long period, and that local or secular variations in this pattern must have been minor.

Morris Goodman (Wayne State) showed by means of two-dimensional

starch-gel electrophoresis and immuno- diffusion precipitin testing that the

divergences in serum proteins between

any two of the hominoid genera (Homo, Gorilla, Pan, Pongo, and Hylobates) are

greater than those found among cer-

copithecine genera (Macaca, Papio, and

Cercopithecus). Further, in disagree- ment with the taxonomic practice of

having man be the sole living representa? tive of the Hominidae and of grouping orangutan, chimpanzee, and gorilla to?

gether in the Ponginae, a serological classification would group Pan, Gorilla, and Homo in the Hominidae; Pongo and Hylobates would be separated from this phyletic assemblage and also from each other, but would still remain with? in the Hominoidea.

Janet A. Hartle (South Dakota), having set for herself the task of finding an unrecognized distinguishing feature of the Mongoloid cranial face suscep? tible of simple metrical demonstration, produced evidence that she had suc- ceeded. The feature in question is the frontal process of the zygomatic bone and particularly the shape of this proc? ess as caused by the variable develop? ment of the marginal tubercle. She showed that this tubercle reaches its

highest development in the classic Asi- atic Mongoloids; is least developed in whites and Negroes; and is intermediate in size in American Indians. Hartle sug? gests that this racial difference may re? flect a more forward attachment on the skull of the temporal muscles in

Mongoloids and also in some way per? haps the claimed greater amount of fat over the Mongoloid face.

Even though attendance was down at this the farthest west meeting in its his?

tory, the Association will hold its next

meeting in Mexico City by invitation of the Instituto Nacional de Antro-

pologia y Historia. Elected to office this

year were Gabriel Lasker (Wayne State), president, and Alice M. Brues

(Oklahoma), member of the Executive Committee. In an unusual move, the Association named Juan Comas (Mexi? co) as honorary president for the year. Frederick S. Hulse was selected as the new editor of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.

T. D. Stewart U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.

178

Astronomy

The rapid growth of the nation's newest observatory for optical astron?

omy gave added stimulus to the annual

spring meeting of the American Astro- nomical Society which was held in Tuc?

son, Arizona (17-20 April). The Kitt Peak National Observatory, whose lo? cation was selected only AVi years ago and whose management is handled by AURA, Inc, now has in operation the world's largest solar telescope, a 36- inch Cassegrain reflector used for stel? lar research and, since April, an 84-inch

reflector, which is the fifth largest in the world. The growing complex of

telescopes atop Kitt Peak now includes the 36-inch Steward reflector of the

University of Arizona relocated upon an area subleased from the National Science Foundation.

This meeting was highlighted by five

papers on the most interesting new dis?

covery in astronomy in the past several decades?the identification of "radio stars" as a new class of objects. These

objects, first identified by the Mount Wilson-CalTech group of radio and

optical astronomers, appear to be the

consequence of the formation of stellar bodies at the nuclei of galaxies; such bodies have masses of 10? or more solar masses. Obviously much theoretical and observational work will be required to

explore the nature of these new objects, whose prodigious energy output solves the riddle of the apparently large energy flux observed from those peculiar gal? axies that are known to be strong radio emitters.

In accordance with the interest in the new instrumental developments in the Tucson region at the Kitt Peak Na? tional Observatory, the Steward Ob?

servatory, and the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, a symposium on instru? mental astronomy was held under the

chairmanship of A. B. Meinel, presi- dent-elect of the Rocky Mountain and Southwestern Division of the AAAS. This symposium did not attempt to cover areas within the very broad field of instrumental astronomy that is de?

veloping within the United States, but instead leaned toward the presentation of certain techniques that have recently seen much development in other coun?

tries, in particular, in the utilization of interference phenomena in new obser? vational research. While there are ex-

citing new developments in the labora?

tory stage of exploration, the sym-

posium adhered closely to the boundary condition of considering only those in? struments that had been successfully applied to research.

W. S. Finsen (Republic Observatory, Johannesburg, Union of South Africa) described the eyepiece interferometer, a relatively simple device in theory but one requiring great skill in construc? tion and use. It has enabled Finsen to make notable advances in the study of close binary star systems.

Methods developed for the study of emission nebulosities, particularly through the extension of Fabry-Perot interferometers, were described by G. Courtes (Observatoire de Marseille, France). His study of high-velocity emission filaments near the nucleus of our galaxy has emphasized the ability of this technique to detect features not observable by more conventional meth? ods. He presented many fine illustra? tions of the emission structure of gal? axies taken by him at Haute-Provence

Observatory. Luc Delbouille (Institut d'Astro-

physique, Liege, Belgium) discussed the technique of scanning interference

spectroscopy with the Michelson inter? ferometer. This method, first pointed out by Felgett, utilizes all of the light from an object while obtaining the

spectrum of the object. This method has been in the foreground of con? sideration for space missions since ac? curate guiding on the source is not nec?

essary; however, Delbouille presented in a realistic manner the special prob? lem that must be overcome if success? ful observations are to be made with this instrument. The work by him and his colleague, Miss Roland, has demon? strated that fine spectra can be ob?

tained, and much hope is held for the future of this rather elegant technique.

