EKOLOGI BENTANGLAHAN

OLEHPROF. DR. SURATMAN WOROSUPROJO, MSC.

PENDAHULUAN

• BENTANGLAHAN DAN EKOLOGILINGKUP:• FENOMENA GEOSFER• FENOMENA DAN PROSES BENTANGLAHAN

DALAM RUANG DAN WAKTULANDSCAPE• ARSITEKTUR• NON ARSITEKTUR

•AHLI EKOLOGI BENTANGLAHAN

Carl Troll (Germany) IstilahnyaGeo – Ekologi

Geografi Biologi (ecology)

• DASAR KAJIANNYA GEOSFER SEBAGAI ENVIRONMENTAL KEY (Kunci Lingkungan)- Vegetasi- Hewan- Manusia

LINGKUNGAN DALM KONTEK GEOGRAFILINGKUNGAN DALM KONTEK GEOGRAFI

• EKOLOGI BENTANGLAHAN MASUK DALAM ILMU LINGKUNGAN

• EKOLOGI BENTANGLAHAN MULTIDISIPLIN• PENDEKATAN STUDINYA INTERDISIPLIN• EKOLOGI BENTANGLAHAN TERMASUK DALAM

- Biologi lingkungan- Geografi lingkungan

• REGIONAL APPROACH PENGELOMPOKKAN KOMUNITAS DALAM HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN LINGKUNGAN HUMAN ECOLOGY

GEOGRAFIGEOGRAFI

MANUSIAFISIK

• PRIORITAS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN DIDEKATI DENGAN CARA EVALUASI LAHAN

FAKTOR EKOLOGI BENTANGLAHAN MELIPUTI:

• IKLIM LANDSCAPE CLIMATOLOGY Dinamis Ritmik

• GEOLOGI GEOECOLOGY Relatif Tetap• GEOMORFOLOGI MAIN APPROACH

(dalam stud bentnaglahan)• AIR dinamis • TANAH SOIL LANDSCAPE Tetap • PENGARUH MANUSIA Dinamis

– Respon terhadap lingkungan 5 ciri– Aliran Deterministic– Aliran posibilistic

FAKTOR IKLIM

SUHU HUJAN KELEMBABAN

RADIASI ANGIN EVAPOTRANSPIRASI TIPE IKLIM

FAKTOR GEOLOGI STATIK

• UNSUR LANGFROM YANG AMAT PENTING

• FAKTOR PENENTU DINAMIKA AIR• BAHAN PEMBENTUK TANAH• MENGANDUNG MINERAL YANG

BERGUNA• BERPENGARUH PADA BENCANA ALAM• MENGANDUNG FOSIL PALAEONTOLOGI

HAL – HAL YANG DIKAJI

• TIPE BATUAN DAN SEBARANNYA• STRUKTUR, STRATIGRAFI• SIFAT/KARAKTERISTIK BATUAN

DINAMIKA PERUBAHAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR EKOLOGI BENTANGLAHAN

TERGANTUNG PADA:1. ASPEK SITE:

- LETAK LINTANG- JENIS LANDSCAPE- LOKASI DAERAH- POSISI TOPOGRAFI- LANDSCAPE INTERACTION

2. ASPEK WAKTU:- RECENT- PALAEO- SHORT- LONG

3. FAKTOR DINAMIS:- IKLIM- MANUSIA- VEGETASI/HEWAN

PENDEKATAN STUDI

1. PHYTOCENTRIC APPROACHHubungan timbal balik bentanglahan dengan vegetasi

2. ZOOCENTRIC APPROACHHubungan Timbal Balik Komunitas Hewan dengan Bentanglahan

3. ANTHROPHOCENTRIC APPROACHHubungan Responsibiliti Manusia dengan Bentanglahan

PHYTOCENTRIC DAN ZOOCENTRIC APPROACH DISEBUT SEBAGAI : BIOCENTRIC APPROACH

PEMETAAN EKOLOGI

ECOLOGICAL REGION]ECOLOGICAL DISTRICECOLOGICAL SYSTEMECOLOGICAL TYPEECOLOGICAL PHASE

• MORFOGRAFIK BENTANGLAHAN• MORFOMETRIK BENTANGLAHAN• PHYSIOGRAFIK BENTANGLAHAN

BIOFISIKAL KLASIFIKASI

SUB-SISTEM MANUSIA

Kondisi ManusiaPendidikan, kemerdekaan

Pekerjaan, Kesehatan, dsb.

