Balutan

PERTOLONGAN CEMASPERTOLONGAN CEMAS(FIRST AID)(FIRST AID)

DOLIDIAS MalaysiaDOLIDIAS MalaysiaNo. 21, Jalan P9B/10, Presint 9, 62500 PutrajayaNo. 21, Jalan P9B/10, Presint 9, 62500 PutrajayaTel/Fax 03 8881 1925 . Cellphone 012 635 3070 . Tel/Fax 03 8881 1925 . Cellphone 012 635 3070 . www.mainayaq.comwww.mainayaq.com

Professionally coordinates by:Professionally coordinates by: Members and Affiliations:Members and Affiliations:

Disediakan oleh;Disediakan oleh;Kpt. (KRS) Rohaidah BakarKpt. (KRS) Rohaidah Bakar

First Aid UnitFirst Aid Unit

??PERTOLONGAN PERTOLONGAN

CEMASCEMAS

Professionally coordinates Professionally coordinates by:by:

(1)(1)PENGENALANPENGENALANPERTOLONGAN CEMASPERTOLONGAN CEMAS

Rawatan sementara waktu yang Rawatan sementara waktu yang diberikan kepada mangsa; sebelum diberikan kepada mangsa; sebelum tibanya bantuan perubatan.tibanya bantuan perubatan.

ProfessionallyProfessionally coordinates by: coordinates by:

Variasi nama:Variasi nama:•First AidFirst Aid•Bantu MulaBantu Mula•Pertolongan CemasPertolongan Cemas

Menyelamat nyawa Menyelamat nyawa

Mengelak mangsa cedera lebih seriusMengelak mangsa cedera lebih serius

Mengurangkan kesakitanMengurangkan kesakitan

Menguruskan pemindahan ke hospitalMenguruskan pemindahan ke hospital

OBJEKTIFOBJEKTIF



Sesuatu situasi kritikal yang Sesuatu situasi kritikal yang mengancam nyawamengancam nyawa

Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera,Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera, kesakitan mangsa menjadi lebihkesakitan mangsa menjadi lebih serius, lebih mudarat dan mungkin serius, lebih mudarat dan mungkin menyebabkan kematianmenyebabkan kematian

APA ITU KECEMASAN?APA ITU KECEMASAN?



BertanggungjawabBertanggungjawab

Berjiwa cekal, waras dan tenangBerjiwa cekal, waras dan tenang

Mengamati prinsip keselamatan diriMengamati prinsip keselamatan diri

Berpengetahuan dan berkeyakinanBerpengetahuan dan berkeyakinan

TerlatihTerlatih

CIRI-CIRI SEORANG PENYELAMATCIRI-CIRI SEORANG PENYELAMAT




(2)(2)PERALATANPERALATANPERTOLONGAN CEMASPERTOLONGAN CEMAS

1)1) Termometer Termometer

2)2) Mangkuk EnamelMangkuk Enamel

3)3) Ubat CiumUbat Cium

4)4) AsprinAsprin

5)5) PanadolPanadol

6)6) Ubat MelepuhUbat Melepuh

7)7) Kain Pembalut Luka Kain Pembalut Luka

8)8) Kain TekapKain Tekap

9)9) Kapas Kapas

10)10) GuntingGunting

11)11) Kain KapasKain Kapas

12)12) Pin SematPin Semat

13)13) ElastoplastElastoplast

14)14) Ubat Luka Ubat Luka

15)15) Papan TuapPapan Tuap

16)16) Kain SegitigaKain Segitiga

17)17) Ubat Cuci MataUbat Cuci Mata

18)18) Pembalut BerelastikPembalut Berelastik

19)19) Pembalut PembebatPembalut Pembebat

20)20) Pembalut TerbukaPembalut Terbuka

21)21) Adesif Lekat SendiriAdesif Lekat Sendiri

ISI ‘KOTAK FIRST AID’ISI ‘KOTAK FIRST AID’

Pembebatan digunakan untuk menutup luka Pembebatan digunakan untuk menutup luka dan mengawal pendarahan.dan mengawal pendarahan.

