DEVELOPMENT OF LONG PULSE Nd:YAG LASER...
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DEVELOPMENT OF LONG PULSE Nd:YAG LASER SYSTEM
MUHAMAD FAKARUDDIN BIN SIDI AHMAD
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
DEVELOPMENT OF LONG PULSE Nd:YAG LASER SYSTEM
MUHAMAD FAKARUDDIN BIN SIDI AHMAD
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Science (Physics)
Faculty of Science
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
DECEMBER 2012
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To my beloved mother, family,
lecturers, and friends
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to Almighty ALLAH, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful
for giving me strength, keredaanNya and time to complete this work. With His
blessing may this work be beneficial for the whole of humanity.
I was honoured to have Professor Dr. Noriah Bidin as my main supervisor,
Dr. Yaacob Mat Daud and Dr. Rahman Tamuri as my co-supervisors. I would like
to express my thanks and sincere gratitude for their support, guidance, patience,
comments, suggestion and encouragement throughout my research. Without their
suggestions and criticisms, this would have not been the same as it is presented
now.
I would like to acknowledge the help and kind assistance of the following
person, Pn. Norhasimah Yaacob, En. Iskandar Abdul Aziz and En. Rashdan Rani.
for assisting in lab work; En. Ganesan Krishnan, En. Faizal Mansor, En. Royston
Uning and Cik Atiqah Ismail for their assistance, guidance and ideas as my
colleague. I am also grateful to all staff Physics Department, UTM who share
their ideas, comment, and support along my research.
I would also like to take this opportunity to thank the Government of
Malaysia through IRPA scholarship and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for
granting this project through vot 79389. Without this financial support, this
project would not be possible.
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ABSTRAK
Laser Nd:YAG yang mempunyai tempoh denyutan tinggi dapat dijana dengan
teknik pengujaan yang sesuai. Matlamat kajian adalah untuk menghasilkan pembekal
kuasa bervoltan tinggi untuk laser sistem. Dalam kajian ini, teknik rangkaian pembentuk
denyut berganda telah dibina bagi menghasilkan bentuk denyut segi empat and laser
berdenyutan panjang pada kuasa yang malar. Pemacu lampu kilat telah direka dengan
mengubah-ubah tenaga masukan. Lampu kilat bergas xenon telah digunakan sebagai
penguja bagi Kristal laser. Pemacu lampu kilat yang dihasilkan mempunyai lima litar
elektronik utama iaitu litar pengawal isyarat, pembekal kuasa simmer, litar pencetus
penyalaan, pembekal kuasa pengecas capasitor dan litar pembentuk denyut berganda.
Pembinaan pemacu lampu kilat dimulakan dengan menghasilkan litar pengawal isyarat.
Litar ini menghasilkan isyarat bervoltan rendah bagi mengaktifkan beberapa komponen
elektonik seperti silicon controlled rectified (SCR) dan transistor. Litar pencetus
penyalaan digunakan untuk mencetus nyalaan bagi gas xenon dalam lampu kilat. Arus
elektrik rendah dibekalkan kepada lampu kilat oleh pembekal kuasa simmer supaya
lampu kilat berada dalam keadaan simmering mode. Pembekal kuasa pengecas kapasitor
digunakan untuk membekal kuasa elektrik kepada kapasitor pada tempoh tertentu. Radiasi
sinaran dari lampu kilat digunakan untuk menguja kristal Nd:YAG. Hasilnya merupakan
cahaya laser Nd:YAG yang mempunyai panjang gelombang 1064 nm, tempoh denyutan
selama 650 mikro saat dan berkuasa 250 mili Joule.