Daya Tanggap Ekosistem:(-) perubahan iklim

(+) kualitas lingkungan baik

Daya Tanggap Manusia:Perubahan nilai,

Penerapan teknologipenelitian

Tekanan manusia-manusiaKonflik, kekuasaan,

Tuntutan masyarakat, dsb.

Tekanan Manuisa-EkosistemLedakan populasi,

Konsumsi SDA, limbah, dsb

Kondisi EkosistemKeragaman, fungsi,Ekologis, udara, air,

SDA, lahan, SD Terbaharui, dsb

Tekanan Ekosistem-ekosistemBencana alam,

Perubahan alami, dsb.

SUB-SISTEM EKOSISTEM

Landscape Classification

• Structural patch : Soil and vegetation• Functional patch : Physical aspects• Resources patch : Animal ecology• Habitat patch : Plant community• Corridor patch : Land mozaic

Lanscape Structure

• Landscape characteristic• As a system• Complexcity• Spasio – temporal change• Interaction – interrelation• Ordering system• Vertical and Horizontal structure

Vertical Structure

• Based on layering• Vertical processes• Structure of layer (Soil, Rock, Vegetation)

Horizontal Structure

• System = subsystem or holon• Separating processes• Transformation and cooperation• Natural pattern and processes• Internal and external function• Natural organizations

Ordering Interaction

• Strong connections but weak signal• Relative frequency of organisme behavior• Context : a lower level environment• Containment : nested system• Contraint : limited factors

Scaling The Landscape Concepts

• Scale : Spatial or temporal dimention• Level of organization : Place within a biotic hirerarchy• Cartographic scale : Unit of measure• Resolution : Precicim of measure• Grain : Finest level of spatial• Extent : The size of study area• Extrapolate : Estimate value• Critical therehold : Abrupt change• Absolute scale : Distance, shape, geometry• Relative scale : functional relationship scale

Emerging Processes in the Landscape

• Disturbance• Fragmentation• Connectivity• Connectedness• Corridors

Disturbance

• Change the nature• Longtime scale changes• Source of Spatial – hiterogenity• Source of temporal hiterogenity• Change the diversity system• Landscape dynamic

Distrurbance Agents

• By abiotic factors• By Animal• By Human

Fragmentation (Geographycal)

• Species fragmentation• Habitat fragmentation• Predation and fragmentation• Island size and isolation• Habitat fragmentation and animal

behavior

SCALING IN LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

• Micro Scale Dominion - Disturbance such as fire - Geomorphic processes (skump, Creep) - Biological processes - Forested landscape fragmentation Mesoscale Dominion - Cultural evolution of human occurred Macroscale Dominion - Glacial – interglacial Megascale Dominion - Geological events (plate tectonic)

TO BE LEARNED

• Link the landscape dynamics• Biodiversity• Ecosystem processes• Hierarchical system and function• Complexity of patterns and processes in

the landscape• Scale attribute of landscape

PATTERNS OF LANDSACPE

• Landscape Hiterogeneity• Spatial Hiterogeneity• Temporal Hiterogeneity• Functional Hiterogeneity (Distribution of Population)

PRINCIPLE OF LANDSCAPE DYNAMIC

• Depend On 1. Disturbance Frequency 2. Rate of recovery from distrurbance 3. The size of disturbance 4. The size or spatial extent of landscape Natural Landscape 1. Different degree of fragility with

antropogenic 2. Landscape changes are not easily

detected

ANTHROPOGENIC LANDSCAPE

• Human dominated landscape• Change clearly the landscape• Related to Socio-economic processes• Human disturbance

HUMAN DISTURBANCE

• Change the landcover/landuse• Change the morfology of land• Change the natural processes• Change the plant and animal

communities

RECOVERY TYPE

• Thedisturbance interval is longer than the recovery time ( T > 1)

• The disturbance interval is equal to recovery time ( T = 1)

• The disturbance interval is shorter than the recovery time ( T < 1)

SPATIAL RATIO

• The ratio between size of disturbance and size of the landscape

1. Disturbance is larger then the landscape

2. Disturbance is smaller than the extent of

landscape

LANDSCAPE STABILITY

• Natural landscape stability• Anthropogenic landscape change