(3)(3)PEMBEBATANPEMBEBATAN && PEMBALUT PEMBALUT

Pembalut dilakukan untuk membantu Pembalut dilakukan untuk membantu pembebatan.pembebatan.


PEMBEBATANPEMBEBATAN

(3)(3)PEMBEBATANPEMBEBATAN& & PEMBALUTPEMBALUT


Pembalut Tiga SegiPembalut Tiga SegiPembalut LebarPembalut LebarPembalut KecilPembalut KecilPembalut GulungPembalut Gulung


JENIS KAIN PEMBALUTJENIS KAIN PEMBALUT


Pembalut Tiga SegiPembalut Tiga Segi




Lipatan Tiga SegiLipatan Tiga Segi



4.4.IKATAN, IKATAN, BALUTAN & BALUTAN & ANDUHANDUH

? Ikatan? Ikatan

? Balutan? Balutan

? Anduh? Anduh

IKATANIKATAN

Simpul SilaSimpul Sila


(4)(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN IKATAN, BALUTAN & &

ANDUHANDUH

Luka Tangan Luka Tangan Luka DadaLuka DadaLuka Bahu Luka Bahu Luka PehaLuka PehaLuka SikuLuka SikuLuka LenganLuka LenganLuka LututLuka LututLuka JariLuka Jari

JENIS BALUTAN LUKAJENIS BALUTAN LUKA



ANDUHANDUH

Balutan Luka TanganBalutan Luka Tangan


11

22 33 44


ANDUHANDUH




ANDUHANDUH


11 22

33 44



ANDUHANDUH

Luka di bahagian depanLuka di bahagian depan

Balutan Luka DadaBalutan Luka Dada



ANDUHANDUH

Balutan Luka DadaBalutan Luka Dada

Luka di bahagian belakangLuka di bahagian belakang ProfessionallyProfessionally coordinates by: coordinates by:


ANDUHANDUH

Balutan Balutan

Luka BahuLuka Bahu


11

22 33


ANDUHANDUH

Balutan Luka PehaBalutan Luka Peha


11

22

33


ANDUHANDUH

Balutan Luka SikuBalutan Luka Siku

11

22

11 22



ANDUHANDUH

Balutan Luka LututBalutan Luka Lutut

11 22 33



ANDUHANDUH


Balutan Luka LenganBalutan Luka Lengan

11 22


ANDUHANDUH

Balutan Luka JariBalutan Luka Jari


11

22

33

44


ANDUHANDUH

Anduh BesarAnduh BesarAnduh KecilAnduh KecilAnduh Anduh Pergelangan Tangan Pergelangan Tangan Anduh MenaikAnduh Menaik

JENIS ANDUHJENIS ANDUH



ANDUHANDUH


Anduh BesarAnduh Besar

11

22

33

44


ANDUHANDUH


Anduh MenaikAnduh Menaik

11 22 33


ANDUHANDUH


Pembalut CincinPembalut Cincin(4)(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN IKATAN, BALUTAN & &

ANDUHANDUH

11 22 33

JENIS-JENIS LUKAJENIS-JENIS LUKA


1) Luka Terhiris1) Luka Terhiris

(5)(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN JENIS KEMALANGAN & &

CARA RAWATANCARA RAWATAN

2) Luka Terkoyak2) Luka Terkoyak




3) Luka Tertikam / Tembus3) Luka Tertikam / Tembus




4) Luka Lebam4) Luka Lebam





5) Luka Kena Tembak5) Luka Kena Tembak




CARA MENAHAN DARAHCARA MENAHAN DARAH

6) Luka Kecil6) Luka Kecil





7) Luka di Perut7) Luka di Perut




8) Luka di Dada8) Luka di Dada




9) Pendarahan bahagian 9) Pendarahan bahagian dalam Telingadalam Telinga


Di Malaysia terdapat Di Malaysia terdapat 141 spesis ular, di 141 spesis ular, di mana 37 daripadanya mana 37 daripadanya adalah berbisa.adalah berbisa.

