Biologi P2 SBP SPM Mid Year 2008
Transcript of Biologi P2 SBP SPM Mid Year 2008
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SEKTOR SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUH
BAHAGIAN SEKOLAH
KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA
PEPERIKSAAN PERTENGAHAN TAHUN
TINGKATAN LIMA 2008
BIOLOGI
Kertas 2
Dua jam tiga puluh minit
JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA DIBERITAHU
1. Kertas soalan ini mengandungi tiga bahagian.
Bahagian A,Bahagian Bdan Bahagian C. Jawab
semuasoalan dalamBahagian A,satusoalan
daripadaBahagian Bdan satusoalan dariBahagian
C
2. Jawapan kepadaBahagian Ahendaklah ditulis
dalam ruang jawapan yang disediakan dalam kertas
soalan. Langkah penting dalam kerja mengira
hendaklah ditunjukkan.
3. Jawapan kepada Bahagian B dan Bahagian C
hendaklah ditulis pada ruang jawapan yang
disediakan. Anda diminta menjawab dengan lebih
panjang untuk Bahagian B dan Bahagian C tetapi
jawapan mestilah jelas dan logik. Dalam jawapan
anda, persamaan, gambar rajah, jadual, graf dan cara
lain yang sesuai untuk menjelaskan jawapan anda
boleh digunakan.
4. Jawapan kepada ketiga-tiga bahagian ini hendaklah
diserahkan bersama-sama. Anda hendaklahmenyerahkan kertas tulis dan kertas graf tambahan.
5. Penggunaan kalkulator saintifik yangtidakboleh
diprogramkan adalah dibenarkan.
Untuk Kegunaan Pemeriksa
Bahagian Soalan Markah
penuh
Markah
dipeolehi
A
1 12
2 12
3 12
4 12
5 12
B6 20
7 20
C8 20
9 20
Jumlah 100
Kertas soalan ini mengandungi 22 halaman bercetak
Nama:
Tingkatan:.4551/2
Biologi
Kertas 2
MEI
2008
2
12 jam
4551/2 @ 2008Hak cipta Sektor Sekolah Berasrama Penuh [Lihat sebelah
SULIT
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Section A[60 marks]
Answerall questions in this section
1 Diagram 1 shows the electron micrographs of cell R and cell S obtained from
the alimentary system of humans.
Cell A Cell B
Cell R Cell S
Diagram 1
(a)(i) Name the cells.
Cell R : .....
Cell S : .....
[2 marks]
(ii) What are the characteristics that you can use to identify the cells in(a)(i).
Cell R : ...
Cell S :
[4 marks]
1(a)(i)
1(a)(ii)
secretory
vesicle
microvilli
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(b) Table 1 shows some organelles in the cells.
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Centriole
Chloroplast
Golgi apparatus
Table 1
Tick () the organelles that are found in both cells in the boxesprovided in Table 1.
[2 marks]
(c) Explain how a unicellular organism likeAmoebaperforms the process offood digestion and absorption of the digested food.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
[4 marks]
1(b)
1(c)
TOTAL
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2. Diagram 2.1 shows the cell cycle of an organism.
Diagram 2.1
(a) Name phase U in Diagram 2.1..
U:
[1 mark]
(b) Phase U is further divided into three sub phases, X, Y and Z. Describewhat happens at sub phases X, Y and Z.
X:
Y:
Z: [3 marks]
(c) The number of chromosomes present in the nucleus of a somatic cell is 6.Diagram 2.2 shows a stage of cell division to produce gametes.
Diagram 2.2
2 (a)
2 (b)
Mitotic cell
division Phase U
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Complete the diagram to show the chromosomes for a daughter cellproduced at the end of sub-phase Q.
[2 marks]
( d ) Explain how radiotherapy affected cell cycle in cancer treatment.
[2 marks]
(e)(i) A farmer wants to breed a good variety of banana plants forcommercial production. Suggest a suitable method to be used andexplain how the method named can increase the crop yield.
