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OSH BULLETINOSH BULLETINOSH BULLETINOSH BULLETIN Keluaran 1/2011 Jan-Apr 2011

Edaran Dalaman Sahaja

THIS ISSUE FEATURES:

• Autoclave

• Accident Investigation (Part 2)

• Aktiviti OSH

• Brain Tweezer • Safety Quotes

DID U KNOW...

KIMIA MALAYSIA

KEMENTERIAN SAINS,

TEKNOLOGI DAN

INOVASI (MOSTI)

Penaung:

Ahmad Ridzuan Ibrahim

Ketua Pengarah

Penasihat: Chang Hon Fong

Timb. Ketua Pengarah (O)

Tn. Hj. Ismail Talib Timb. Ketua Pengarah (D)

Editor: Dr. Kamarruddin Asri

Rusnah Rohani

Shaliza Ramli


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An autoclave is a specialized piece of equipment designed to submit material to high

levels of moist heat for a determined period of time. It is a pressurized vessel that

allows the steam saturated environment to reach temperatures higher than the

boiling point of water (100°C). This exposure to high levels of thermal energy results

in the decontamination or sterilization of the contents of the chamber.

Decontamination is the reduction of contamination to a level where it is no longer a

hazard to people or the environment. Meanwhile sterilization is the total destruction

of microorganisms present. This is achieved because heat damages the cell’s essential

structures, including the cytoplasmic membrane, rendering the cell no longer viable.

This will only occur if the material is heated to a specific temperature for a given

period of time. These parameters will vary depending upon the nature of the

microorganisms present and the characteristics of the load itself.

AUTOCLAVE

WEAR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Eye and Face Protection, Glove (including heat resistant gloves), and Lab coat (long sleeve

apron)


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THE 1, 2 AND 3'S OF AUTOCLAVING

1. Packaging and Loading

• use approved autoclave bags

• prepare and load material to ensure steam penetration

• ensure all containers including bags are vented

• do not overfill containers (prevent spill and boil over)

• ensure sufficient water in load to allow steam

penetration or add 250mL water to bags containing

solids to ensure steam penetration

• use secondary containers

• label all material

• ensure material is permitted to be autoclave

• do not mix clean and contaminated material in the same

load

• complete “Daily Autoclave Log”

• do not allow bags to touch or strap sides of autoclave

2. Operating an Autoclave

• ensure the autoclave is operating properly before commencing

• determine the appropriate exposure time for the load,

consider the many factors effecting exposure time

• ensure the autoclave attains the desired temperature

(normally 121°C) and pressure (minimum 15psi) for the desired

time (minimum 30 min.)

• record information in “Daily Autoclave Use Log”


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• undertake weekly/monthly testing using a

biological indicator(B.stearothermophilus). Record

results on “Biological Indicator Test Results” form.

3. Unloading the Autoclave

• wait until the chamber pressure gauge reads zero

before opening

• open slightly to allow steam to escape (protect

yourself from the steam)

• wait 10 minutes for the contents of the autoclave to cool

• remove the waste in manner reduce the risk of spillage, use a trolley

ITEMS FOR AUTOCLAVING (THE CAN AND CAN’T)

Although autoclaving provides an economical way of sterilizing and decontaminating

items, not all material can be autoclaved. Some materials present specific hazards

when they are autoclaved; such as the generation of toxic /noxious gas.

Items that CAN be autoclaved are:

• cultures and stocks of infectious material

• culture dishes and related devices

• discarded live and attenuated vaccines

• contaminated solid items such as: Petri dishes, Eppendorf tips, pipettes, gloves,

paper towel

• items for sterilizations such as; glassware, media, aqueous solutions, equipment


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Items that CANNOT be autoclaved are:

• materials containing: solvents, volatile, chlorinated compounds (HCL, bleach) or

corrosive chemicals (such as: phenol, trichloroacetic acid, ether, chloroform)

etc.

• material contaminated with chemotherapeutic agents

• radioactive material (without prior approval)

• some plastics

QUALITY CONTROL/PERFORMANCE CHECK

A number of tools are available to assess the performance of the autoclave; these

include physical, chemical and biological indicators. It is important to note that these

indicators will only respond to time, temperature and moisture conditions, and not to

organic load.