Terbahagi kepada 21 Terbahagi kepada 21 Ular Laut dan 16 Ular Ular Laut dan 16 Ular Darat.Darat.

4.4.PATUKAN ULARPATUKAN ULAR




1)1) Sepasang lubang bekas patukkan.Sepasang lubang bekas patukkan.

2)2) Terasa sakit yang amat pada tempat yang Terasa sakit yang amat pada tempat yang kena patuk.kena patuk.

3)3) Bengkak dan merah di sekeliling patukkan.Bengkak dan merah di sekeliling patukkan.

4)4) Pernafasan yang tercungap-cungapPernafasan yang tercungap-cungap

5)5) Kemungkinan terhenti pernafasan.Kemungkinan terhenti pernafasan.

6)6) Berpeluh dan penglihatan berpinar-pinar.Berpeluh dan penglihatan berpinar-pinar.

SIMPTOM / TANDA AWALSIMPTOM / TANDA AWAL




Patukan ular berbisa bergantung kepada Patukan ular berbisa bergantung kepada spesis, amaun racun, kedudukan dan spesis, amaun racun, kedudukan dan kedalaman patukkan.kedalaman patukkan.

Boleh membawa kepada maut.Boleh membawa kepada maut.

Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.

BAHAYABAHAYA




SAIZ PATUKANSAIZ PATUKAN




KESAN PATUKANKESAN PATUKAN




Terkelar, terbakar dan melecur adalah Terkelar, terbakar dan melecur adalah sama keadaannya. sama keadaannya.

Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap kecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakar kecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakar melibatkan kecederaan yang lebih melibatkan kecederaan yang lebih serius daripada melecurserius daripada melecur..

5.5.TERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECURTERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECUR




Disebabkan terkena:Disebabkan terkena:Air panasAir panasMinyak panas Minyak panas Wap panasWap panas

MELECUR DAN LEBAMMELECUR DAN LEBAM

Simptom:Simptom:Kulit melecur dan Kulit melecur dan

kemerahankemerahanBahagian terbakar Bahagian terbakar

mengelembung dan mengelembung dan bengkak dengan cepatbengkak dengan cepat

Sakit yang amat sangatSakit yang amat sangat




1.1. Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejuk Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejuk dan selesa.dan selesa.

2.2. Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan pada Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan pada anggota tercedera seperti; kasut, cincin, anggota tercedera seperti; kasut, cincin, jam tangan, dll.jam tangan, dll.

3.3. Jika serius elakkan beri minuman dan Jika serius elakkan beri minuman dan makanan.makanan.

4.4. Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.





CARA RAWATAN TERBAKAR RINGANCARA RAWATAN TERBAKAR RINGAN2211




Renjatan elektrik boleh Renjatan elektrik boleh menyebabkan maut, menyebabkan maut, mungkin mereka yang mungkin mereka yang cuba membantu turut cuba membantu turut menemui maumenemui maut.t.

6.6.RENJATAN ELEKTRIKRENJATAN ELEKTRIK


Matikan suis atau suis utama dan Matikan suis atau suis utama dan pastikan elektrik sudah terputus.pastikan elektrik sudah terputus.

Menggunakan penebat untuk Menggunakan penebat untuk menyelamatkan mangsa:menyelamatkan mangsa:

1.1. Gunakan galah yang panjang dan keringGunakan galah yang panjang dan kering2.2. Kerusi kayuKerusi kayu3.3. Tikar getahTikar getah4.4. Kain sal (tuala yang kering)Kain sal (tuala yang kering)5.5. Plastik tebalPlastik tebal6.6. Tali atau tali nylon yang keringTali atau tali nylon yang kering

LANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBILLANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBIL




CARA MENGALIH BAHAYACARA MENGALIH BAHAYA




Sekiranya mangsa tidak bernafas, Sekiranya mangsa tidak bernafas, pulihkan pernafasan dari mulut ke mulut.pulihkan pernafasan dari mulut ke mulut.