[3 marks]
(ii) State a problem that can occur when using this method..
[1 mark]
2 (c)
2 (d)
2 (e)(i)
2 (e)(ii)
TOTAL
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QP
3 Diagram 3 shows the transport and exchange of respiratory gases betweenthe alveolus, blood capillary and the body cells.
Diagram 3
(a) (i) Based on Diagram 3, name structure X:
[1mark]
(ii) State the adaptations of X in order to perform the following functions:
Facilitating the diffusion of gases:
........
Transportation of oxygen to all the body cells:
.......[2 marks]
(b) Explain why the concentration of carbon dioxide in the body cells is alwayshigher than in the blood..
..
..[2marks]
3 (a)(i)
3 (a)(ii)
3 (b)
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(c) (i) Compare the concentration of the respiratory gases in the blood vesselslabelled P and Q.
...
...[1mark]
(ii) Describe how the following respiratory gases are transported in theblood:
Oxygen :
.......
....
.
Carbon dioxide :
.
.
. .
[4 marks]
(d) A boy used to smoke cigarettes during his leisure time. Explain how his
bad habit affects his lungs.
..
.
....
[2 marks]
3 (c)(i)
3 (c)(ii)
3 (d)
TOTAL
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4 Diagram 4.1 shows a closed stoma and Diagram 4.2 shows an opened stomaof the same leaf at different times of the day.
Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2
(a) Name the cells P and Q.
P : .
Q :
[2 marks]
(b) Statetwo characteristics of cell P which are not found in cell Q.
..
.....
..
[2 marks]
(c) State what happens when the stomata are opened during the day.
[2 marks]
4 (a)
4(b)
4(c)
P
Q
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(d) Explain the mechanism that caused the stoma to open as shown in
Diagram 4.2.
..
[4 marks]
(e) Explain why the stoma closes on a very hot day?
[2marks]
4(d)
4(e)
TOTAL
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5 Two individuals P and Q were given injections to acquire immunity. The levelof antibodies in the blood of individual P and Q is shown in Diagram 5.1 and5.2 respectively.
DIAGRAM 5.1
DIAGRAM 5.2
(a) What is the substance injected into the blood of individual P and individual
Q ?
P :
Q :
[ 2 marks ]
5 (a)
1s
injection 2nd
injection
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Concentration
ofantibodiesin
the
blood
(arbitraryunit)
Immunity level
Increaseimmediatel
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1st
vaccination 2nd
vaccination Time (weeks)
Immunity level
Concentration
ofantibodiesin
the
blood
(arbitraryunit)
Booster dose (2nd)stimulates a faster and
larger lastingresponse.
Individual P
1st
Injection 2nd Injection
Time (weeks)
Individual Q
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(b) Explain the type of immunity obtained by individual P and individual Q.
P : ..
..
Q : ..
..
[ 2 marks ]
(c) Using your biological knowledge, describe how you could save this boy.
...
...
[ 4 marks ]
5(b)
5(c)
A boy was bitten by a snake. He was unconscious
and he was hospitalised.
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Table 5.1 shows a schedule of immunisation given for every new born
Malaysian until the age of two.
Age Types of Immunity
New bornTuberculosis (B.C.G)Hepatitis B ( First dose )
1 month Hepatitis B ( Second dose )
3 month
Triple Antigen
Polio ( First dose )
4 month
Triple Antigen
Polio ( Second dose )
5 month
Triple Antigen
Polio ( Second dose )
Hepatitis B ( Third dose )
9 24 month Germans measles
1 - 2 year
Triple Antigen
Polio ( Third dose )
TABLE 5.1
(d) Based on Table 5.1, explain why every parent must follow strictly to the
schedule of immunization.
...
