[Edu.joshuatly.com] Trial Kelantan STPM 2012 Biology [0FF2679E]

7/29/2019 [Edu.joshuatly.com] Trial Kelantan STPM 2012 Biology [0FF2679E]

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964/1 [Turn over* This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the examination is over. CONFIDENTIAL*

JABATAN PELAJARAN KELANTAN

JALAN DOKTOR, 15000 KOTA BHARU.

TRIAL EXAMINATION

2012

BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)

SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA

(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL EDUCATION)

PAPER 1 (KERTAS 1)

MULTIPLE-CHOICE (ANEKA PILIHAN)

One hour and forty-five minutes (Satu jam empat puluh lima minit)

Instructions to candidates:

DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU TOLD TO DO SO

There are fifty questions in this paper. For each question, four suggested answers are given.Choose one correct answer and indicate it on the multiple-choice answer sheet provided.

Read the instructions on the multiple-choice answer sheet very carefully.

Answerall questions. Marks will not be deducted for wrong answers.

Arahan kepada calon :

JANGAN BUKA BUKU SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN BERBUAT

DEMIKIAN

Ada lima puluh soalan dalam kertas ini. Bagi setiap soalan, empat cadangan jawapan

diberikan. Pilih satu jawapan yang betul dan tandakan jawapan itu pada helaian jawapan

aneka pilihan yang dibekalkan.

Baca arahan pada helaian jawapan aneka pilihan itu dengan teliti.

Jawab semua soalan. Markah tidak akan ditolak bagi jawapan yang salah.

___________________________________________________________________________

This question paper consists of 16 printed pages

(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada 16 halaman bercetak)

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Section A

Four suggested answers labeled A, B, C, andD are given for each question. Choose one

correct answer.

1. Which of the following properties of water are important for the temperature regulation inmammals?

I High latent heat of vaporisation

II Highest density at 4C

III High heat capacity

IV High surface tension

A I and II

B I and III

C I and IV

D II and IV

2. Proteins can function as a buffer because

A proteins contains peptide bonds

B proteins are non-polar molecules

C proteins are soluble in water

D proteins are amphoteric molecules

3. Saturated fatty acids differ from unsaturated fatty acids in

A the presence of double covalent bond in the fatty acids

B the physical condition of the fatty acid at room temperature

C the number of oxygen atoms in the fatty acidsD the branching or linear shape of the fatty acids

4. Which of the following is correct for the components and their functions?

I Lecithin acts as a receptor to molecules such as hormone

II Cholesterol maintain the fluid characteristic of the membrane

III Smooth endoplasmic reticulum detoxification in liver cells

IV Phloem translocation of organic products of photosynthesis

A I and II

B II and IV

C I, II and IVD II, III and IV

5. Which of the following structure is usually found in animal cells?

I Lysosome

II Plastids

III Microtubules

IV Centrioles

A I and II

B I and III

C I and IV

D I, III and IV



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6. Which of the following statements are true about non-competitive inhibitors?

I Bind temporarily on the active site of the enzyme

II Reduce the Km value only if the substrate concentration is low

III The Km value of the enzyme remains the same

IV Cyanide is the example of a non-competitive inhibitor

A I and IIB I and IV

C III and IV

D II, III and IV

7. Which of the following is not a stop codon?

A UAA

B UGA

C UAG

D AUG

8. What are the advantages of light independent process in C4 compared to C3 plants?

I In the bundle sheath cells, the effectiveness of RuBP carboxylase is increased

II PEP carboxylase has higher affinity towards carbon dioxide compared to RuBP

carboxylase

III The first product of the light independent process in C4 is a four carbon molecules

IV Increases photorespiration

A I and II

B I and IV

C II and III

D I, II and IV



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9. The following diagram shows a scheme for the light reaction of photosynthesis.

