SULIT

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

Peperiksaan Semester Pertama

Sidang Akademik 2013/2014

Januari 2014

EET414 – Rekabentuk Pencawang [Substation Design]

Masa : 3 jam

Please make sure that this question paper has TWENTY (20) printed pages including this

front page before you start the examination. [Sila pastikan kertas soalan ini mengandungi DUA PULUH (20) muka surat yang bercetak termasuk muka

hadapan sebelum anda memulakan peperiksaan ini.]

This question paper has SIX (6) questions. Answer any FIVE (5) questions only. Each

question contributes 20 marks. [Kertas soalan ini mengandungi ENAM (6) soalan. Jawab mana-mana LIMA (5) soalan sahaja. Markah bagi

tiap-tiap soalan adalah 20 markah.]

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Question 1 [Soalan 1]

(a) Discuss FIVE (5) main functions of substation parts. [Bincangkan lima (5) fungsi utama bahagian-bahagian pada pencawang.]

(10 Marks / Markah)

(b) Two substation transformers identical in parallel are supplied by a generator. Circuit breakers are installed at the sides of the transformer and the generator as in Figure 1.

Parameters of generator and transformer are given in Table 1. [Dua pengubah pencawang yang sama dan selari dibekal oleh satu penjana. Pemutus litar dipasang

pada kedua-dua sisi pengubah dan penjana seperti dalam Rajah 1. Parameter untuk penjana dan

pengubah diberikan dalam Jadual 1].

Table 1 [Jadual 1]

Generator : 25 MVA, 3-phase, 13.8 kV, 50 Hz, Xd” = 20%; Xd

’= 15% and X0 = 12%

Transformer : 10 MVA, 3-phase, 13.8/33 kV, X = 12%

G

T-1

T-2

CTCB-1

CB-2 CB-3

CB-4 CB-5

Bus-1 Bus-2

Figure 1 [Rajah 1]

Calculate the rated making current (kA) and breaking capacity (MVA) at circuit

breaker (CB-4).

[Kirakan kadaran arus sambungan (kA) dan kapasiti memutus (MVA) pada pemutus litar (CB- 4).]

(10 Marks / Markah)

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Question 2 [Soalan 2]

Design the rigid bus for single breaker bus arrangement air insulated substation that covers

size of rigid bus and the maximum allowable span length, based on the design requirements

in Table 2(a) and 2(b). Welded fitting are used and a 20% allowance will be made for future

growth and overloading. Others data or information are given in appendix. (Note: 1 inch =

25.4 mm). [Rekabentuk bas tegar untuk aturan bas satu pemutus pencawang tebatan udara yang merangkumi bas saiz dan

panjang maksimum span yang dibenarkan berdasarkan keperluaan rekabentuk dalam Jadual 2(a) dan 2(b).

Pemasangan dipateri digunakan dan 20% yang dibenarkan untuk pertumbuhan masa depan dan terlebih beban.

Lain-lain data dan maklumat diberikan dalam apendik. (Nota: 1 inci = 25.4 mm)]

(20 Marks/ Markah)

Table 2(a) [Jadual 2(a)]

Load Parameters

Descriptions Value

Load Demand 400 MVA

Power Factor 0.85 (lagging)

Frequency 60 Hz

Nominal Voltage 161 kV

Bus Specifications

Descriptions Value

Conductor Type Aluminium Tubular Schedule 40 AC Ampacity

Conductivity 53%

Alloy & Temper 6061-T6

Emissivity 0.5

Rigid Bus Configuration Flat Three Phase

Aluminium Conductor Weight 26500 N/m3

Rigid Bus Height 7.6 m

Phase Spacing 3.48 m

No of Span Single Span

Bus End Condition Pinned-Fixed

The ratio of Conductor Deflection to Span Length 1:150

Fault Currents Parameters

Descriptions Value

Maximum Fault Current 25 kA

Fault Clearing Time 0.25 s (15 cycles)

X/R 30

Short Circuit Highest Force Bus B

Ice Parameters

Descriptions Value

Ice Weight 8820 N/m3

Maximum anticipated icing condition 6.4 mm

….4/-

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Table 2(b) [Jadual 2(b)]