[ 4 marks ]
5(d)
TOTAL
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SECTION B
[40 marks]
Answer any two questions from this section
6. Diagram 6 shows a menu consumed by an overweight boy over a long period oftime.
Diagram 6
(a) State the main nutrient content in the menu he took.[2 marks]
(b) By using two nutrients mentioned above, describe the digestive processthat occurs along his digestive tract
[6 marks]
(c) Explain how the digested food causes the overweight condition in thisboy.
[5 marks]
(d) Does the menu he took provide him a balanced diet?Explain your answer.Suggest the alternative food types that he should take to overcome
the overweight problem.[7 marks]
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7. Diagram 7 shows the ozone layer in atmosphere that protects earth fromultraviolet rays from the sun.
Diagram 7
(a) What is the effect of ozone layer depletion on humans?[2 marks]
(b) Explain how the human activities that cause ozone layer depletion.[4 marks]
(c) Technologies are widely used to overcome the environmental relatedproblems especially air pollution. By using examples discuss thisstatement.
[4 marks]
(d) In undeveloped countries, there is great need to convert more forestareas into agricultural lands. Suggest how these countries can meet theirneeds and at the same time preserve the natural environment.
[10 marks]
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8. Diagram 8.1 shows the movement of water from root to the leaves andout to the atmosphere.
Diagram 8.1
(a) Based on Diagram 8.1, describe the movement of water from root to theleaves.
[10 marks]
Transpiration
Capillary action
Root pressure
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b. Diagram 8.2 shows part of the blood circulatory system and the lymphaticsystem in the human body.
Diagram 8.2
(i) Based on diagram 8.2, state the meaning of lymph?[2 marks]
(ii) Describe how lymph is formed from blood until it is incorporatedback into the blood circulatory system.
[8 marks]
Interstitial fluid
Lymphatic capillary
Body tissue
Lymph vessel Lymph
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9. Diagram 9.1 shows the action of antagonistic in bending and straightening
the fore-limb.
Diagram 9.1
(a) Based on diagram 9.1, describe the function of muscles, tendons and
ligaments in enabling the bending and straightening of the human fore-
limb
[8 marks]
(a) A housewife aged 55 often experiences aches and pains in her bones.
Her doctor has told her that she is suffering from osteoporosis.
State the symptoms of osteoporosis and suggest the ways to overcome
this problem.
[4 marks]
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(c). Diagram 9.2 shows a terrestrial and aquatic plants in its habitat. Both of
these plants have certain characteristics to support in their respective
environment.
Diagram 9.2
i. Explain how support in terrestrial plants is achieved through tissue
modification.
ii. Explain the adaptations of the aquatic plant which enable it to float on thewater surface.
[8 marks]
END OF QUESTIONS
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SECTION A MARK SCHEME
QUESTION 1
No Marking criteria Marks
(a)(i)
(a)(ii)
(b)
(c)
Able to name the cells R and S
R Pancreatic cell / Secretory cell of stomach/duodenum/ileum/colonS - Epithelial cell of villus.
Able to state the reason
Sample AnswerCell R
many secretory vesicles
many Golgi body
many rough endoplasmic reticulumCell S
numerous microvilli
many mitochondria
Able to indicate the correct organelles
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Centriole
Chloroplast
Golgi apparatus
4 correct - 2 m3-2 correct - 1m
Able to explain digestion and absorption in Amoeba.
F : Sample Answer
F1 : has pseudopodia to engulf food by phagocytosis
E1 : The food is digested by lysozymes in the food vacuole
F2 : Food vacuole has thin membrane // large TSA/V ratioE2 : Digested food absorbed into the cell by simple diffusion
11
111Any 2
11
2
11
11
2
4
2
4
Total =12
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QUESTION 2
No Marking criteria Marks
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)(i)
(e)(ii)
Able to name the phase U.Sample answer:
U : Interphase
Able to describe the processes at sub phases X, Y and Z duringphase U
Sample answer :
X : Cell synthesises protein / new orgenelles formedY : DNA is synthesized / is replicated / 2 sister chromatids formedZ : Cell accumulates energy / synthesise energy / prepare forcell division
Able to draw a daughter cell based on the following criteria: No. of chromosomes are haploid / 3 chromosomes
Types of chromosomes/ non homologous
New genetic combination
Able to explain how radiotherapy can treat cancer.Sample answer :
F : Radiotherapy uses radiation / high energy raysE1 : destroy the nucleus of cancerous cellsE2 : cancerous cells die / cannot divide mitotically
E3 : cell cycle stops
Able to name the method and explain the advantages of themethod in increasing crop yield.
