colons: For example, the colon should…
• In citations – Brown, J. D. (2003). The …
Only One Space after Punctuation
NOTE: Use the find and replace feature in Word to change two spaces to one space.
• Electronic Media Spelling Guide
– e-journal
– Internet
– online
– URL
– Web
APA Web Site:
http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html
1. The students went on the Internet and searched the Web.
or
2. The students went on the internet and searched the web.
or
3. The students went on the Internet and searched the web.
or
4. The students went on the internet and searched the Web.
1. Go online and send an e-mail message to the instructor.
or
2. Go on-line and send an e-mail message to the instructor.
or
3. Go online and send an email message to the instructor.
or
4. Go on-line and send an email message to the instructor.
√√√√
√√√√
Examples What about using citation software?
Ahah! What about usingcitation software?
R e f e r e
n c e s
C i t a t i
o n f o r
m a t ?
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http://citationmachine.net/
Example: CitationMachine
http://citationmachine.net/
Example: RefWorks
http://citationmachine.net/
Penny M Beile,David N Boote, Elizabeth Killingsworth.(2004). A
microscope or a mirror?: A question of study validity regarding the
use of dissertation citation anlysis for evaluating research
collections. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 30(5), 347-353.
Retrieved , from Research Library database. (DocumentID: 737514991).
Example: ProQuest
• https://www.nova.edu/common-lib/ISI/
• http://www.nova.edu/library/dils/tutorials/endnote/
EndNote
Beile, P. M., Boote, D. N., & Killingsworth, E. K. (2003, April). Characteristics
of education doctoral dissertation references: An inter-institutional analysis of
review of literature citations. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the
American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. (ERIC No.
ED478598) Retrieved February 1, 2006, from ERIC database.
Example: EndNote
No Short Cut for Learning
the APA Rules
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References
• Page
entitled
References
• Hanging
indentations
• Single
space in
citations
• Double
space
between
citations
• Use italics,
do not
underline
• Alphabetical
order by author
Then by date
Then by article
title
32
Jones, R. N., del Rio, J. A., Humenik, J. A., García, E. O., & Ramírez, A. M. (2001). Citation
mining: Integrating text mining and bibliometrics for research user profiling. Journal of the
American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52, 1148-1156.
Kushkowski, J. D. (1985). Master's and doctoral thesis citations: Analysis and trends of a
longitudinal study. Portal,3, 459-479. Retrieved March 20, 2006, from Education
Full Text database.
Kushkowski, J. D. (1999a). Identifying uniform core journal titles for music libraries: Adissertation citation study. College & Research Libraries, 60(2), 153-163.
Kushkowski, J. D. (1999b). Measuring the use and value of electronic journals and books.
Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from
Expanded Academic Index database.
Kushkowski, J. D., & Smith, D. (1982). Library research skills for your dissertation . Denver, CO:
Libraries Unlimited.
Morner, C. J. (1995). M easuring the library research skills of education doctoral students.
In R. AnRhein(Ed.), Continuity & transformation: The promise of confluence. Proceedings
of the Seventh National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 29-April 1, 1995 (pp. 381-391). Chicago: Association of
College and Research Libraries.
Norton, M. J. (2000). Introductory concepts in information science . Medford, NJ:
Information Today.
O'Connor, D. O., & Voos, H. (2005). Empirical laws, theory construction, and bibliometrics. In J.
Smith & B. B. Jones, New adventures on the Web. Springfield, MA: Springer Verlag.
Format for References
References
Jones, R. N., del Rio, J. A., Humenik, J. A., García, E. O., & Ramírez, A. M. (2001). Citation
mining: Integrating text mining and bibliometrics for research user profiling. Journal of the
American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52 , 1148-1156.
Kushkowski, J. D. (1985). Master's and doctoral thesis citations: Analysis and trends of a
longitudinal study. Portal,3 , 459-479. Retrieved March 20, 2006, from Education
Full Text database.
Kushkowski, J. D. (1999a). Identifying uniform core journal titles for music libraries: A
dissertation citation study. College & Research Libraries, 60(2), 153-163.
Kushkowski, J. D. (1999b). Measuring the use and value of electronic journals and books.
Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship.Retrieved July 10, 2004, from
Expanded Academic Index database.
Kushkowski, J. D., & Smith, D. (1982). Library research skills for your dissertation . Denver, CO:
Libraries Unlimited.
Morner, C. J. (1995). Me asuring the library research skills of education doctoral students.
In R. AnRhein(Ed.), Continuity & transformation: The promise of confluence. Proceedingsof the Seventh National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 29-April 1, 1995 (pp. 381-391). Chicago: Association of
College and Research Libraries.
Norton, M. J. (2000). Introductory concepts in information science. Medford, NJ:
Information Today.
O'Connor, D. O., & Voos, H. (2005). Empirical laws, theory construction, and bibliometrics. In J.
Smith & B. B. Jones, New adventures on the Web. Springfield, MA: Springer Verlag.
• Page
entitled
References
• Hanging
indentations
• Single
space in
citations
• Double
space
between
citations
• Use italics,
do not
underline
• Alphabetical
order,
Then by date
• Retrieval
statements
32
Format for References (2)
• Go to Format.
• Select Paragraph.
• In Indents and Spacing
• Go to the Special section.
• Select Hanging.