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ABSTRACT
The Nd:YAG laser with long pulse duration can be produced by using an
appropriate pumping scheme. The purpose of this study is to construct a high voltage
power supply for laser system. In this attempt multiple-mesh pulse forming technique
was performed to obtain electrical pump pulses with a more rectangular shape and long
normal-mode laser pulses at constant power. The flashlamp driver was designed with
variable input energy. A linear xenon flashlamp was selected as an optical pump for
Nd:YAG laser crystal. The developed flashlamp driver consists of five major electronic
circuits. These are signal controller device, simmer power supply (SPS), trigger pulse
ignition circuit, capacitor charging power supply (CCPS) and multiple-mesh LC pulse
forming network (MPFN). The construction of the flashlamp driver started with the
design of a signal controller. The controller generated a small voltage to activate the
electronic components such as silicon controlled rectified (SCR) and transistor. The
ignition circuit was used to ignite xenon gases responsible to for forming ionized spark
streamer between the two electrodes of the flashlamp. A low dc current was induced by
the simmer power supply to sustain the flashlamp in simmering mode. The capacitor
charging power supply was used to supply electrical power to capacitor within specific
time. Radiation emitted by flashlamp was used to pump the Nd:YAG crystal. As a result
a powerful Nd:YAG laser beam was generated having fundamental wavelength of 1064
nm, 650 microsecond pulse duration with maximum output energy of 250 mJ.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRAK v
ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv
LIST OF APPENDIX xvi
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Flashlamp Driver 2
1.3 Problem Statement 4
1.4 Research Objective 4
1.5 Research Scope 5
1.6 Thesis Outline 6
2 THEORY
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Laser Oscillator 8
2.3 Solid State Laser Materials 15
2.3.1 Nd:YAG crystal 16
2.4 Flashlamp 18
2.4.1 Optical Characteristics of Xenon Flashlamp 20
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2.4.2 Electrical Characteristics Xenon Flashlamp 22
2.5 Flashlamp Driver 23
2.5.1 Pulse Forming Network (PFN) 23
2.5.2 Charging Power Supply (CPS) 28
2.6. Triggering Techniques of Flashlamp for Solid-State Laser 31
2.6.1 External Triggering 31
2.6.2 Series Injection Triggering 32
2.6.3 Simmer Mode Triggering 34
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Development of Flashlamp Driver 37
3.2.1 Construction of Signal Controller 38
3.2.2 Construction of Simmer Power Supply and 41
Ignition Circuit
3.2.2.1 Development of Ignition Circuit 42
3.2.2.2 Development of Simmer 44
Power Supply (SPS)
3.2.3 Construction of Pulse Power Supply (PPS) 45
3.2.3.1 Development of Capacitor Charging 46
Power Supply (CCPS)
3.2.3.2 Construction of Pulse Shaper Device 47
3.3 Development of Laser oscillator 49
3.3.1 Xenon Flashlamp 49
3.3.2 Nd:YAG Crystal rod 50
3.3.3 Rear Mirror 50
3.3.4 Output Coupler 51
3.3.5 Flow Tube 52
3.3.6 Ceramic Reflector 53
3.3.7 Cooling System 53
3.4 Measurement Equipments 55
3.4.1 Infrared Card 55
3.4.2 Digital Oscilloscope 56
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3.4.3 High Voltage Probe 57
3.4.4 Photodiode BPX65 57
3.4.5 Energy and Power meter 58
3.4.6 Spectrum Analyzer 59
3.4.7 Digital Voltmeter 59
4 FLASHLAMP DRIVER AND LASER CHARACTERAZATION
4.1 Introduction 60
4.2 Characterization of FLD 61
4.2.1 Output and Operation of Signal Controller 61
4.2.2 Output Ignition circuit 63
4.2.3 The Output of Simmer Power Supply 64
4.2.4 Output Pulse Power Supply 65
4.2.5 Output Charging Power Supply 65
4.2.6 Emission Spectrum of Flashlamp 66
4.3 Characterization of Nd:YAG Laser 67
4.3.1 Emission spectrum of Nd:YAG Crystal 68
4.3.2 Emission spectrum of Nd:YAG Laser 69
4.3.3 Energy of Laser 69
4.3.4 Pulse duration of Laser 71
4.4 Summary 72
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 73
5.2 Recommendation 74
REFERENCES 76
APPENDIX A 82
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LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
3.1 List of electronic components for controller circuit 41
3.2 List of components for ignition circuit 43
3.3 Electronics components for simmer power supply 44
3.4 List of components for capacitor charging power supply 47
3.5 List of components for multiple-mesh pulse forming network (mPFN) 48
4.1 Relationship between input energy and laser energy 70
4.2 Relationship between input energy and laser pulse duration 71
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LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 (a) Relative populations in two energy level as given the 9
