EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TIlE EFFECT OF COARSE AGGREGATE TYPE …

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TIlE EFFECT OF COARSE AGGREGATE TYPE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF

mGH STRENGHT CONCRETE

Cathy Aqunia Anak Roderick Sube

TA Faculty of Engineering 4189 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK C357 2004 2004

b II Ol ~ b I ~P1jJ1- IHlItnai Maklumat Akademli

PKHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK ul~tV~SITI MALAYSIA SARAWA[( UNIMAS 94100 Koa Samarahan

1111111 1111 IIII II 1111 III 1000143316

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF COARSE AGGREGATE TYPE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE

CATHY AQUNIA ANAK RODERICK SUBE

This project is submitted in partial fulfIllment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

(Civil Engineering)

Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK

2004

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan

fk

BORANG PENYERAHAN TESIS

ludul EXPERIMENT AL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF COARSE AGGREGATE TYPE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE

SESI PENGAJIAN 2000 - 2004

Saya CATHY AQUNIA ANAK RODERICK SUBE (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut

I Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan dibiayai oleh UNIMAS hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS

2 Naskhah salinan di dalam bentuk kertas atau mikro hanya boleh dibuat dengan kebenaran bertulis daripada penulis

3 Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk pengajian mereka 4 Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulis Bayaran royalti adalah mengikut kadar

yang dipersetujui kelak 5 Saya membenarkantidak membenarkan Perpustakaan membuat salinan kertas projek ini sebagai bahan

pertukaran di antara institusi pengajian tinggi 6 Sita tandakan ([)

c=J SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang tennaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

c=J TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasil badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

I [ I TIDAK TERHAD

)

~ (TANDATANGAN PENULlS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELlA)

Alamat tetap 23B Kg Pichin

94750 Tebakang

Samwak

Abdul Razak Abdul Karim ( Nama Penyelia )

Tarikh Tarikh

CATATAN POlong yang lidak berkenaan Jika Kerlas Projek ini SULIT Blau TERHAD sila lampirkan sural daripada pihak berkuasal

organisasi berkenaan dengan menyertakan sekali tempoh kertas projek Ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD

The Following Final Year Project

Title EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF COARSE AGGREGATE

TYPE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE

Name of the author CATHY AQUNIA ANAK RODERICK SUBE

Matrix number 5919

was read and certified by

Abdul Razak Abdul Karim Date

(Supervisor)

To my family and dearest Moses

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost the author would like to express sincere gratitude to her supervisor

Mr Abdul Razak Abdul Karim for his numerous advise guidance and ideas and enable the

completion of the project Grateful and acknowledgement is also forwarded to Dr Ibrahim

Safawi who has given valuable suggestions and assistants during the project Not forgetting

the author would like to thank the management of Stigang Resources Sdn Bhd Paku Quarry

Sdn Bhd And Sejingkat Power Plant for their support in making this project possible

A separate word of thank is also expressed to the authors family for their endless

supports and love in giving the courage and strength to the author at all time Special thanks

are conveyed herewith to Mr Moses Sondoh for his helping hand and never tiring moral

support for this project and at all time

Thank are also due to her friends who shared their concern views and advises with

the author in making this project a success

Last but not least the author express her cordial thanks to all there who contributed

intellectually materially and morally in words and in deeds to the successful of this project

ABSTRACT

The results of an experimental study on mechanical properties of high strength

concrete (HSC) with different type of coarse aggregate is presented In this study concrete

with 28 days target compressive strength of 90 Nmm2 were produce using two types of

aggregate namely granite and limestone The aims of the study were to investigate and

determine the effect of granite and limestone on mechanical properties of HSC and to

determine the strength that can be achieved by both of the aggregates The experimental focus

0 11 concrete mixes with a low water binder ratio of 03 a constant total binder content of 550

kglm3 and an addition of fly ash as a mineral admixture The mechanical properties of HSC

were measured by conducted the cube compressive strength test 28 days test result has

indicated that the concrete mixture prepared with granite produced the highest compressive

strength which is up to 69 Nmm2bull Meanwhile limestones only produce strength up to 59

Nlmm2

11

ABSTRAK

Keputusan untuk eksperimen dalam ciri-ciri mekanikal untuk konkrit berkekuatan

tinggi yang mengandungi jenis batu yang berlainan dipersembahkan Dalam kajian ini

konkrit dengan sasaran kekuatan mampatan sebanyak 90 Nmm2 pad a 28 hari dihasilkan

dengan menggunakan dua jenis batu iaitu granite dan limestone Objektif eksperimen ini ialah

untuk mengkaji kesan granite dan limestone terhadap ciri-ciri mekanikal dalam konkrit

berkekuatan tinggi serta mencari tahap kekuatan yang dapat dicapai oleh kedua-dua batu

tersebut Eksperimen ini difokuskan dalam campuran konkrit yang menggandungi nisbah air

campuran yang rendah sebanyak 03 jumlah kandungan campuran sebanyak 550 kglm3 serta