Using Microsoft Word’s formatting for
hanging indentations
How to Cite a Journal Article Retrieved Online
Howto CiteaJournal ArticleRetrievedOnline
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Watkins, R ., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology
Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, fromEducation Full Text database.
Author(s)
See APA manual, p. 279, #91
• Initials, not first names
• Ampersand (&), not the word and
• Comma before the ampersand.
• Space between initials
CitingJournal ArticlesRetrievedFull Text Online-Author
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology
Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, fromEducation Full Text database.
Year of publication
See APA manual, p. 279, #91
• Enclosed in parentheses
• Period after the parentheses
• No month or day if the publication is a
journal, not a magazine, newsletter, or
newspaper article.
Citing Journal ArticlesRet rievedFull Text
Online–Year of publication
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Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology
Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from
Education Full Text database.
Article title
See APA manual, p. 279, #91
• Only first word in title and subtitle should be
be capitalized as well as any proper names.
• A period at the end of the title.
• Only one space after the period, not two.
CitingJourn alArticles Retrieved
FullTextOnline–Articletitle
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology
Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from
Education Full Text database.
Journal title
See APA manual, p. 279, #91
• Journal title should have all important
words capitalized.
• It is italicized
• The journal title is followed by a comma
CitingJournal ArticlesRetrievedFullText Online–Journal title
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology
Trends, 24 (3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from
Education Full Text database.
Volume, issue, and
page number(s)
See APA manual, p. 279, #91
• The volume number is italicized
• There should be no space between
the volume number and issue number
• Enclose issue number in parentheses
and follow by a comma
• Do not use p. or pp. for journal articles.
Citing Journal Articles RetrievedFul l Text Online –Volume,issue,andpagenumber(s)
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology
Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from
Education Full Text database.
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Retrieval statement
• Spell out the complete word for month in the retrieval statement
• Include a comma after the year • Include the word “database” after the proper name of the database.
CitingJournal ArticlesRetrievedFullText Online–Retri eval statement
Articles Retrieved Online Are Not
Always Identical
Most online articles have been slightly modified or
include additional data.
Education Full Text -- HTML
Expanded Academic ASAP – text + graphics
Examples:HTML and
Text+graphics
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Education Full Text -- PDF
Expanded Academic ASAP -- PDF
Examples: PDF
Exact duplicate (APA manual, p. 271) :
VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology
undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic
Research, 5, 117-123.
Document that has changes (format differs from print version) (APA
manual, p. 272)
VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology
undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5 , 117-123.
Retrieved April 13, 2006, from http: //jbr.org/articles.html
Documents retrieved from an aggregated database:
VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology
undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5 , 117-123.
Retrieved April 13, 2006, from Education Full Text database.
Internet articles based on a print source
• Citations of journal articles
– Include issue number if the pagination of
journal is by issue number .
– Do not include issue number if the pagination
of the journal is continuous throughout the
volume.
Journal Citations
APA manual p. 240 # 1 and 2 J o u r n a l o f R e a d i n g V o l u m e 1 6 2 0 0 4
VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by
psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research,
5, 317-323.
VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by
psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research,
5(4), 17-23.
Continuous pagination is through volume:
Pagination starts with page 1 in each issue:
Journal Citations- Pagination
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
Corporate author
See APA manual, p. 248
• Period after the corporate author
Corporate author
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
Year of publication
See APA manual, p. 248
Year of publication
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See APA manual, p. 248
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.).Washington, DC: Author.
Book title
• Only the first word in the book title and
subtitle should be capitalized as well as
any proper names.
•Use (5th ed.), not (5th ed.) and do not
italicize
• Period goes after the edition number and
page numbers, if any
Booktitle
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
Place and publisher
• Use DC, not D.C.
• Use Author if the name of the publisher is
the same as the author
Placeandpublisher
• Use state abbreviations:
FL, TX, NY, CA, DC
• Cities that do not includestate abbreviation: – Baltimore
– Boston
– Chicago
– Los Angeles
– New York
– Philadelphia
– San Francisco
• Leave off superfluous terms:
– Publishers
– Co. or Company
– Inc .
• Retain the words: – Books
– Press
Location and Publisher Info
• For example:
Erlbaum, John Wiley,
University of Toronto Press,
Penguin Books
http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrlstandards/informationliteracy.htm
Citing a Web Site:
CitingaWebSite
Citing a Web Site:
Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information
literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved
February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web
site: http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrlstandards/informationliteracy.htm
Corporate author
See APA manual, p. 274
CitingaWebSite– Corporateauthor
Citing a Web Site:
Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information
literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved
February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web
site: http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrlstandards/informationliteracy.htm
Year of publication
See APA manual, p. 274
CitingaWebSite– Year of publication
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Citing a Web Site:
Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information
literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved
February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web
site: http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrlstandards/informationliteracy.htm
Web title
See APA manual, p. 274
• Web title is italicized.
CitingaWebSite– Webtitle
Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information
literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved
February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web
site: http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrlstandards/informationliteracy.htm
Citing a Web Site:
Retrieval statement
No period after the URL
CitingaWebSite– Retrieval statement
DISCLAIMER:
For class assignments, your
instructor has the final word on APA
formatting.
NSU
N S U
Still confused?
You can call the Reference Desk at (800) 541-6682 ext. 4613
or email [email protected]
Getting help