Boltzmann relations at thermal equilibrium
(b) Inverted population difference required for optical
amplification
2.2 Laser oscillator system for pulse solid-state laser 10
2.3 Typical cavity geometry for solid-state laser 12
2.4 Typical cavity geometry for solid-state laser 13
2.5 Typical cooling system for Nd:YAG laser 14
2.6 Energy level for Nd:YAG atomic system 17
2.7 Absorption band of Nd:YAG laser crystal 18
2.8 Common flashlamp type. (a) Linear. (b) Helical 19
2.9 Spectral emissions from xenon flashlamp in high-current density 21
2.10 Spectral emissions from xenon flashlamp in low-current 21
density cw operation
2.11 Single mesh pulse forming network (PFN) discharge circuit 24
2.12 Multiple mesh pulse forming network 27
2.13 High voltage charging power supply circuits for pulsed laser 30
2.14 External triggering method 32
2.15 Series injection triggering method 33
2.16 Simmer mode circuits for operating flashlamp 34
3.1 Flowchart of the research progress 36
3.2 Block diagram of Nd:YAG laser system 37
3.3 Circuit diagram of signal controller 39
3.4 Block diagram of simmer power supply and ignition circuit 42
3.5 Schematic diagrams for ignition circuit 43
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3.6 Circuit diagram of simmer power supply 44
3.7 Block diagram for Pulse Power Supply (PPS) 45
3.8 CCPS circuit diagram 46
3.9 Multiple-mesh pulse forming network (mPFN) circuit diagram 48
3.10 Linear xenon flashlamp 49
3.11 Nd:YAG crystal 50
3.12 Rear mirror a) mirror container 51
b) rear mirror on kinematic mirror mount
3.13 Output coupler a) mirror container 52
b) output coupler on kinematic mirror mount
3.14 The flow tube located in laser pumping chamber 52
3.15 Ceramic reflector of laser chamber 53
3.16 The block diagram of cooling system 54
3.17 Infrared Card for beam detection a) IR card 56
b) Red beam spot as infrared radiation illuminate the IR card
3.18 Tektronix TDS 3054 C Digital oscilloscope 56
3.19 Tektronix P6015A High Voltage Probe 57
3.20 Power/energy meter 58
3.21 WaveStar spectrum analyzer 59
3.22 Digital voltmeter 59
4.1 Output pulse from SIGNAL 2 for ignition circuit 61
4.2 Output pulse from SIGNAL 1 and SIGNAL 3 62
a) output of SIGNAL 1 used to trigger the SCR,
b) SIGNAL 3 (upper trace) is off before SIGNAL 1 is active
4.3 High voltage output pulse of ignition circuit 63
4.4 Output of simmer power supply 64
a) 600 volt dc voltage produced by simmer power supply,
b) Voltage drop across flashlamp during simmer operation
4.5 Voltage waveform of discharging process 65
4.6 Output from CCPS 66
a) Output ripple voltage after bridge rectifier,
b) Channel 1 shows signal to turn off the triac, channel 2 is
an output ripple voltage of CCPS which closed by triac
4.7 Emission spectrum of Flashlamp 67
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4.8 Emission spectrum of Nd:YAG 68
4.9 Spectrum of Nd:YAG laser 69
4.10 Graph of input energy versus output energy of laser 70
4.11 Graph of input energy against pulse duration of laser 72
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LIST OF SYMBOL
K0 – Flashlamp impedance
V0 – Charging voltage
Vscnd – Secondary voltage
I – Current
Ipc – Peak current
tr – Rise time
tf – Fall time
RL – Flashlamp resistance
Z0 – Circuit impedance
l – Flashlamp arc length between electrodes
d – Internal flashlamp bore diameter
E0 – Electrical input energy
α – Damping parameter
C – Capacitance
L – Inductance
LC – Inductor capacitor network
PFN – Pulse forming network
mPFN _ Multi-mesh pulse forming network
SCR – Silicon control rectifier
DC – Direct current
AC – Alternating current
CCPS – Capacitor Charging power supply
CW _ Continuous wave
SPS – Simmer power supply
PPS – Pulse power supply
RM – Rear mirror
OC – Output coupler
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FLD _ Flashlamp driver
IR _ Infra red
UV _ Ultraviolet
tp _ Pulse duration
Zn _ Network impedance
LT _ Total inductance
CT _ Total capacitance
n _ number of mesh
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LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Basic language program for FLD controller 82
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Laser is abbreviation of light amplification of radiation by stimulate emission
radiation. In 1960, Maiman was successful demonstrated the first solid state laser. He
used pink ruby crystal as active medium and helical flashlamp as optical pumping
source. The system invented by Maiman was able to generate laser beam with output
wavelength of 694 nm. In 1964, Geusic et al had discovered the best host for
neodymium ions called yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG). Later on, Nd:YAG become
the most versatile solid-state lasers.