Wind Parameters

Descriptions Value

Constant, C 0.613

Maximum wind speed 38.89 m/s

High wind speed with ice 16.11m/s

Force coefficient 1.0

Importance factor 1.15

Gust Response Factor 0.85

Temperature Parameters

Descriptions Value

Operating Bus Temperature 80 °C

Maximum Ambient Temperature 40 °C

Temperature Rise 40 °C

Heat Balance Parameters

Descriptions Value

Direct-current resistance 29.35 μΩ/m

Skin-effect coefficient 1

Solar heat gain 47.2 W/m

Convective heat loss 98.92 W/m

Radiation heat loss 42.69 W/m

Structure Information’s

Descriptions Value

Exposure of conductor Exposure B

Structure material Steel

Structure type Tubular and wide flange

….5/

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Question 3 [Soalan 3]

The design data for ground grid model of a 132 kV substation is given in Table 3. [Data rekabentuk untuk model grid pembumian satu pencawang 132 kV diberikan seperti Jadual 3.]

Table 3 [Jadual 3]

Parameters Values

Fault current occur 2800 A

Clearing time 0.5 sec

Available grounding area 70 x 70 m2

Soil resistivity 500 Ω-m

Crush rock resistivity at surface 3000 Ω-m

The thickness of the crushed rock surfacing 100 mm

Conductor spacing in parallel 5 m

Depth of grid conductor 50 cm

Diameter conductor grid 17 mm

Body resistance and weight body are respectively 1000 Ω and 70 kg

Constant of Km and Ks 0.625 and 0.44

(a) Based on the data above, evaluate and justify the design of the grid grounding system to fulfill the requirements of IEEE 80-2000 standard. [Berdasarkan data di atas, nilai dan tentusahkan rekabentuk sistem grid pembumian bagi memenuhi

syarat piawaian IEEE 80-2000.]

(13 Marks / Markah)

(b) What will happen on mesh voltage and step voltage if the grounding grid system is inserted with ground rod? The number of ground rod and length of rod used are 30

pieces and 10 m, respectively. Give your justification on the design in term of safety. [Apa akan berlaku pada voltan jejaring dan voltan langkah, jika sistem grid pembumian disisipkan

dengan rod pembumian? Bilangan dan panjang rod pembumian yang digunakan adalah 30 batang

dan 10m. Berikan justifikasi anda pada rekabentuk daripada segi keselamatan.]

(7 Marks / Markah)

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Question 4 [Soalan 4]

Two identical parallel generators are connected to a 33 kV substation transformer.

Each of generator and the transformer sides are connected to circuit breakers (CBs) as

in Figure 4(a). The parameters of generator and transformer are given in Table 4a. An

over current relay (OCR) connected to a current transformer (CT) is used for the

transformer protection. [Dua penjana yang sama dan selari dihubungkan kepada satu pengubah pencawang 33 kV. Setiap

sisi penjana dan pengubah disambungkan kepada pemutus litar seperti dalam Rajah 4(a). Parameter

penjana dan pengubah diberikan dalam Jadual 4(a). Sebuah geganti arus lebih (OCR) disambungkan

ke pengubah arus (CT) yang digunakan untuk perlindungan pengubah.]

Table 4(a) [Jadual 4(a)]

Generator : 15 MVA, 13.8 kV, 50 Hz, Xd” = 0.12 pu; Xd

’= 0.10 p.u and X0 = 0.8 p.u

Transformer : 20 MVA, 3-phase, 13.8/33 kV, X = 7%

GCB-1

GCB-2

CB-4CB-3T

Bus-1 Bus-2

OCR

Figure 4(a) [Rajah 4(a)]

….7/-

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(a) Evaluate whether the current transformers (CTs) chosen will saturate if the current transformers have rating class C200, 5P20 and burden Zb = 0.7 Ω for fault occur at

bus-2. (Your choice should be based on in appendix). [Nilaikan sama ada pengubah arus (CT) yang dipilih akan menepu jika pengubah arus mempunyai

kadaran kelas C200, 5P20 dan beban Zb = 0.7 Ω untuk gangguan terjadi pada bus-2.(Pilihan anda patut berdasarkan Rajah 4b dalam apendik.).]