Physical Indicators:

It is a pressure and temperature recording devices. Thermocouples can be placed inside the load to determine the temperature achieved in the bag itself.

Chemical Indicators:

These indicators change colour after being exposed to specific temperatures, for

example: heat sensitive tape. Upon exposure to the given temperature the change will

occur; it is not time related. Therefore these indicators can only attest to the

temperature attained and not to exposure time and hence success of sterilization.

heat sensitive tape biological indicator


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Biological Indicators:

Biological indicators are used in the efficacy testing of the autoclave process to

effectively sterilize the contents being treated. Bacillus stearothermophilus spores

are used, as they are the most resistant organism to steam autoclaving. To determine

the effectiveness of the autoclave process the biological indicator must be placed in

a typical test load (solid or liquid) and exposed to the typical cycle conditions. A 6 log

reduction in spores must be achieved to prove the technology is effective.

Courtesy of:

NORIZAN BINTI JAAFAR, KETUA UNIT MIKROBIOLOGI

How are the facts collected?

The steps in accident investigation are simple: the accident investigators gather

information, analyze it, draw conclusions, and make recommendations. Although the

procedures are straightforward, each step can have its pitfalls. As mentioned above,

an open mind is necessary in accident investigation: preconceived notions may result in

some wrong paths being followed while leaving some significant facts uncovered. All

possible causes should be considered. Making notes of ideas as they occur is a good

practice but conclusions should not be drawn until all the information is gathered.

Injured workers(s)

The most important immediate tasks (rescue operations, medical treatment of the

injured, and prevention of further injuries) have priority and others must not

interfere with these activities. When these matters are under control, the

investigators can start their work.

Accident Investigation (Part 2)


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Physical Evidence

Before attempting to gather information, examine the site for a quick overview, take

steps to preserve evidence, and identify all witnesses. In some jurisdictions, an

accident site must not be disturbed without prior approval from appropriate

government officials such as the Department of Occupational Safety & Health

(DOSH), Ministry of Health (MOH) or Police.

Physical evidence is probably the most non-controversial information available. It is

also subject to rapid change or obliteration. Therefore, it should be the first to be

recorded.

Based on your knowledge of the work process, you may want to check items such as:

• positions of injured workers

� equipment being used

� materials or chemicals being used

� safety devices in use

� position of appropriate guards

� position of controls of machinery

� damage to equipment

� housekeeping of area

� weather conditions

� lighting levels

� noise levels

� time of day

You may want to take photographs before anything is moved, both of the general area

and specific items. Later careful study of these may reveal conditions or observations

missed previously.


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Sketches of the accident scene based on measurements taken may also help in

subsequent analysis and will clarify any written reports. Broken equipment, debris,

and samples of materials involved may be removed for further analysis by appropriate

experts.

Even if photographs are taken, written notes about the location of these items at the

accident scene should be prepared.

Eyewitness Accounts

Although there may be occasions when you are unable to do so, every effort should

be made to interview witnesses. In some situations witnesses may be your primary

source of information because you may be called upon to investigate an accident

without being able to examine the scene immediately after the event.

Witnesses should be kept apart and interviewed as soon as possible after the

accident. If witnesses have an opportunity to discuss the event among them,

individual perceptions may be lost in the normal process of accepting a consensus view

where doubt exists about the facts.

Witnesses should be interviewed alone, rather than in a group. You may decide to

interview a witness at the scene of the accident where it is easier to establish the

positions of each person involved and to obtain a description of the events. On the

other hand, it may be preferable to carry out interviews in a quiet office where there

will be fewer distractions. The decision may depend in part on the nature of the

accident and the mental state of the witnesses.

Interviewing

Interviewing is an art that cannot be given justice in a brief document such as this,

but a few do's and don'ts can be mentioned. The purpose of the interview is to


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establish an understanding with the witness and to obtain his or her own words

describing the event:

DO...

� put the witness, who is probably upset, at ease

� emphasize the real reason for the investigation, to determine

what happened and why

� let the witness talk, listen

� confirm that you have the statement correct

� try to sense any underlying feelings of the witness

� make short notes or ask someone else on the team to take them

during the interview

� ask if it is okay to record the interview, if you are doing so

� close on a positive note

DO NOT...