Nd:Yag laser pose a very important characteristic since it’s active laser
crystal has a good thermal, optical and mechanical properties. It also shows a great
flexibility compared to other laser system. The size, shape and type of the active
material can be chosen in order to achieve particular performance of laser. The active
material can be chosen with different gain which will produce different output. The
output power of solid state laser can be increased by introducing an amplifier.
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The operation mode of laser system depends on laser application need. Laser
can be operated in continuous or pulse modes. Pumping technique employed will
determine the mode operation of laser. External energy is needed to excite the atoms
inside the laser active materials. Many energy sources can be selected as pumping
energy. However, most solid-state lasers use optical pumping source. Lasing process
occur inside laser resonator and the laser output depends on the laser material
properties.
Flashlamp is a good optical pumping source for solid state laser. It has output
spectrum which cover wide range of wavelength. Flashlamp commonly emit both
line and continuum component of light emission wavelength and highly depend on
current density flow through it. For Nd: YAG laser rod, xenon flashlamp usually
employed as a pumping source. Xenon flashlamp has good efficiency in converting
the electrical input energy to radiation in the 0.2 to 1.0 μm regions compare to others.
The radiation emitted by xenon flashlamp is matched with absorption band of Nd:
YAG (Fountain, 1970).
1.2 Flashlamp Driver
Flashlamp driver is used to supply electrical energy into flashlamp. Electrical
to optical energy transformation occurs inside the flashlamp. Optical energy supplied
by flashlamp will be used as pumping source for laser gain medium. In optical
pumping application, the flashlamp driver is coupled of a various type of flashlamp
such as xenon, krypton and argon (Oliver and Barnes, 1969; Mavroyannakis, 1971;
Vitel et al., 1993). The choice of flashlamp is dependent on laser active medium. For
generating Nd:YAG laser, flashlamp which filled with xenon gas is the right
selection and showed the best performance among others (Goncz and Mitchell, 1967;
Newell and O’Brien, 1968; Davies et al., 1968). Xenon flashlamp is suitable for
pulse mode laser pumping and high energy operation.
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Markiewicz and Emmett (1966) presented a good model in designing
flashlamp driver with a detail explanation and an empirical formula. They illustrated
single electrical pulse shaper or single mesh Pulse Forming Network (PFN). Their
model composed of energy storage capacitor and pulse shaper inductor. The
flashlamp was applied as a load and a switch. No external semiconductor or other
switch is presented. The energy from storage capacitor was discharged to the
flashlamp and inductor was acted as electrical pulse shaper. In 1977, David and
Thun-Shi presented a PFN circuits with resistive losses. Their design focus on
pumping energy optimization on Nd:glass laser system.