Jika gagal segera lakukan CPR.Jika gagal segera lakukan CPR.Jika ada kesan terbakar beri rawatan Jika ada kesan terbakar beri rawatan

terbakar.terbakar.Segerakan mangsa ke hospital.Segerakan mangsa ke hospital.





Kecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retakKecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retak..Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku

disebabkan pukulan secara langsung atau disebabkan pukulan secara langsung atau tidak langsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yang tidak langsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yang tinggi, tarikan otot anggota yang tertindih, tinggi, tarikan otot anggota yang tertindih, tembakan atau perlanggaran dan sebagainya.tembakan atau perlanggaran dan sebagainya.

7.7.PATAH & TERSELIUHPATAH & TERSELIUH




Patah tebu Patah kayu muda

JENIS-JENIS PATAHJENIS-JENIS PATAH

11 22




Patah riukPatah riuk Patah melaratPatah melarat

JENIS-JENIS PATAHJENIS-JENIS PATAH

33 44




Lebam dan bengkakLebam dan bengkakAnggota tidak dapat digerakkan Anggota tidak dapat digerakkan Terluka atau berubah bentukTerluka atau berubah bentukTajam/berbonjol pada kulit Tajam/berbonjol pada kulit Sakit Sakit

SIMPTOMSIMPTOM




BLANKET LIFT: PreparationBLANKET LIFT: Preparation



BLANKET LIFT: Rolling OnBLANKET LIFT: Rolling On



BLANKET LIFT: LiftingBLANKET LIFT: Lifting



8.8.TERCEKIKTERCEKIK


9.9.LEMAS DI AIRLEMAS DI AIR(5)(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN JENIS KEMALANGAN & &



Lakukan pemeriksaan asas seperti, Lakukan pemeriksaan asas seperti, periksa pernafasan dan nadi. periksa pernafasan dan nadi.

Periksa tahap kesedaran, buka salur Periksa tahap kesedaran, buka salur pernafasan.pernafasan.

Jika perlu lakukan CPR.Jika perlu lakukan CPR.

RAWATANRAWATAN




Apa-apa bahan jika Apa-apa bahan jika dimasukkan ke dimasukkan ke dalam kuantiti yang dalam kuantiti yang mencukupi boleh mencukupi boleh mengakibatkan mengakibatkan kemudaratan.kemudaratan.

10.10.KERACUNANKERACUNAN


Mulut – makan, minumMulut – makan, minumParu-paru – sedut gas/asapParu-paru – sedut gas/asapSuntikan – gigitan, patukan, jarumSuntikan – gigitan, patukan, jarumKulit – semburan racun perosakKulit – semburan racun perosak

PUNCA KERACUNANPUNCA KERACUNAN




1.1. Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat.Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat.

2.2. Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat.Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat.

3.3. Kesan melecur pada mulut – beri minum air Kesan melecur pada mulut – beri minum air atau susu sedikit demi sedikit.atau susu sedikit demi sedikit.

4.4. Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma.Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma.

5.5. Jika tidak sedar – lakukan ‘primary survey’.Jika tidak sedar – lakukan ‘primary survey’.

RAWATANRAWATAN




Melalui Melalui 33 cara: cara:

1.1. Resusitasi secara hembusan Resusitasi secara hembusan (mulut ke mulut)(mulut ke mulut)

2.2. Resusitasi secara tekanan Resusitasi secara tekanan (kardio-pulmonari)(kardio-pulmonari)

3.3. Holger NielsonHolger Nielson

TEKNIK-TEKNIKTEKNIK-TEKNIK

(6)(6)PEMULIHAN PEMULIHAN PERNAFASANPERNAFASAN


Holger NeilsonHolger Neilson11(6)(6)PEMULIHAN PEMULIHAN

PERNAFASANPERNAFASAN


22 Holger NeilsonHolger Neilson(6)(6)PEMULIHAN PEMULIHAN

PERNAFASANPERNAFASAN


Rescue BreathingRescue Breathing

Is a way of breathing air into an unconscious Is a way of breathing air into an unconscious victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.