Which of the following substances are represented by W, X, Y and Z in the scheme?W X Y Z

A NADP ADP ATP O2

B ADP ATP O2 NADPH

C H2O O2 ADP NADPH

D H2O O2 ATP NADPH

10. What will become of all carbons from a glucose molecule after it is completely oxidised?

A Pyruvate

B Carbohydrate

C Carbon dioxide

D Acetyl coenzyme A

11. Which of the following statements are true about anaerobic respiration in plants?

I 2 ATP are produced

II 4 ATP are produced

III The end product are ethanol and carbon dioxide

IV NADH is used in the reduction of pyruvate

A I and IV B II and III

C II, III, and IV D I, III and IV

Z

H+primaryacceptor

Yferredoxin

2eCytochromecomplex

2e

Pc

PhotosystemI

Photosystem II

sunlightX

2e

sunlight

W

Pq



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12. Which of the following is a hydrogen donor in the biosynthesis of purple sulphur bacteria and

green sulphur bacteria?

A Water

B Hydrogen sulphide

C NADH

D Hydrocarbon compound

13. Changes of hydrogen ion concentration in cerebrospinal fluid in the brain is detected by the

A peripheral chemoreceptor

B central chemoreceptor

C aortic body

D carotid body

14. In Bohrs effect, the affinity of haemoglobin towards oxygen is reduced because

A haemoglobin acts as pH buffer in erythrocytes

B high concentration of CO2 altered the shape of haemoglobin

C ferum ion in haemoglobin is attracted to chloride ions that diffuses into erythrocytes

D the concentration of carbamino-haemoglobin increases in erythtrocytes

15. The pressure changes in the aorta, left ventricle and left atrium are shown in the graph below.

In which of the following segments A, B, C or D, is the semilunar valve of aorta open?

16. Which of the following statements about transpiration pull is true?

I It is an energy dependent process.

II It is caused by evaporation of water molecules through the stoma.

III It is affected by relative density of atmosphere.

IV It involves the movement of water molecules from vessels into the atmosphere.

A II and III B III and IV

C II, III and IV D I, II, III and IV



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17. The main function of a stoma to

A respond to the environmental stress

B allow the diffusion of gas into the mesophyll cell

C allow the diffusion of gas while regulating water lossD regulate the movement of water during transpiration

19. Which of the following is the effect of ADH on nephrons?

A Increase the permeability of the proximal convoluted tubule to water

B Increase the permeability of the proximal convoluted tubule to Na+ ions

C Increase the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule to water

D Increase the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule to Na+ ions

18. What the is the name given to the route taken by lactate produced in the skeleton muscle

to liver where it is converted into glucose ?

Carried by

bloodstream

to liver

Lactate pyruvate glucose glycogen

A Calvin Cycle

B Cori Cycle

C Krebs Cycle

D Hatch-Slack Cycle

20. The following table shows the concentration of the main ions inside and outside of the

nerve cell during resting potential.

Ion Concentration in the cell mol dm3 Concentration outside cell mol dm3

Na+ 15 150

Cl- 10 110

K+ 150 5

What would happen when the nerve receives the correct stimulus ?

A Na+ ions will enter the cell

B K+ ion will enter the cell

C Na+ ion will leave the cell

D Na+ and Cl- ions will enter the cell



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21. Which of the following are the functions of the synapse

I To connect two neurons

II To act as the impulse inhibition site

III To increase the rate of propagation of impulse

IV To prevent excessive stimulation through the fatigue process

A I and IIB I and IV

C II and III

D III and IV

22. Cocaine increases the amount of dopamine in synaptic cleft by

A binding to receptor sites on postsynaptic membrane

B binding to transporter protein that returns dopamine into presynaptic neurone

C preventing action of hydrolytic enzymes on dopamine in synaptic cleft

D binding to dopamine to increase its activity

23. Which statement is true about the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A Stimulates the development of Graafian follicle

B Causes ovulation

C Stimulates the remaining part of the Graafian follicle to develop into the corpus

luteum

D Maintain the thickness of the endometrium

24. Green bananas change colour when expose to the hormone

A Absisic acid B AuxinC ethylene D cytokinine



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25. The table below shows several plant hormones and their roles