(10 Marks/ Markah)

(b) The characteristic of over current relay used are as follows: [Ciri-ciri geganti arus lebih yang digunakan adalah seperti berikut:]

Available current taps: 0.5 to 12.5 A with a steps 0.5.

Available time dial setting TD: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ……1.0 (with a steps 0.1)

The IEEE Standard relay operation characteristic of time current curve by the folowing equation (1)

[Tap arus tersedia: 0.5 ke 12.5 A dengan langkah 0.5]

[Pengesetan dail masa tersedia TD: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ….1.0 dengan langkah 0.1]

[Ciri-ciri operasi geganti piawai IEEE lengkung arus-masa mengikut persamaan (1)]

where constant A, B and P are tabulated in Table 4(b). [di mana pemalar A,B and P dijadualkan dalam Jadual 4(b).]

Table 4(b) [Jadual 4(b)]

A B P

Moderately inverse

0.0515 0.114 0.02

Very inverse

19.61 0.491 2.0

Extremely inverse

28.2 0.122 2.0

Calculate the operating time of relay if the time-dial setting is 0.6, and the

characteristic used is “Very inverse”. What will happen on the operating time of the

relay if time-dial setting selected is 0.8. [Kirakan masa operasi geganti jika masa-dial penetapan ialah 0.6 dan ciri-ciri geganti yang digunakan

adalah “Very inverse”. Apa yang akan berlaku pada masa operasi geganti jika masa-dial penetapan

ialah 0.8.]

(10 Marks / Markah)

)1.........(1

)(

B

M

ATDst

P

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Question 5 [Soalan 5]

(a) Based on the data in Table 5(a) and 5(b), a substation needs a 30 V dc power supply and charger used to feed the load, determine: [Berdasarkan data dalam Jadual 5(a) dan 5(b), sebuah pencawang memerlukan satu sumber bekalan

arus terus 30 V and pengecas digunakan untuk menyuap ke beban, tentukan:]

Table 5(a) [Jadual 5(a)]

No DC Load Quantity Power consumption Duration

1. Switchgear closing 9 600 W 1 minute

2. Switchgear tripping 9 6 W 1 minute

3. Indicator lamp 27 5 W 8 hours

4. Relay 9 200 W 8 hours

5. Transformer temperature

controller

2 200 W 8 hours

6. Digital power meter 2 200 W 8 hours

Table 5(b) [Jadual 5(b)]

No Description Value

1. Ambient temperature 25 oC

2. Design margin 0.85

3. Ageing factor 0.8

(i) the number of cell is required if the nominal voltage is 1.2 V/cell and select the type of battery used. [bilangan sel yang diperlukan jika voltan namaan ialah 1.2 V/cell dan pilih jenis bagi bateri

digunakan.] (8 Marks/ Markah)

(ii) the ampere capacity of the changer with 8 hours recharge. [kapasiti ampere bagi pengecas dengan 8 jam mengecas semula.]

(2 Marks/ Markah)

(Note: The information of nickel cadmium battery in appendix) [(Nota: Maklumat bagi bateri nikel Kadmium dalam apendik)]

... ..9/-

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(b) A squared-shaped distribution substation service area as shown in Figure 5. The substation is served by three-phase four wire 2.4/4.16 kV grounded wye connected

primary feeders.

(Kawasan perkhidmatan pencawang pembahagian berbentuk empat segi tepat seperti

ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 5. Pencawang tersebut dibekal melalui penyuap primer

tiga-fasa empat dawai 2.4/4.16 kV sambungan “wye” yang dibumikan.)

Figure 5 [Rajah 5]

The feeders mains are made of #2 AWG cooper conductors or #1/0 ACSR with

maximum current capacity 230 A. The three-phase open-wire overhead lines have a

geometric mean spacing of 37 inch between phase conductors. A lagging load power

factor of 0.9 and a 1000 kVA/mi2 uniformly distributed load density.

[Penyuap utama adalah #2 AWG pengalir kuprum atau #1/0 ACSR yang mempunyai kapasiti arus

sebanyak 230 A. Talian atas pengalir tiga-fasa litar taktebat ini mempunyai jarak purata geometri 37

inci diantara pengalir fasa. Faktor kuasa beban mengekor adalah 0.9 dan kepadatan beban seragam

teragih adalah 1000 kVA/mi2.]