Sample answer :T : Tissue culture / CloningE1 : Large numbers of clones can be producedE2 : Within a short period of time / any timeE3 : Clones inherited good characteristics/ resistance to diseases/ fast growth rate / large fruit / good genetic traits
Able to state one problem :Clones can be destroyed completely if they do not have theresistance to new diseases / pest.//No variation
1
11
1
111
Any 2
1111
Any
1E = 1
1111
T=1mAny
2E
Marks
Any 1
1
3
2
2
3
1
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TOTAL 12
QUESTION 3
No Marking criteria Marks
(a)(i)
(a)(ii)
(b)
(c)(i)
(c)(ii)
(d)
Able to name structure X.
Sample answer:X : Alveolus
Able to state the adaptation :Sample answer :
Thin wall / wall is one cell layer thick / moist surface
Rich network of blood capillaries
Able to explain the statement given.Sample answer :F1 : cellular respiration occur in the body cellsE1 : Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product
E2 : Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood to the alveoli tobe expelled.
Able to give correct comparison.Sample answer :F : The concentration of oxygen in Q is higher than in P //theconcentration of carbon dioxide in Q is lower than P
Able to describe the transport of respiratory gases in the blood.Sample answer :Oxygen :
Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in the RBC to form
oxyhaemoglobin at the alveoli Oxyhaemoglobin dissociates to release oxygen in the body
cellsCarbon dioxide :
CO2is transported in the blood plasma in the form of ionhydrogen carbonate / bicarbonate / carbonic acid // combineswith haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin at the bodycells.
(hydrogen carbonate / bicarbonate / carbonic acid) is convertedback to CO2in the alveoli. // carbaminohaemoglobindissociates to release CO2.
Able to explain the effect of the smoke on respiratory surfaceSample answer:F1 : Contain toxic substances.E.g:Tar / nicotine / benzene/ formaldehydeE1 : Carcinogenic can increase risk of lung cancerF2 : Contains harmful gases. E.g : Sulfur dioxide / Nitrogendioxide / Hydrogen cyanide / carbon monoxideE2 : corrode the surface of alveoli.F3 : Heat from the smoke
1
11
111
Any 2
1
1
1
1
1
111
111
3
2
1
4
2
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E3 : dries up moist surface of alveoli.Any F and E correct = 2m
TOTAL 12
QUESTION 4
No Marking criteria Marks
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Able to name cell P and Q.Sample answer:P : Guard cellQ : Epidermal cell
Able to state two characteristic of cell P.Sample answer :
Contains chloroplast
Inner wall is thicker than outer wall
Able to state what happen when the stomata are opened.Sample answer :
F1: More water vapour can be lost from the leaves throughtranspirationF2: More carbon dioxide can diffuse into the leaves forphotosynthesisF3 : More oxygen can diffuse into the leaves for respiration.
Able to explain the mechanism that caused the stoma to open.Sample answer :
F 1 : During the day, light is absorb by chloroplasts in the guardcell for photosynthesisF2 : Guard cell produce glucoseF3 : Glucose provide energy for active transport of K+ ion into theguard cell.F4 : The guard cell become hypertonicF5 : Water diffuses into the guard cells by osmosis.F6 : Guard cells become turgid and bend outwards cause stomato open.Any 4
Able to explain why the stoma closes.Sample answer :F1 : Excessive loss of water by evaporation from the guard cellsE1 : Guard cell not protected by the cuticleE2 : Guard cell become flaccid / turgor pressure reduced (causedstoma to close).