� intimidate the witness

� interrupt

� prompt

� ask leading questions

� show your own emotions

� jump to conclusions

Ask open-ended questions that cannot be answered by simply "yes"

or "no". The actual questions you ask the witness will naturally

vary with each accident, but there are some general questions that

should be asked each time:

� Where were you at the time of the accident?

� What were you doing at the time?

� What did you see, hear?

� What were the environmental conditions (weather, light, noise,

etc.) at the time?


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� What was (were) the injured worker(s) doing at the time?

� In your opinion, what caused the accident?

� How might similar accidents be prevented in the future?

If you were not at the scene at the time, asking questions is a

straightforward approach to establishing what happened. Obviously,

care must be taken to assess the credibility of any statements

made in the interviews. Answers to a first few questions will

generally show how well the witness could actually observe what

happened.

Another technique sometimes used to determine the sequence of

events is to re-enact or replay them as they happened. Obviously,

great care must be taken so that further injury or damage does not

occur. A witness (usually the injured worker) is asked to reenact

in slow motion the actions that preceded the accident.

Sub Topic in coming Issue:

� Background Information

� What should I know when making the analysis and conclusions?

� Why should recommendations be made?

� The Written Report

� What should be done if the investigation reveals "human error"?

� How should follow-up be handled?


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Berita dan Aktiviti OSH di JKM, Cawangan Johor

Januari

Taklimat &

Lawatan Sambil

Belajar

”Pengurusan

Keselamatan dan

Kesihatan

Pekerjaan”.

Kakitangan

Makmal Veterinar

Kawasan Johor

Bahru, Johor.

Lawatan rasmi JKKP Negeri Johor


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Kursus Asas Pertolongan

Cemas & Melawan Kebakaran

anjuran bersama Jabatan

Pertahanan Awam Malaysia

Daerah Johor Bahru, Johor

Februari

Pelupusan Bahan Kimia oleh Kualiti Alam Negeri

Johor dikendalikan oleh Pengurusan OSH Pn. Siti

Zubaidah dan Ahli CDERT yang diketuai oleh En.

Norhidayat Mashudi

Program Indoor Air

Quality (IAQ) dan

Chemical Monitoring

(CM) yang dijalankan

oleh JKKP Negeri

Johor

April

Mac


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Kursus Pemantapan

Pembantu Am Pejabat ke

MMHE Sdn. Bhd., Pasir

Gudang, Johor


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Cross out the words that you find in the word search.

CHEMICALS COMMITTEE MINUTES

COMPETENT CONTROLS MSDS

CUT FALL NOISE

0FIRSTAID GUARD POLICY

HAZARD ICY SAFE

U Y M N F E E Y M T I W C L D Z C O J N

J D V U L W L L N E E R T L A X R Y Z X

J D L B O J H W S M K C K I L X R I R M

W P P E L O P X S Q O R Z R G E M Z K I

U K J I F J I I U W D B X F G S X D E F

E E E J I A L S K D I S S N N B P R P Y

M B I R W N S I T M A E U Z E X G A R S

U R S H F K Q L O K T T P P E Q Z U B I

X T K N J R J E A C S U B D T A J G C M

H B S L O R T N O C R N H R T N R L N H

U Q B T N E D I C N I I Y A I C Y Y Z W

U R G R D U B L L A F M R Z M K D C M S

R E W X I N X Q B Z G Z E A M A T B J H

L C R S G U O W S S F F I H O U U F D O

I U N H I C T N E T E P M O C P S J Y R

T R U Y R R J O R Q P O S A V D D M N C

K M M T G F S I N Q P L D I B K Z R Q G

D I P E F J P S X L G I S B L T R Q I Z

G C W D J F K E H S B C T N P Z O B U I

R G T I U Z V N Q P P Y R U E J B B N N


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“Know safety, no injury, no safety, know “Know safety, no injury, no safety, know “Know safety, no injury, no safety, know “Know safety, no injury, no safety, know injury”injury”injury”injury” – Author Unknown “Don’t learn safety by accident”“Don’t learn safety by accident”“Don’t learn safety by accident”“Don’t learn safety by accident” – Author Unknown

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