CPR (on adults & large children) CPR (on adults & large children) (see handout)(see handout)

Giving chest compressions.Giving chest compressions. Position the heel of the right hand on the lower half of the Position the heel of the right hand on the lower half of the

breast bone, right between the nipples.breast bone, right between the nipples. Position left hand on top of the right hand.Position left hand on top of the right hand. Position shoulders directly over the hands and push Position shoulders directly over the hands and push

straight down, pushing the breastbone down 1.5 – 2 straight down, pushing the breastbone down 1.5 – 2 inches. inches.

15 chest compressions, then 2 breaths. 15 chest compressions, then 2 breaths. After 3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of circulation.After 3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of circulation.

RICE TreatmentRICE Treatment

RestRest For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required for severe For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required for severe

injuries.injuries. IceIce

Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs. Applying cold Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs. Applying cold helps reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.helps reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.

CompressionCompression Wrap the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it is not too Wrap the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it is not too

tight!tight! ElevationElevation

Raise the injured part above heart level to reduce swelling Raise the injured part above heart level to reduce swelling and drain blood and fluid from the area.and drain blood and fluid from the area.

AED (Automated External AED (Automated External DeDefibrillatorfibrillator))

What is an automated external defibrillator What is an automated external defibrillator (AED)?(AED)?An AED is a device about the size of a laptop An AED is a device about the size of a laptop computer that analyzes the heart's rhythm for computer that analyzes the heart's rhythm for any abnormalities and, if necessary, directs any abnormalities and, if necessary, directs the rescuer to deliver an electrical shock to the the rescuer to deliver an electrical shock to the victim. This shock, called defibrillation, may victim. This shock, called defibrillation, may help the heart to reestablish an effective help the heart to reestablish an effective rhythm of its own.rhythm of its own.


How does an AED work?How does an AED work?An AED is easy to operate. It uses voice prompts to An AED is easy to operate. It uses voice prompts to instruct the rescuer. Once the machine is turned on, instruct the rescuer. Once the machine is turned on, the rescuer will be prompted to apply two electrodes the rescuer will be prompted to apply two electrodes provided with the AED to the victim's chest. Once provided with the AED to the victim's chest. Once applied, the AED will begin to monitor the victim's applied, the AED will begin to monitor the victim's heart rhythm. If a "shockable" rhythm is detected, the heart rhythm. If a "shockable" rhythm is detected, the machine will charge itself and instruct the rescuer to machine will charge itself and instruct the rescuer to stand clear of the victim and to press the shock stand clear of the victim and to press the shock button.button.


AED’s are required to be in most large public AED’s are required to be in most large public buildings.buildings.

Such as malls, schools, and stadiums. Such as malls, schools, and stadiums.

SplintsSplints

A material or device used to protect and A material or device used to protect and immobilize a body part.immobilize a body part.

A splint should be used only if it can be A splint should be used only if it can be applied without hurting the victim.applied without hurting the victim.

Two Types of SplintsTwo Types of SplintsSoft splints are made from blankets, towels, Soft splints are made from blankets, towels,

sheets, or bandages. sheets, or bandages. Rigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapers Rigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapers

or boards.or boards.

Appling Splints…Appling Splints…

Attempt to splint the injury in the position you Attempt to splint the injury in the position you find it.find it.

Make sure it is not too tight!Make sure it is not too tight!On Fractured BonesOn Fractured Bones

Must include the joint above and below the injured Must include the joint above and below the injured bone.bone.

On Injured JointsOn Injured JointsMust include the bone above and below the Must include the bone above and below the

injured joint.injured joint.

SlingsSlings

Is a wide piece of cloth looped under an Is a wide piece of cloth looped under an inured arm for support.inured arm for support.

Example: Triangular BandageExample: Triangular Bandage

Treatments for Common Treatments for Common InjuriesInjuries

Types Bleeding WoundsTypes Bleeding Wounds

BruiseBruise Is a wound blood vessels cause bleeding under Is a wound blood vessels cause bleeding under

the skin.the skin. IncisionIncision

Is a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such a Is a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such a razor, scissors, broken glass.razor, scissors, broken glass.