penambahan fly ash sebagai campuran mineral Ciri-ciri mekanikal dalam konkrit

berkekuatan tinggi diukur dengan menjalankan ujian kekuatan mampatan kiub Keputusan 28

hari telah menunjukkan konkrit yang mengandungi granite menghasilkan kekuatan mampatan

yang tertinggi iaitu sebanyak 69 Nmm2 Manakala limestone hanya menghasilkan kekuatan

mampatan setinggi 59 Nmm2

III

I

ERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAIC Q410(l KoU Samllfhan

t I at at Akadenua

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

CONTENTS

11

III

IV

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF STUDY

1 1 INTRODUCTION

12 BACKGROUND

13 SCOPE OF PRESENT STUDY

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

22 HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE

221 Mix proportions

222 Compressive strength

23 COARSE AGGREGATE

231 General characteristics

232 Effect on high strength concrete

24 SUMMARY

TABLES

FIGURES

3 METHODOLOGY

31 GENERAL

32 SELECTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE


331 Selection materials

IV

VI

vii

I-I

I-I

1-2

2-1

2-1

2-3

2-4

2-6

2-8

2-10

2-16

3-1

3-1

3-2

332 Trial mixes test 3-3

333 Mix proportions 3-3

334 Mixing casting and curing 3-4

335 Cube compression tests 3-4

TABLES 3-6

FIGURES 3-7

4 RESUL TS AND DISCUSSION

4l GENERAL 4-1

42 WORKABILITY OF FRESH CONCRETE RESULTS

421 Observation of fresh concrete 4-1

422 Flow test results 4-1

43 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE RESULTS

431 Observation of cube test 4-2

432 Cube compression test results 4-2

44 DISCUSSION 4-2

TABLES 4-4

FIGURES 4-6

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

51 CONCLUSION 5-1

52 RECOMMENDATIONS 5-1

REFERRENCES 6-1

APPENDICES 7-1

v

l

IT able 21

fT able 22

~able 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 26

Table 27

Table 28

Table 29

Table 31

Table 41

Table 42

Table 43

Table 44

LIST OF TABLES

Mix proportion 2-10

Mix proportions 2-11

Mix proportions kglm3 2-11

Relative proportion of concrete mix 2-12

Mix proportions of concretes procedured 2-12

General classification of rock 2-13

Particle-shape classification according to BS 812 Part 1 2-14

Description of surface texture of aggregates according to 2-15

BS 812 Part 1

Effect of properties of aggregates on the strength of concrete 2-15

Mixture proportions for the project 3-6

Observation of fresh concrete during mixing 4-4

Flows test result for mortar (without fly ash) 4-4

Flows test result for mortar (with addition of fly ash) 4-4

Average compressive strength on 7 to 28 days for each batch 4-5

Vll

I

J

LIST OF FIGURES

2-16

fFigure 22 The relationship between compressive strength of concrete and 2-16

aggregates with variation of W C

sand from different sources

target strength of 90 Nmm2

present study and Ozturan and lte~en (1997)

Figure 23 The development of compressive strength with ages 2-17

Figure 24 Development of compressive strength of concrete with crushed 2-17

Figure 25 Classification of aggregate shapes 2-18

Figure 26 Compressive strength of the effect of coarse aggregate type with 2-19

Figure 27 Variation of cube strength with waterbinder ratio 2-19

Figure 31 Shape and surface texture for granite aggregate used 3-7

Figure 32 Shape and surface texture for limestone aggregate used 3-7

Figure 41 Flow test mixture with out fly ash for 3 of superplasticizer 4-6

Figure 42 Flow test mixture with fly ash for 3 of superplasticizer 4-6

Figure 43 Failure pattern of concrete 4-7

Figure 44 Comparison of compressive strength results at 28 days between 4-7

tpigure 21 Factor influence compressive strength

V111

I

r

INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF STUDY

1 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of coarse aggregate type on

lIlechanicaI properties of high strength concrete (HSC) The selected coarse aggregate types of

granite and limestone were used to investigate the important role played by coarse aggregate

pn the hardened properties of high strength concrete with a target of the compressive strength

~f 90 Nmm2 at 28 days A similar grade of high strength concrete produced with different

type of coarse aggregate was tested to compare its compressive strength Thus the effect of

coarse aggregate type on mechanical properties of HSC was assessed

In this project two types of coarse aggregate namely granite and limestone will be

used Granite is an intrusive igneous rock which is light colored and angular shape

Limestone is a sedimentary rock and has rough fracture of surface

12 BACKGROUND

Since HSC as a construction material is rapidly emerging as the durable solution to

civil constructions it is important that tomorrows structural designers and engineers acquire

the knOWledge of the HSC characteristic and its mix proportions Generally high strength

concrete is the type of concrete that has 28-day compressive strength greater than which its

strength is excess 40 Nmm2 (Beshr et aI 2003)

High strength concrete normally produced with a low water-cement ratio range from

02 to 05 Beside that the addition of water reducing agent (such as superplasticizer) is

uired since the low requirement of water According to Nawy (2001) dosage of

superplasticizer up to 5 by weight of cement is advisable The water-reducing agent slows