As a comparison to the beginning efforts with scanning interferometers, G. P. Kuiper (University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory) pre? sented the magnificent results which he

recently obtained with conventional

grating and prism spectrometers in the infrared. He presented a series of

spectra, taken with cooled PbS and In?

Sb detectors, of the planets and cool

stars in the 1- to 5-micron region with resolutions of several thousand in the best traces. Of particular interest,

Kuiper showed the first traces of omi- cron Ceti, an M8 star, showing the

presence of water vapor in the stellar

atmosphere. While numerous features discovered in these spectra have been

SCIENCE, VOL. 141

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180

identified with known molecular spec? ies, he pointed out that a number of

prominent features remain unidentified. While Philip Baumeister (Institute of

Optics, University of Rochester) is not an astronomer, he has had a very defi- nite effect upon astronomical instru? mentation because of his pioneering work in modern techniques of the de?

sign of high-efficiency, multiple-layer interference stacks. These devices are rather well known as narrow-band di- electric filters, but Baumeister showed how other applications of this same

technique could yield both nonreflect-

ing surfaces and ultrahigh reflecting surfaces with exceptional properties over pass-bands of several thousand

angstroms. Since astronomical observa? tions are made with so few quanta available per second, astronomers are

always seeking the most efficient sys? tems. Baumeister's paper showed some welcome new techniques that as yet have only been applied to relatively few existing astronomical instruments.

A highlight of the meeting was the

report on the recent flight of the 36- inch Princeton University Stratoscope II telescope. R. E. Danielson described the balloon-borne telescope and the ac? tual flight in behalf of his Princeton

colleagues, J. E. Gaustad and Martin Schwarzschild. His description of the

"cliffhanger" aspects of the entire mis- sion held the audience on the edges of their chairs. H. F. Weaver (University of California, Berkeley) then described the scientific instrumentation for the

flight and the scientific results on behalf of himself and his colleague, N. Woolf. It was indeed remarkable that, in spite of the difficulties of this maiden flight, the germanium helium-cooled bolom- eter and spectrograph functioned so well after the balloon telescope had

already well exceeded its maximum

operating range. While the scientific results only yielded a maximum value for the water vapor content of the Martian atmosphere, the limit has made a valuable scientific contribution and provides the scientific boundary conditions for later flights.

Following the conclusion of the sym? posium, G. Munch (Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories) and H. Spin- rad (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) re?

quested time to announce their detec? tion of water vapor in the Martian

atmosphere. Their data had been ob?

tained a few days earlier with a new

grating installed in the Mount Wilson 100-inch Coude spectrograph. Their

spectra clearly showed the presence of

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SCIENCE, VOL. 141

resolved satellite lines, Doppler-shifted away from the much stronger terrestrial water vapor lines. Their preliminary results both confirmed the correctness of the results from Stratoscope II and also demonstrated that perhaps all pos? sible avenues open for the study of this

problem had not been fully exhausted. Co-hosts of this 113th meeting of

the American Astronomical Society were the University of Arizona and the Kitt Peak National Observatory. The next meeting will be held at the Uni?

versity of Alaska, College, 22-24 July, immediately following the total solar

eclipse which will be visible there on 20 July.

A. B. Meinel Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson

Plasmas: Wave Interaction and

Dynamic Nonlinear Phenomena

The study of wave interaction and nonlinear phenomena in plasmas and ionized media has become in recent

years a subject of great importance not

only to physicists and engineers, but also to wave propagation theoreticians.

Pennsylvania State University, whose

Ionosphere Research Laboratory has a traditional interest in ionospheric wave interaction phenomena, arranged a con? ference on wave interaction and dy? namic nonlinear phenomena in plas? mas. Outstanding investigators from universities and industrial laboratories attended the meeting (4-6 February). In order to make the sessions more effective a limited number of speakers (about 15) were invited, and no at?

tempt was made to arrange or group papers into areas; instead, papers were randomly arranged since mixing of the workers in vastly differing areas of specialities was one of the objectives of the meeting.

Basic wave interaction and dynamic nonlinear phenomena have much in common and scientists and engineers working in these diverse fields, which range from the high-power klystron studies to the plasma physics of the sun, greatly benefited from being brought together to exchange views and theoretical ideas. The high-power tube engineer, who deals with the "cleanest" of all plasmas, has advanced the analysis of nonlinear phenomena and had valuable information for those scientists who have to work with less

12 JULY 1963

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