LacerationLaceration Is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of Is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of

the skin.the skin.

Types Bleeding WoundsTypes Bleeding Wounds

AbrasionAbrasion AKA a scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping AKA a scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping

away the skin.away the skin.

AvulsionAvulsion Is a wound in which skin or other body tissue is separated Is a wound in which skin or other body tissue is separated

or completely torn away from the body.or completely torn away from the body.

PuncturePuncture Is a wound produced when a pointed instrument or Is a wound produced when a pointed instrument or

projectile pierces the skin. projectile pierces the skin. The risk of infection is high with this type of wound.The risk of infection is high with this type of wound.

Controlling BleedingControlling Bleeding

What is the procedure for controlling bleeding What is the procedure for controlling bleeding that we covered last class?that we covered last class?

ShockShock

Is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the Is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the body tissues.body tissues.

Signs of shock include…rapid, shallow Signs of shock include…rapid, shallow breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting.pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting.

What is the treatment for shock that we What is the treatment for shock that we covered last class?covered last class?

FracturesFractures

Is a break or crack in a bone.Is a break or crack in a bone.Two TypesTwo Types

Open FractureOpen FractureThere is also a break in the skin.There is also a break in the skin.

Closed FractureClosed FractureThere is no break in the skin.There is no break in the skin.

TreatmentTreatmentTreat for bleeding and shock, splint the injury, Treat for bleeding and shock, splint the injury,

apply ice.apply ice.

DislocationsDislocations

Is the movement of a bone away from its joint.Is the movement of a bone away from its joint.TreatmentTreatment

Splint above and below the dislocated joint, apply Splint above and below the dislocated joint, apply a cold compress.a cold compress.

Never try and set a dislocation!Never try and set a dislocation!

Sprains and StrainsSprains and Strains

Sprain – is an injury to the ligaments, tendons, Sprain – is an injury to the ligaments, tendons, and soft tissue around a joint caused by and soft tissue around a joint caused by undue stretching.undue stretching.

Strain – is an overstretching of muscles and/or Strain – is an overstretching of muscles and/or tendons.tendons.

Treatment – Apply the RICE treatment.Treatment – Apply the RICE treatment.

Weather Related InjuriesWeather Related Injuries

Heat Cramps – are painful muscle spasms in the Heat Cramps – are painful muscle spasms in the legs and arms due to excessive fluid loss through legs and arms due to excessive fluid loss through sweating.sweating. Treatment – have victim rest in a cool, shaded area; drink Treatment – have victim rest in a cool, shaded area; drink

cool water; and stretch stiff muscles.cool water; and stretch stiff muscles.

Heat Exhaustion – is extreme tiredness due to the Heat Exhaustion – is extreme tiredness due to the body’s inability to regulate its temperature.body’s inability to regulate its temperature. Treatment – have victim lie down with feet elevated in a Treatment – have victim lie down with feet elevated in a

cool, shaded area; give cool water to drink.cool, shaded area; give cool water to drink.


Heat Stroke – is an overheating of the body Heat Stroke – is an overheating of the body that is life-threatening. Sweating ceases, so that is life-threatening. Sweating ceases, so that the body cannot regulate its temperature.that the body cannot regulate its temperature.Treatment – have victim lie in cool, wet towels or Treatment – have victim lie in cool, wet towels or

sheets; place ice backs near the neck, armpits, sheets; place ice backs near the neck, armpits, and groin.and groin.


Frostbite – is the freezing of body parts, often Frostbite – is the freezing of body parts, often the tissues of the extremities.the tissues of the extremities.Treatment – do not attempt rewarming; handle the Treatment – do not attempt rewarming; handle the

affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.Hypothermia – is a reduction of the body Hypothermia – is a reduction of the body

temperature so that it is lower than normal.temperature so that it is lower than normal.Treatment – move the victim to a warm Treatment – move the victim to a warm

environment; remove any wet clothing; cover their environment; remove any wet clothing; cover their head with blankets.head with blankets.

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