By considering thermally loaded per feeder, calculate the following:- [Dengan mempertimbangkan beban termal setiap penyuap kirakan berikut:-]

(i) Maximum load per feeder, substation size, and substation spacing. [Beban maksimum setiap penyuap, saiz pencawang dan jarak pencawang.]

(4 Marks/ Markah)

(ii) Total percent voltage drop from the feed point the end of the main. (Given K = 0.007%VD/(kVA.mi)) [Keseluruhan peratus kejatuhan voltan dari titik pembekal hingga ke hujung. (Diberi K=

0.007%VD/(kVA.batu))]

(3 Marks/ Markah)

….10/-

l4

2/3 l4

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(iii) Consider voltage-drop limited feeders which have 3% voltage drop and find substation spacing, maximum load per feeder and substation size. [Pertimbangkan pembekal dihadkan kejatuhan voltan sebanyak 3% kejatuhan voltan, kirakan

saiz pencawang, beban maksimum per penyuap dan saiz pencawang.]

(3 Marks/ Markah)

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Question 6 [Soalan 6]

(a) Explain the current transformer polarity test with the aid of a diagram [Terangkan ujian kekutuban pengubah arus dengan bantuan gambarajah.]

(10 Marks/ Markah)

(b) Return stroke current magnitude and strike distance (length of the last stepped leader) are interrelated. A number of equations have been proposed in IEEE standards for

determining the striking distance. Describe the principle ones prescribed in the

relevant IEEE standards. Identify the one equation accepted by researchers and justify

the reason why the equation is favoured. [Magnitud arus sambar kembali dan jarak pukulan adalah berkaitan. Beberapa formula telah

dicadangkan dalam piawaian IEEE untuk menentukan jarak pukulan. Huraikan prinsipal utama yang

telah ditentukan dalam piawaian IEEE. Kenalpasti satu formula yang diterima pakai oleh penyelidik

dan beri justifikasi sebab ianya dipilih.]

(6 Marks/ Markah)

(c) A 275/132 kV substation is protected by two shielding wires and has a basic insulation level (BIL) of 350 kV. Calculate the allowable stroke current, Is in kA and

the strike distance, Sm in meters (m) if the surge impedance of the conductor is 300 Ω. [Sebuah pencawang 275/132 kV dilindungi oleh dua dawai pelindung dan mempunyai aras penebatan

asas (BIL) sebanyk 350 kV. Kira arus pukulan yang dibenarkan, Is dalam kA dan jarak pukulan (Sm)

dalam meter (m) sekiranya galangan luruan pengalir tersebut adalah 300 Ω.]

(4 Marks/ Markah)

-ooOoo-

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http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/how-lightning-really-works-video

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APPENDIX 1

[Apendik 1]

Aluminium Tubular Bus – Schedule 40 ac ampacity (53% conductivity)

SPS

size

OD Wall

thickness

Emissivity = 0.20, with sun

temperature rise above 40 oC ambient

Emissivity = 0.20, without sun

temperature rise above 40 oC ambient

(in) (in) (in) 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110

1.0 1.315 0.133 591 688 770 840 903 1011 1102 638 728 804 871 931 1035 1123

1.5 1.900 0.145 837 978 1097 1199 1290 1447 1580 914 1043 1153 1250 1336 1486 1614

2.0 2.375 0.154 1035 1213 1362 1490 1605 1802 1969 1139 1300 1438 1558 1666 1854 2015

2.5 2.875 0.203 1377 1618 1818 1992 2147 2413 2640 1527 1743 1928 2090 2235 2488 2705

3.0 3.500 0.216 1666 1962 2208 2422 2612 2940 3220 1861 2126 2351 2550 2728 3038 3305

3.5 4.000 0.226 1897 2239 2523 2770 2989 3367 3690 2132 2435 2695 2923 3127 3484 3792

4.0 4.500 0.237 2134 2523 2847 3127 3376 3807 4175 2412 2755 3049 3307 3539 3945 4295

5.0 5.563 0.258 2636 3127 3536 3890 4204 4748 5213 3010 3439 3807 4131 4422 4933 5374