Hormone Role of hormone

I Gibberellic acid

II Cytokinin

III Auxin

IV Abscisic acid

V Ethene

(a) To stimulate the transportation of nutrients from the leaves

to other parts of the plant

(b) To stimulate the closing of stomata under physiological

stress

(c) To stop the growth of the adventitious root

(d) As a fruit ripening agent

(e) To stimulate cell division of the lateral cambium during

secondary growth

Which of the following is correct for the hormones and their roles?I II III IV V

A (c) (a) (e) (b) (d)

(a) (c) (e) (b) (d)

(b) (c) (a) (e) (d)

(b) (a) (c) (e) (d)

B

C

D



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26. The diagram below shows the immune response in human body

Which statement about the diagram is true?

A CellXexcretes lymphokine, then divides to form cells YandZin the presence of

Substance T.

B CellZresponds quickly towards the repeated infection of a particular disease.

C Cell Yprepares other lymphocytes to produce antibodies.D Substance Sregulates lymphocytes involved in the immune response.

27. Which of the following are true of B cell?

I It forms immunity through the humoral response.

II It forms immunity through the cell mediated mechanism.

III It is produced and it achieves maturity in the bone marrow.

IV It is produced in the bone marrow and it achieves maturity in the thymus gland.

Which of the following is correct for the hormones and their roles?

A I and III

B I and II

C II and IV

D III and IV



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28 The table below shows three animals and its way of reproduction.

Animal Way of reproducing

I Rat

II Frog

III Bee

(a) External fertilisation

(b) Partenogenesis

(c) Viviparity

Which of the following is correct match for the ways of reproduction?

I II III

A (c) (b) (a)

(a) (b) (c)

(c) (a) (b)

(b) (a) (c)

B

C

D

29

30.

The table below shows three organs and the germinal layers that formed them.

Organ Germinal layer

I Spinal cord

II Kidney

III Liver

(a) Endoderm

(b) Mesoderm

(c) Ectoderm

Which of the following is correct match for the above three organs and germinal layers that

formed them?

I II III

A (a) (c) (b)

(b) (a) (c)

(b) (c) (a)

(c) (b) (a)

B

C

D

If a diploid state is represented by D and a haploid state is represented by H,which of the

following is the correct match for the number of chromosome to the parts of plant structures.

Polar nucleus Tube nucleus Anther Cell of pericarp Cell of testa

A D D H D D

D H H D H

H D H H H

H H H D D

B

C

D



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33 What is allele frequency?

A It is all the alleles at all gene loci in all individuals of the population.

B It is the frequency of each genotype in the population.

C

It is the proportion of the total of a certain allele to the total number of all the

alleles in the gene pool.

DIt is the proportion of an allele to the total number of phenotypes in the gene

pool.

34 In a population of cows at genetic equilibrium, 750 cows have dominant grey coat,

while the remaining 250 cows have recessive white coat. What is the number of

cows with heterozygous genotype?

A 250

B 500

C 750

D 1000

31 Which class of organism displays an intermittent growth pattern?

A Insecta

B Mammalia

C Reptilia

D Amphibia

32 Which of the following pairs of parents can produce children with O blood group?

I A x B

II A x O

III AB x O

A I and II

B I and III

C II and IIID I,II and III



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35 The cystic fibrosis ailment on the pancreas is a condition of recessive

homozygous. If one in every 2000 individuals in a population suffers from this

ailment, what is the frequency of the gene in that population?

A 0.005

B 0.001

C 0.022

D 0.044

36 The following are the enzymes produced inEscherichia coli

I transacetylase

II B-galactosidase

III lactose permease

Which of the following is the correct match between the structural genes and the

enzymes that they code?

Lac Z Lac Y Lac A

A II III I

B I II III

C III I II

D I III II

37 What are inducible enzymes?

A Enzymes that are constantly synthesized and are not dependent on the presenceof inducers.

B Enzymes that are regularly produced but can be turned off in the presence of

repressors.