F and any 1E correct = 2m
11
11
111
Any 2
1
1
1111
11
1
2
2
2
4
2
TOTAL 12
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QUESTION 5
No Marking criteria Marks
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Able to state the substances injected into the blood of individualP and individual Q.Sample answer:P : Dead or weakened bacteria / viruses / antigens// vaccine
Q : Serum containing antibodies // antiserum
Able to explain the type of immunity obtained by individual P andindividual Q.Sample answer :P : Artificial active immunity
The body produces its own antibodies to fight againstinfections by pathogens.
Q : Artificial passive immunityThe body receives antibodies produced from outside sources
to fight against infections by pathogens.
Able to describe how could save that boy.
Sample answer :F1: Snake venom / toxin acts as antigen to our bodyF2: Injection of serum which contains instant antibodies /antiserum / anti-toxin must be given to the patient.F3: Antibody-antigen action occured very fastF4: Antitoxin/ antibody reacts with toxin / snake venom/ antigenand neutralize it / he is saved.
Able to explain why every parent must follow strictly to theschedule of immunisation to ensure that their babies are
immuned to these infectious diseases
Sample answer :F1: Immunisation is given to prevent infection from pathogensthat caused diseases like Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, Polio,diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus. German measles ( state atleast 3 example)F2: New borns are injected with vaccines to get Artificially ActiveImmunityF3: First dose are given to induce baby lymphocytes to produceantibodies which are specific against the antigens / bacteria /virus
F4: 2nd
and 3rd
dose are booster dose to increase the productionof antibodies at a faster rate.F5: Achieved immunity level // antibodies remained in the bloodfor a long time and provide permanent immunity / protect themfrom the next infection.Any 4
1
1
1
1
11
11
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
4
TOTAL 12
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SECTION BMarking scheme:
No Item MARKING CRITERIA Mark Total Mark
6 (a) Student is able to state main nutrient:
Answer:1. Carbohydrate2. Protein3. Fat / lipid
Any two
111
2
6 (b) Student is able to describe the digestion of anytwonutrient from (a)
Sample answer:
P1 - Carbohydrate - starch in the mouth andduodenumP2 - Is hydrolysed by amylase into maltaseP3 - maltase is hydrolysed into glucose in small
intestineor
P! - protein is hydrolysed into polypeptide by pepsinin the stomach
P2 - polypeptide hydrolysed into peptide by trypsinP3 - peptide hydrolyse into amino acid by erypsin in
small intestine.or
P1 fat/lipid emulsifier by bile (which lowers thesurface tension of the lipids and coats tiny fatdroplets)
P2 - fat /lipid is hydrolysed by lipase in theduodenum
P2 - to form fatty acid and glycerol.
1
11
1
11
1
1
1Max 6
6
6 (c) Student is able to explain how the digested foodcauses the overweight condition
Sample answer:F excess of glucose and lipid can causes
overweight conditionE1 - excess glucose will be converted into glycogen
and store in liver and muscleE2 excess glycogen will be converted into the lipidE3 and stored in adipose tissue under the skinE4 - excess lipid will be stored in adipose tissue
under the skin
1
1
111 5
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6 (d) Student is able to explain either the menu taken wasa balance diet and give the suggestion to overcomethe problem.
Sample answer:F not a balance dietE1 carbohydrate from potato chips and bunE2 burger meat contains protein and fatsE3 mayonnaise and cheese contains excess fat
and proteinE4 carbonated drink contain excess sugarE5 less vegetables and mineral ions and fibre
Suggest to overcome problem:P1 - change the menu that have more grains,
vegetables and fruits
P2 - reduce fat and protein intakeP3 replace carbonate drink with juice
1111
11
1
11
Max 7
7
JUMLAH 20
7 (a) Student is able to state the effect ozone layerdepletion on human:
Sample answer:1. increase cataracts
2. causes mutations that can lead to skin cancer
1
1 2
7 (b) Student is able to explain how human activities thatcause ozone layer depletion.