6.0 6.625 0.280 3153 3752 4250 4681 5063 5726 6294 3633 4152 4597 4990 5343 5963 6500

8.0 8.625 0.322 4142 4954 5629 6213 6731 7631 8404 4843 5538 6135 6662 7138 7975 8703

SPS

size

OD Wall

thickness

Emissivity = 0.50, with sun

temperature rise above 40 oC ambient

Emissivity = 0.50, with sun

temperature rise above 40 oC ambient

(in) (in) (in) 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110

1.0 1.315 0.133 572 690 788 872 948 1078 1190 686 785 870 945 1013 1133 1238

1.5 1.900 0.145 805 981 1127 1252 1363 1556 1723 992 1136 1260 1370 1469 1645 1800

2.0 2.375 0.154 991 1217 1402 1561 1703 1949 2161 1244 1425 1581 1720 1845 2068 2264

2.5 2.875 0.203 1314 1623 1876 2094 2287 2623 2914 1677 1921 2132 2320 2490 2793 3060

3.0 3.500 0.216 1582 1969 2284 2555 2795 3214 3576 2056 2357 2617 2848 3059 3434 3766

3.5 4.000 0.226 1796 2248 2614 2929 3208 3694 4116 2366 2712 3012 3280 3523 3957 4342

4.0 4.500 0.237 2015 2534 2954 3315 3635 4192 4675 2686 3080 3421 3726 4004 4500 4940

5.0 5.563 0.258 2474 3142 3680 4141 4550 5262 5880 3375 3872 4304 4690 5041 5671 6232

6.0 6.625 0.280 2943 3771 4435 5003 5506 6382 7144 4098 4703 5230 5701 6131 6902 7591

8.0 8.625 0.322 3830 4982 5899 6681 7373 8581 9633 5515 6334 7048 7688 8274 9328 10274

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APPENDIX 2

[Apendik 2]

Properties of common bus materials

Metal Alloy &

Temper

ASTM

Reference

Standard

Minimum

Tensile

Strength

MPa

Minimum

yield

Strength

MPa

Minimum

Conductivity at

20oC in % of

IACS

Modulus of

Elasticity

(GPa)

Copper tube

H80 Hard

(4”OD)

B-188 260 163 97.4 110

O60 Soft B-188 - - 100 110

Copper wire

Hard B-1 430 - 96.16 110

Medium

hard

B-2 340 - 96.66 110

Soft B-3 - - 100 110

Aluminium

tubes &

Shapes

6061-T6 B-241 260 240 40 (typical) 69

6063-T6 B-241 205 170 53 (typical) 69 6101-T6 B-317 200 172 55.00 69 6101-T1 B-317 138 103 57.00 69 6101-T3 B-317 186 152 56.00 69 6101-T4 B-317 103 55 59.50 69 6101-T5 B-317 172 138 56.50 69

Aluminium

wire

1350-H19 B-230 B-230 - 61.00 69 6201-T81 B-398 B-398 - 52.50 69

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APPENDIX 3

[Apendik 3]

Height and exposure Kz

Height above ground

Exposure B Exposure C Exposure D

(m)

0 – 4.6 0.57 0.85 1.03

6.1 0.62 0.90 1.08

7.6 0.66 0.94 1.12

9.1 0.70 0.98 1.16

12.2 0.76 1.04 1.22

15.2 0.81 1.09 1.27

18 0.85 1.13 1.31

21.3 0.89 1.17 1.34

24.4 0.93 1.21 1.38

27.4 0.96 1.24 1.40

30.5 0.99 1.26 1.43

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APPENDIX 4

[Apendik 4]

Г (Ghe) constant for simplified calculation short circuit basic force equation

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APPENDIX 5

[Apendik 5]

Kf for various types of single-phase mounting structures

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APPENDIX 6

[Apendik 6]

Half cycle decrement factor Df for various values of X/R ratio

60 Hz 50 Hz

X/R Ta Df Df2 X/R Ta Df Df

2

30 0.0796 0.950 0.903 30 0.0955 0.950 0.903

20 0.0531 0.927 0.860 20 0.0637 0.927 0.860

10 0.0265 0.865 0.749 10 0.0318 0.865 0.749

5 0.0133 0.767 0.588 5 0.0519 0.767 0.588

2 0.0053 0.604 0.365 2 0.0064 0.604 0.365

1 0.0027 0.522 0.272 1 0.0032 0.522 0.272

Note that the half-cycle decrement factor will be 0.5 if the dc component of the current is not

present.