C Enzymes synthesized in the presence of specific molecules called inducers.

D Enzymes that are regularly produced but can be turned off in the presence of

corepressors.



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38 Which of the following sequences can form a palindrome?

A GGCATC

B GGCGCC

C GGCCGG

D GGGCCC

39 The following shows the steps taken during a DNA fingerprinting process.

I DNA treated with endonuclease.

II Fragments separated by gel electrophoresis.

III Radioactive probes with complementary base sequence are added.

IV Exposed to X-ray film.

The correct sequence of the steps above is

A III, I, II, IV

B I, II, III, IV

C II, I, IV, III

D I, II, IV, III

40 Which of the following are the examples of transgenic organism?

I Pseudomonas bacteria strain that can break down hydrocarbons

II Sheep that produces milk with human growth hormone

III Rhizobium bacteria in root nodules that have the ability to fix nitrogen

IV Plants that are resistant to glyphosate

A I, II and III C II, III and IV

B I, II and IV D I, II, III and IV



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41 Which of these is the importance of limitation enzyme action in the technology of DNA

recombinant?

A Limiting the cDNA cloning

B Uniting the chromosome and the plasmid

C Ensuring the randomization of the cutting of DNA sequence

D Ensuring the inter complimentaries of the ends of source DNA fragment andDNA plasmid

42 Taxonomist took outMucorfrom the kingdom plantae and put it under the kingdom

Fungi because

A Mucoris mycelial

B Mucoris heterotropic

C Mucorreproduces by means of spores production

D Mucordoes not produce flowers, seeds, or fruits

43 The table below shows four organisms and their specific structures

organisms Specific structures

I Pheretima

II Euglena

III Penaeus

IV Helix

(a)Setae(b)Radula(c)Chloroplast(d)Telson

Which of the following is correct for the organisms and their specific structures?

I II III IV

A (a) (c) (d) (b)

B (b) (a) (c) (d)

C (b) (d) (c) (a)

D (d) (a) (b) (c)

44 Two plants which belong to different families must also belong to different

A Phyla

B Classes

C Order

D Genera

45 Which of the following characteristics is common to both echinoderms and chordates?

A The embryo undergoes radial cleavage

B The gametes are produced by meiosis

C They are triploblastic

D They reproduce sexually only



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46 The diagram below shows the distribution of human blood groups in a population

Human blood group is an example of

A continuous variation

B discontinuous variation

C extrinsic isolation

D intrinsic isolation

47

The diagram represents the gain and loss of energy (arbitral unit) between one leaf and

the air atmosphere. Based on the data given, the Net Primary Production is

A 30 units

B 60 units

C 90 units

D 270 units



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48 The strongest competition between the different species occurs if they reside in the

same

A Biome

B HabitatC niche

D community

49 The total product or biomass of an organism is determined by the nutrients or resources

that exist in minimum concentration as compared to other resources that needed. Which

of the following correctly explains the above statement?

A Hardy-Weinberg Law

B Gause Law

C Liebigs Law

D Shelfords Law

50 The table below shows the data that is obtained from the capture-recapture technique

for a population of grasshoppers in field

sample Number

Number of grasshoppers captured,

marked and released in the first capture

120

Number of grasshoppers captured in thesecond capture

60

Number of marked grasshoppers

recaptured

40

What is the estimated grasshopper in that field?

A 20

B 80

C 140

D 180



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CONFIDENTIAL*

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* This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the examination is over. CONFIDENTIAL*

1

Identity card number:. Centre number :

964/2 TRIAL 2012

BIOLOGY

PAPER2

STRUCTURE AND ESSAY

Two and a half hours

JABATAN PELAJARAN NEGERI KELANTAN

SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA

Instructions to candidates:

DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU

ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Answerall questions in Section A. Write your answers in the

spaces provided.

Answer any four questions in Section B. Write your answers on

the answer sheets provided. Begin each answer on a fresh sheet

of paper and arrange your answers in numerical order. Tie your

answer sheets to this question paper.