The energy transmission in flashlamp application can be controlled by
introducing semiconductor switch. The switch is electronically monitored by
controller system. Several researches has been conducted to improve the application
of flaslamp. In 2000, Arya et al. had studied the influence of simmer current on
flashlamp impedance and performance of a flashlamp-pumped Nd:YAG laser
operating in the quasi-CW mode. The system efficiency increases with simmer
current up to a certain value and then remained nearly constant for further increases
in simmer current. Later on, Hong et al. (2002) developed a new real time multi-
discharge method. This study showed a technology which was possible to produce
various pulses with the aid of a program integrated in one-chip microprocessor. In
2003, Mazzinghia and Margherib developed ultra short Nd: YAG laser pulse with
less than 200 μs. flashlamp pumped pulse Nd: YAG lasers are widely used because a
lamp is much more cost-effective than laser diode as a pumping source (Yagi et al.,
2005).
It is essential to completely understand the optical and electrical characteristic
of the flashlamp source. This is important in order to design and construct the power
supply for laser system based on flashlamp pumped.
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1.3 Problem Statement
A suitable optical energy and pumping technique for atom excitation inside
the gain medium must be applied to generate laser light especially for long pulse
laser. Longer pump pulse is required and optical energy supplied must be matched
with the absorption band of the gain medium. Thus, a well designed flashlamp driver
or optical pump system is needed in order to provide appropriate optical energy for
Nd:YAG crystal. The optical energy supplied will be used as pumping source to
generate long pulse laser.
1.4 Research Objective
The main objective of this research is to develop flashlamp driver for
Nd:YAG laser system which can generate relatively long pulse laser duration in
range of hundred microseconds. In this attempt several power supplies and auxiliary
subsystems were constructed including:
1) Construction of electrical pulse shaper based on multiple-mesh technique of
pulse forming networks
2) Construction of simmer power supply.
3) Ignition circuit design to initiate the electric spark inside the flashlamp.
4) Controller device design based on microcontroller to control operation of
laser system.
5) Cooling device installation to maintain the temperature of the laser.
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6) Assembly of flashlamp driver and Nd:YAG laser resonator to produce laser
light.
1.5 Research Scope
In this study, power supply or flashlamp driver for xenon flashlamp was
constructed. Laser resonator using two plane mirrors was designed and developed.
The xenon flashlamp of 4 mm bore diameter and 7 mm arc length was used as
pumping source. Nd:YAG crystal rod with diameter of 4 mm and 7 mm length was
applied. The PIC16F877 microchip microcontroller is used as laser system
controller. The setup of microcontroller is programmed using micro basic compiler
software. The controller will manage the operation of simmer power supply, ignition
circuit, PFN device and capacitor charging power supply.
The driver is operated in a single and repetitive mode. The repetitive mode is
adjusted corresponding to the PIC16F877 microcontroller program. The outputs of
microcontroller, either in single or repetitive mode, are connected to trigger Silicon
Controlled Rectified (SCR). This SCR acts as a switch which control discharging
process of energy storage capacitor. A high voltage probe is used to characterize the
voltage of discharging process. The optical properties of the flashlamp and Nd:YAG
laser are measured by spectrum analyzer, photodiode detector, and energy meter.
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1.6 Thesis Outline
This thesis composes of five chapters. The first chapter is about an
introduction and overview of solid state laser. It briefly describes the history and
performance of laser. Several previous related researches regarding the flashlamp
driver are reviewed. Moreover, the objective and scope for this research are also
addressed clearly.
Chapter II covers theories related to the study. General principle and basic
arrangement in generate laser beam are included. Several methods for designing the
laser oscillator are discussed. The electrical and optical properties of xenon
flashlamp are also described in detail since these are important for optical pumping
source. The criteria of solid state material also state briefly.
Chapter III explains the design and testing method of the flashlamp driver.
The development of flashlamp driver (FLD) and alignment of laser oscillator are
discussed.
Chapter IV will cover the results of the laser system construction. The output
produced from each of the flashlamp driver subsystem and Nd:YAG laser system are
noted.
Chapter V will review about the performance and output developed laser
system. Conclusions of research finding and suggestion for future study are briefly
stated.
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