Sample answer:F1 - Thinning of ozone layer/ formation of ozone hole
/ ozone depletion cause by CFCsE1 (the increasing levels of CFCs in the
atmosphere due to) widely used as a coolantsin air conditioners and refrigerators
E2 - CFCs used as propellants in aerosol canE3 - CFCs used as foaming agents in making
Styrofoam packaging.
1
1
11
4
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7 (c) Student is able to explain how technologies areapplicable in solving environmental related problems
Sample answer:
F1 - Open burning of rubbish solve by usingincinerators
E1 Less carbon dioxide emitted to atmosphereF2 Diesel engine replaced by bio ethanol / bio
diesel fuel or unleaded fuelE2 - less carbon dioxide and harmful heavy metal
releases to atmosphere.F3 Using solar energy instead of using
hydrocarbon fuelE3 - Less chemical emitted to atmosphereF4 Using HCFCs instead of CFCsE4 - Ozone layer is preserve.
1
11
1
1111
Max 44
7 (d) Student is able to suggests how to produce enoughagriculture lands but preserve the naturalenvironment
Sample answer:P1 - establishing a level of selective harvesting /
logging in which only mature trees are removed,P2 small trees are preserved.P3 - establishing forest reserves to avoid the
destruction of existing forests
P4 - maintaining the equilibrium of the ecosystem sothat the quality of the environment is preserved.
P5 - ensuring greater productivity from existingagricultural lands
P6 (so as) to reduce the pressure to convert moreforests to these uses.
P7 - by practicing crop rotation / control farmingP8 the appropriate use of fertilisersP9 - and effective drainage and irrigation.Jusfisication:
in this way, farming can still carried out and, atthe same time, the natural environment is
preserved.
1
11
1
1
1
111
1
10
JUMLAH 20
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Item No MARKING CRITERIA Mark Total Mark
8 (a) Able to describe the movement of water from root tothe leaf which aided by :
1. Root pressure2. Capillary action3. Transpirational pull
Sample answer:
Root pressure
P1: The cell sap of root hair (usually) hypertonic tothe surrounding soil solution and water diffusesinto the root by osmosis.
P2: (As they absorb more water by osmosis), a cellsap becomes more dilute compared toneighbouring cells.
P3: Water (therefore) moves to these adjacent cellswhich become more diluted themselves, soosmosis continues across the cortex
P4: (At the same time), ions from the soil are activelysecreted into the xylem vessels and this causesosmotic pressure to increase
P5: Water flows continuously into the xylem and thiscreate a pressure known as root pressure
P6 : Root pressure gives an initial upward force towater and mineral ions in the xylem vessels
Capillary action
P6: Water moves up through the xylem in the stemsby capillarity (with is the upward movement of afluid in a narrow bore tube)
P7: Capillary action is due to combined force ofcohesion (water molecule have attraction foreach other) and adhesion (water molecules areattracted to the side of the vessels)
P8: Water molecule form a continuous water columnin the xylem vessel (due to cohesion andadhesion force enable water to move up alongthe xylem vessels)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Max 4
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Item No MARKING CRITERIA Mark Total Mark
P9: (As water is pulled upwards) the cohesion ofwater which is due to hydrogen bonding holdsthe water molecule together; prevent the water
column in the xylem breaking apart
P10: (At the same time) the adhesion of the water tothe wall of the xylem vessel and tracheidsprevents gravity from pulling the water downthe column
Transpirational pull
P11: The lost of water from the mesophyll cellsduring transpiration is replaces by water whichflows in from the xylem vessels in the leaves
P12: This creates a tension / suction force in thewater column because water has cohesiveproperties called transpiration pull
P13: The transpiration pull draws water from thexylem in the leaves, stems and roots.