Answers should be illustrated by large and clearly labeled

diagrams wherever suitable.

Answers may be written in either English or Bahasa Malaysia.

For examiners use

Section A

1

2

3

4

Section B

Total



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2

Section A [40 marks]

Answerall questions in this section

1. Figure below is a diagrammatic model of a section of cell surface membrane.

(a)(i) State the name usually given to this model. [1 mark]

(ii)Give two reasons why it is so called. [2 marks]



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3

(b)Name the structures labeled A, B and C. [3 marks]

A :

B :

C :

(c)What is the function of the channel labeled in the diagram? [1 mark]

(d)Many substances are said to be actively transported across membranes. Explain whatis meant by active transport. [2 marks]

(e)Suggest one possible function of the carbohydrate chains attached to the surface ofthe membrane. [1 mark]



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4

2 The diagram below shows a section through a mitochondrion as seen using an electron

microscope.

(a) Name the parts labelled A, B and C. [3 marks]

A :..................................................

B :...............

C: ...

(b) (i) Use the letters on the diagram to locate the part of the mitochondrion,

where oxidative phosphorylation occur. [1 mark]

(ii) Explain briefly what is meant by oxidative phosphorylation. [3 marks]

....



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5

(c)Calculate the actual length of the mitochondrion , if the magnification isx70000. Show your working and give your answer in suitable units. [3

marks]



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6

3 The graph below shows the change in membrane potential during the passage of a nerve

impulse.

(a) (i) What is meant by the resting membrane potential of an axon? [1 mark]

(ii) What is the value of the resting potential? [1 mark]

(b)Which labelled part of the graph corresponds to:(i) depolarization of the axon membrane? [1 mark]

(ii)repolarisation of the axon membrane? [1 mark]



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7

(c)Describe briefly what happens to the axon membrane:

(i)

At P [2 marks]

........

(ii)At R [2 marks]

................

(d)Explain why the membrane is more negative at S. [2 marks]

..



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8

4. The pedigree below shows the inheritance of red-green colour blindness .Red-green

colour blindness is a sex-linked recessive condition. The gene for colour blindness is carried on

the X-chromosome.

(a)Why is X linkage more common than Y linkage? [2 marks]

(b)Assuming that the alleles C and c control the expression of the trait, state thegenotype of the following individuals labelled A, B, C, D and E. [5 marks]

A:.

B:.

C:.

D:..

E:..



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9

(c)By means of a genetic diagram , what is the probability of a red green colur blindnessfather and a mother carrying the allele for red green colour blindness having a red

green colour blindness daughter? [3 marks]



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10

Section B [60 marks]

Answer any four questions in this section

5 (a) Draw and label the general structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). [2 marks]

(b) DNA replicates during interphase. Describe this process. [13 marks]

6 Describe the process that occurs at the granum of chloroplast. [15 marks]

7 (a) Describe the process of ultrafiltration and selective reabsorption that occurs in thekidney. [11 marks]

(b) Explain how the kidney produces urine that is more concentrated than blood.

[4 marks]

8 Some organisms overcome the harsh conditions of the environment by hibernation,

aestivation or diapauses. Explain the importance of each of the phenomenom for the survival in

animals. [15 marks]

9 (a) What is meant by vector in DNA cloning? State the characteristics of this vector.

[5 marks]

(b) Describe how DNA cloning is carried out by bacteria. [10 marks]

10 (a) Describe the genetic and environmental factors that cause variation in an organism.