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APPENDIX 7

[Apendik 7]

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APPENDIX 8

[Apendik 8]

Temperature correction factor

Initial temperature Factor range

( °C ) ( °F )

-17.8 0 1.1-2.0

-12.2 10 1.1-1.6

-6.7 20 1.1-1.5

-1.1 30 1.1-1.3

4.4 40 1.0-1.2

10.0 50 1.0-1.1

15.6 60 1.0-1.1

21.1 70 1.0-1.1

25-45 77-113 1.0

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APPENDIX 9

[Apendik 9]

Discharge data in Amperes for a fully charged cell

End Voltage : 1.14 V / cell

Type

Rated

Capacity

(C5 Ah)

Hours Minutes Seconds

8 5 3 2 1.5 1 30 20 15 10 5 1 30 5 1

KSH 11 11 1.3 2.1 3.4 5.1 6.5 8.7 15.3 18.6 21.0 24.0 27.9 37.7 43.4 54.4 60.7

KSH 16 16 2.0 3.1 4.9 7.3 9.5 12.6 22.2 27.0 30.6 34.9 40.5 54.8 63.1 79.2 88.4

KSH 21 21 2.6 4.1 6.6 9.6 12.4 16.7 29.2 35.5 40.2 45.9 53.1 71.9 82.9 104 116

KSH 24 24 2.9 4.6 7.5 11.0 14.1 19.0 33.3 40.5 45.9 52.4 60.7 82.2 94.7 119 132

KSH 28 28 3.4 5.4 8.7 12.8 16.6 22.1 38.9 47.3 53.5 61.1 70.8 96.0 110 138 155

KSH 36 36 4.4 6.9 11.2 16.5 21.3 28.5 50.0 60.7 68.9 78.6 91.1 123 142 178 199

KSH 45 45 5.6 8.7 14.0 20.6 26.6 35.7 62.5 75.9 86.1 98.3 114 155 178 223 248

KSH 52 52 6.5 10.0 16.2 23.7 30.7 41.1 72.2 87.7 99.5 113 131 178 205 258 287

KSH 60 60 7.5 11.6 18.7 27.4 35.5 47.5 78.5 92.5 102 118 137 198 230 284 312

KSH 70 70 8.7 13.5 21.8 32.0 41.3 55.3 91.6 108 119 132 148 231 269 332 364

KSH 80 80 9.9 15.4 24.9 36.6 47.3 63.3 105 123 135 152 170 264 307 379 417

KSH 90 90 11.1 17.4 28.1 41.1 53.1 71.2 106 125 136 159 194 297 345 426 469

KSH 100 100 12.4 19.3 31.2 45.7 59.1 79.1 113 134 153 177 215 330 384 474 521

KSH 115 115 14.2 22.2 35.9 52.5 68.0 91.0 129 155 175 203 247 380 441 544 599

KSH 130 130 16.1 25.1 40.5 59.4 76.8 103 146 175 198 229 280 429 499 615 677

KSH 150 150 18.6 29.0 46.8 68.6 88.6 119 170 201 228 265 323 495 575 710 782

KSH 170 170 21.0 32.8 53.0 77.7 100 134 192 228 259 300 366 561 651 805 886

KSH 190 190 23.5 36.7 59.2 86.9 112 150 214 255 289 335 409 627 728 899 990

KSH 220 220 27.3 42.5 68.6 100 130 174 248 295 334 388 474 726 843 1040 1140

KSH 250 250 30.9 48.3 78.0 114 147 198 282 335 380 440 538 825 958 1180 1300

KSH 280 280 34.6 54.1 87.3 128 166 221 316 376 425 494 602 924 1070 1320 1450

KSH 300 300 37.2 57.9 93.5 137 177 237 338 403 456 528 645 990 1150 1420 1570

KSH 320 320 39.6 61.8 99.8 146 189 254 361 429 487 564 689 1060 1220 1510 1670