P14: The continuous flow of water through the plantis known as the transpiration stream
1
1
1
1
1
1
Max 4
Max 2
8b (i) Able to state the meaning of lymph
Sample answer:
- a pale fluid within the lymphatic system- composed primarily of interstitial fluid and
lymphocytes.
11
b(ii)Able to describe how lymph is formed from blooduntil it is incorporated back into the blood circulatorysystem.
Sample Answer:
P1:When the blood flows from arteries intocapillaries, there is higher hydrostatic pressureat the arterial end of the capillaries
P2: (This high pressure) forces some plasma to passthrough the capillary walls into the intercellular
1
1
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4551/2 MAY 2008 MARKING SCHEME
11
Item No MARKING CRITERIA Mark Total Mark
spaces (between the cells)P3: Once the fluid leaves the capillary walls, it is
called interstitial or tissue fluid // The interstitialfluid fills the spaces between the cells and
constantly bathes the cellsP4: 90% of the interstitial fluid diffuses back intoblood capillary
P5: 10% of the interstitial fluid that has not beenreabsorbed into the bloodstream goes into thelymph capillaries.(Once inside the lymphcapillaries) the fluid is known as lymph.
P6: The lymph capillaries unite to form largerlymphatic vessels.
P7: From the lymphatic vessels, lymph eventuallypasses into one of two main channels, thethoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct.
P8: The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from theright arm, shoulder area, and the right side ofthe head and neck.
P9: The thoracic duct receives lymph from the left ofthe head, neck and chest, the upper limb andthe entire body below the ribs.
P10:The thoracic duct empties its lymph into the rightsubclavian vein. Hence, lymph drains back intothe blood.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 Max 8
TOTAL 20 MARKS
Item No MARKING CRITERIA Mark Total Mark
9a Able to describe muscles, tendon and ligament thatinvolved in bending and straightening of fore-limb
Sample answer:
P1: Biceps muscle is attached to the radius bytendons
P2: When biceps muscle contractsP3: A pulling force is produced and is transferred to
the tendonP4: Tendon pulls the radius upwardsP5: Ligaments hold the humerous to the radius-ulna
at the elbow jointP6: Give support and strength to the bones when
they are being pulled upwardsP7: At the same time the triseps muscle relaxesP8: Triceps muscle is connected to the ulna by
1
11
11
1
11
2
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tendonsP9: When triceps muscle contractsP10: Tendons pull the ulna downwardsP11: At the same time the biseps muscle relaxes
111 Max 8
9 (b) Able to state the symptoms and the ways to preventosteoporosis.
Symptoms:
- fractures of the vertebrae / wrists / hips- loss of height over time- stooped posture
To prevent osteoporosis
- adequate intake of calcium / phosphorus and
vitamin D.- regular exercise- balance diet
111
1
11
2
2
4 marks
c. (i)
(ii)
Able to explain how support in terrestrial plants isachieved through tissue modification
Sample answer:- consists of specialised tissues such as
schlerenchyma tissues, xylem vessels and
tracheids- Sclerenchyma cellsare dead cells and have
very thick wall.Provide mechanical support to the plant.
- Xylem vessels are long, cylindricalstructures and thicken by ligninProvide mechanical support to plants
- Tracheids are dead cells and have thickwalls.Give support to plants
Able to explain the adaptations of the aquaticplant which enable it to float on the watersurface.
Sample answer:
F1 - This aquatic plant has aerenchyma tissues inthe stem and leaves.
1
1
1
1
1
4 marks
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E1 have large air spaces to provide buoyancy sothat the plant can float (on the surface on thewater)
F2 - It also have a lot of fibrous roots / the roots arethick and heavily branched.
E2 for plants stability
F3 - The leaves have sclereidsE3 - to provide support and prevent it from
collapsing.
1
111
1 4 marks
TOTAL 20 marks