[12 marks]

(b) Explain the importance of variation in a population. [3 marks]



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11

JABATANPELAJARANNEGERIKELANTAN

PEPERIKSAANKENDALIANBERASASKANSEKOLAH(TRIAL)

TINGKATAN6TAHUN2012

MARKINGSCHEMEBIOLOGY(PAPER2)

STRUCTUREANDESSAY



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12

Marking Scheme

1(a)(i) fluid mosaic model 1

[1 mark]

(ii) scattered mosaic arrangement of proteins that float in the phospholipid layer 1

The lipid and protein molecules can move laterally (and rotate on their axis) 1

[2marks]

(b) A : phopholipid bilayer 1

B : extrinsic/peripheral protein 1

C : intrinsic protein 1

[3 marks]

(c) To allow transport of polar molecules and ions across the membrane byfacilitated diffusion

1

[1 mark]

(d) Movement of polar molecules/ions across the membrane 1

Against the concentration gradient 1

Requires ATP 1

Any 2 pt

[2 marks]

(e) For cell recognition 1

To act as receptors/binding sites for chemical signals 1

For cell adhesion /to stick the correct cells together 1Any 1 pt

[1 mark]

Total:

[10

marks]



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13

2

(a)

A : matrix 1

B : cristae/inner membrane 1

C : intermembrane space 1

[3 marks]

(b)

(i)

B 1

[1mark]

(ii) electrons flow through a series of electron carriers/ ETS 1

electrons are transferred to the final electron acceptor oxygen producing water 1

ATP is generated from ADP and phosphate inorganic 1

[3 marks]

(c)

Length on photograph : 79mm

Actual length = observed size

Magnification

= 79 x 103m

70000

= 1.13 m

1

1

1

[3 marks]

Total :10

3(a)(i)

Is the potential difference between the inside and outside of an axon membranewhen the axon is in a resting state

1

[1mark]

(ii) - 70mV 1

[1mark]

P 1



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(b)(i)

[1mark]

(ii) R 1

[1mark]

(c) (i) More Na+ ions channels open //influx/rapid diffusion of Na+ ions into the axon 1

Membrane is polarized/ potential inside the membrane is positive 1

[2 marks]

(ii) K+ions channels open//K+ ions diffuse out of the axon 1

Membrane is repolarised/potential inside the membrane becomes negativeagain

1

[2 marks]

(d) Sodium channels are closed and potassium channels remain opened 1

K+ ions continue to flow out 1

[2 marks]

Total:10

4 (a) The X chromosome is much larger than Y chromosome 1

Carries genes for non-sexual characteristics as well as those determining sex 1

[2 marks]

(b) A : XCY 1

B : X

C

X

C

1C : XCXC 1

D : XcXc 1

E : XcY 1

[5 marks]



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15

(c) Female Male

P X

C

X

c

X X

c

Y

(normal but carrier) red green colour blindness

Gamet XC Xc Xc Y

progeny X

C

X

c

X

C

Y X

c

X

c

X

c

Y

female carrier male normal female RGB maleRGB

probability of having a red green colour blindness daughter = 1

4

1

1

1

[3 marks]

Total: 10

5 (a) Structure of DNA

Label

Diagram

1

1

[2 marks]

(b) the method of DNA replication is proposed by Watson and Crick 1 is known as semi-conservative replication. 1 the hydrogen bonds between the bases break, the DNA double helix unwind 1 forming a replication fork 1 process is catalysed by enzyme helicase 1 each strand acts as a template for the formation of a new strand 1



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DNA polymerase catalyses the synthesis of new daughter strand on the templatestrand continuously

1

in the 5 to 3 direction 1 free DNA nucleotides join up to the exposed bases by specific base-pairing 1 adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine with guanine 1 the leading strand is synthesized continuously in a direction towards the

replication fork

1

the lagging strand is synthesized as a series of segments called Okazaki fragments 1 in a direction away from the replication fork 1 DNA ligase join the sugar-phosphate backbones of Okazaki fragments to form a

single strand

1

specific base pairing has ensured that two identical copies of the original DNAhave been formed

1

each new DNA molecule contains one old and one new strand 116 max 13

6 process that occurs at the granum of chloroplast is light reaction 1 reactions requiring light

i.1

Light reaction takes place in two pathways i.e cyclic photophosphorylation andnon-cyclic photophosphorylation

1

Non-cyclic photophosphorylation

PSII/P680 absorbed light energy and the electrons become excited1

electrons are accepted by the primary electron acceptors 1 electrons are then transferred to PS1/P700 1 through electrons transport system 1 in chemiosmosis process 1 PS1/P700 absorbed light energy and the electrons are excited 1



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electrons are transferred to the primary electrons acceptors 1 which is then transferred to NADP+ to produce NADPH 1 water molecules split up/photolysis of water take place 1 releasing electrons and H+ 1 to replace electrons in PSII/P680 1Cyclic photophosphorylation

PSI/P700 absorbed light energy which excite the electrons to a high energylevel

1

electrons are accepted by the primary electron acceptors 1 through electrons transport system 1 electrons are recycled back to PS1/P700 1 ATP is produced from ADP 1

19 max 15

7 (a) Ultrafiltration

blood in the glomerulus undergoes ultra-filtration1

in the glomerulus hydrostatic pressure is higher compared to the osmotic pressure 1 caused by the diameter of efferent arteriole which is smaller than the diameter of

afferent arteriole

1

the numerous tiny pores or fenestrations (0.1m in diameter) between theendothelium cells of capillary walls permits many smaller molecules to pass

through

1

bigger molecules such as plasma protein and red blood cells are retainedin the blood

1

glomerular filtrate has a chemical composition similar to that of the blood plasma /contains glucose, amino acids, vitamins, some hormones, urea, uric acid

,creatinine, ions and water but without white and red blood cells, platelets and

1



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plasma protein molecules such as albumins and globulins

6 Max 4

Reabsorption

all glucose and amino acids are actively reabsorbed from the filtrate into theproximal convoluted tubule cells

1

some sodium ions are actively reabsorbed here 1 a large volume of water are reabsorbed by osmosis from the tubule to the blood 1 (the descending limb is permeable to water) water is drawn out by osmosis to the interstitial fluid in the medulla 1 the loss of water concentrates Na+ and Cl- in the descending limb 1 (the ascending limb is impermeable to water) sodium and chloride ions diffuse out from the thin segment 1 the thick ascending limb actively transport sodium and chloride ions from the

filtrate into the medulla

1

this raises the osmotic concentration of the tissue fluid in the medulla 1 as a result water is reabsorbed from the collecting duct and descending limb by

osmosis

1

the loop of Henle functions as a countercurrent multiplier. 1 active reabsorption of sodium ,chloride and calcium ions ions occur in the distal

convoluted tubule

1

11 max 7

(b) Production of urine which is more concentrated than blood is

(b) due to uptake of water by osmosis from the glomerular filtrate into the bloodcappilaries

1

occurs as a result of increased permeabilities of the walls of convoluted distaltubule and collecting ducts to water

1



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caused by the presence of ADH/anti-diuretic hormone 1 diffusion of urea out of the collecting ducts into the interstitial region of the

medulla

1

increases the osmotic concentration resulting in the removal of water. 15 max 4

Total 15

8 Hibernation

isaperiodofrelativelylowmetabolicactivity 1 associatedwithperiodsoflowtemperature/inwinter 1 enableshibernatingspeciesofamphibian,reptiles,birdsandmammals 1 tosurviveattimeswhenfoodisinshortsupply/tosaveitsstoredfood 1 byreducingtheirenergydemandstoalowlevel 1 involvesafallinbodytemperaturetothatofenvironment 1 and a reduction in heart rate, ventilation rate, metabolic rate, growth and

development1

Storedfatinthemammalstissuesareusedtoprovideenergy 1 for endotherm, hibernation is a way to maintain body temperature during cold

season 19 max 5

Aestivation

as response to drought season/hot/dry 1 eg: lungfish/amphibian/snail/worm/insect 1

can live in dry swamp/drought/summer by digging/move in mud1

undergoaperiodofmetabolicinactivity 1 secrete a layer of slime which open on its lips to breathe atmosphericair 1 whichenablesthemtosurviveconditionsofextremedehydration 1 during aestivation period, the stored fat and part of muscle tissue/protein is used 1



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7 max5

Diapause Isaformofarresteddevelopmentshownbyinsects 1 Canoccuratanystageinthelifecycle:egg,larva,pupaoradult. 1 Main factors inducing diapause: daylength(photoperiod), foodavailability,temperatureandmoisture.

1

Example:theSilkwormBombyxmorihasanembryonicdiapause(eggstage),enterdiapausewhenexposetoperiodsoflongdaylength.

1

diapause occur to overcome unfavourable condition 1 organised its life cycle with environmental condition/food/light period/ organised

season/chances/mating period

1

6 max 5

Total :15

9 (a) Vectors are:

- DNA molecules that is used to carry foreign DNA into a host cell. 1

- Examples : plasmids and the bacteriophage . 1

[2 marks]

Characteristics- must be able to replicate its own DNA. 1

- must at least has one specific restriction sites that can be recognized by

restriction enzymes

1

- must carry at least a selectable marker gene; eg ampR (antibiotic resistance) 1

- can be easily extracted from its host/easier to insert into bacteria 1

- very small in size 1

5 max 3

Total: 5

(b) - target DNA from the donor cells are isolated /extracted 1



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- target DNA cleaved/cut into fragments 1

- by specific restriction / endonuclease enzymes 1

- DNA fragments require vectors/plasmids 1

- plasmids are cut/cleaved by the same restriction enzyme 1

- DNA fragments are inserted into the plasmid 1

- forming recombinant DNA 1

- using DNA ligase 1

- recombinant DNA are inserted into bacterial host cells 1

- by transformation /transduction 1

- amplification of recombinant plasmids/ copies of recombinant plasmids are

produced by replication

1

- screening of recombinant DNA 1

- the recombinant DNA /required plasmids are extracted from the bacterial

cell

1

13 max 10

Total :15

10 (a) GeneticfactorsSexualreproduction 1 sexualreproductioninvolvestheprocessesof meiosisduringgameteformation 1 meiosisallowsgenestobereshuffled 1 occursduringprophaseIandmetaphaseI 1 during prophase I, crossing over occurs resulting in the exchange of genetic

materialsbetweentwohomologouschromosomes duringmetaphaseI,segregationofchromosomesoccurs

1

1

combination of these two processes produces a wide variety of differentgametes.

1

fertilizationbetweenthevariedmaleandfemalegameteisrandom 1



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zygoteproducedcontainsnumerouscombinationofgenotypes 1Mutation 1 Geneandchromosomalmutation 1 Produces achangeinthe genotypes 1 whichcausestheappearanceofanewcharacteristics 1Hybridisation 1

Acrossbetweenindividualbelongingtotwodifferentvarieties 1 producesindividualswithdifferenttraitsfromtheparents 1 generatingmorevariation 1

17 max 9

Environmentalfactors Contributestovariablegeneexpressionamongindividuals 1 canonlycausechangesinthephenotype 1

Thecharacteristicsarenotinherited 1

Variationdue

to

environmental

sources

is

reversible

1

4 max3

Toatal: 12

(b) Importanceofvariation: Causessome individuals inapopulationtobebetteradapted forsurvival thanothers

1

Enablesapopulationtoinhabitalargerrangeofhabitatandniche 1 A population with little variability has reduced capacity to adapt to

environmentalchanges1

whichmayleadtotheextinctionofthepopulationorthewholespecies 1 isconsideredastherawmaterial forthe processofnaturalselection. 1 5 max 3



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Total:15



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Scheme : Biology Paper 1

1 B 26 B

2 D 27 A

3 A 28 C

4 B 29 D5 C 30 D

6 D 31 A

7 D 32 A

8 A 33 C

9 D 34 B

10 C 35 C

11 D 36 A

12 B 37 C

13 B 38 D

14 A 39 B15 B 40 B

16 C 41 D

17 D 42 B

18 B 43 A

19 C 44 D

20 B 45 A

21 A 46 B

22 B 47 B

23 D 48 C

24 C 49 D

25 A 50 D

[Edu.joshuatly.com] Trial Kelantan STPM 2012 Biology [0FF2679E]

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