I

1-1

e hydration of the cement and allows workers more time to place the concrete Its also

mmonly use the mineral admixtures (fly ash slag natural pozzolan and silica fume) in

er to achieved higher strength Usually the percent of replacement is in range of 10 to 40

y weight of cement

Jackson and Dhir (1996) quoted that in concrete design the physical properties of

coarse aggregate have a big influence to the properties of concrete especially on its strength

The different properties of aggregate may result in different strength of concrete Thus for the

good concrete mix coarse aggregate need to be clean hard strong particles free of absorbed

hemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause deterioration of

concrete Coarse aggregates are any particles in range of95 mm to 375 mm in diameter


The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of coarse aggregate type

(granite and limestone) on mechanical properties of high strength concrete In accordance

with the aim of the study main objective was to determine the compressive strength of HSC

with granite and limestone by conducting the cube compression tests

Section 2 provides a review on the mix proportions and mechanical properties of high

strength concrete and the characteristic and the effect of coarse aggregate in high strength

concrete

Section 3 describes the methodology of the experimental study which includes

selection of materials preparation of test specimens and testing that was conducted to

ermine the required data

1-2

Section 4 includes the results and discussion of the conducted experiments which

jOnsist of flow test slump test and cube compression test results

Section 5 contains the conclusions drawn in the experimental study and the

~mmendations for future work

1-3

l I

LITERATURE REVIEW

~1 GENERAL

In this section the basic concept of mix proportion of HSC and the compressive

Strength of HSC is reviewed in details as to have a better understanding on the HSC

~aracteristics The general characteristics of coarse aggregate and a review on the effect of

coarse aggregate type on HSC are also provided in this section


221 Mix propor tions

In concrete strength is related to the stress required to cause fracture and is

Isynonymous with the degree of failure at which the applied stress reaches it maximum values

(Mehta and Monteiro 1993) Strength performance is the most important property of

structural concrete The strength of the concrete is determined mainly by the design of the mix

proportions

According to Nawy (2001) high strength concrete mixture generally needs to have a

low watercement (WC) ratio W C ratio can be in the range of 023 to 040 However these

low WC ratios are only attainable with an addition of high range water reducing admixtures

(superplasticizer) in the mixing These admixtures promote a high slump (in the range of 206

nun or more) extremely flowable concrete that achieves high strengths while providing

superior workability and pump ability The dosage of 1 to 5 percent by weight of cement is

advisable Higher dosage can result in a reduction in compressive strength of concrete

Takahashi (1 999) quoted that in order to achieve this high strength mixtures IS

necessaty to add one or more supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash ground

2-1

lJWU1Q1lltU blast furnace slag silica fume or natural pozzolan The benefits on the usage of

are increasing the long term strength of the mixture reduced permeability

~ascld compressive and flexural strengths and increased durability Typically the amount

these mineral admixtures is about 10 percent by weight of cement

In order to achieve high strength in concrete mix proportion is design to achieve

AIlrtsllln strength Mix proportion has a different type of mixture depend on the objective and

rteriials According to Taylor et a1 (1996) a study of HSC with target strength of 40 60 80

and 120 Nmm2 at 28 days were discussed The materials used were as follows (1)

wmrArv Portland cement (2) marine dredged sand (3) crush limestone and gravel of 10 mm

~axiimum particles sizes For strength of 80 Nmm2 and greater 10 percent silica fume and a

DllPnltnalene-oaS(Q superplasticizer were included The mix proportion was tabulated in Table

Barr et a1 (1999) in their study reported that the general requirements for producing

is for 28-day strengths in the range about 90-120 Nmm2 cement contents of 450-500

~rIJ are likely to be appropriate with WB ratios in the range of 025-035 Meanwhile the

of silica fume and superplasticizer are about 10 percent by weight of cement and sand

ICCmtents range from about 35 to 45 percent of the total aggregate (but are sometimes much

However the amounts will depend on sand grading For the detail of the mix proportion

the concrete that contain different level of SF and types of coarse aggregates are given in

22

Donza et at (2002) in their study of determined the HSC with different fine aggregate

JllOtec that they have been using a WC ratio in the range of 030 to 0040 with very large

_ lent content (in the range of 450 to 530 kglm Table 23 shows the mixture proportions

production As the result they found that the HSC having similar or better

2-2

leCIlIDllcal strength than concrete with natural sand could be produced using crushed sand as

According to Wu et al (2001) test on the effect of coarse aggregate type on

aecI~mical properties of high perfonnance concrete was conducted Mix proportions were

with a target compressive strength at 28 day are 30 60 and 90 Nmm2 Concretes_~

produced using crush granite crushed limestone and marble coarse aggregate Table 24

~()wS the mix proportion of the study Meanwhile Ozturan and lteyen (1997) presented that

mix proportion of effect of coarse aggregate on mechanical properties of concrete with

lifliioorPlnt strength Basalt limestone and gravel were used as coarse aggregate with target

-uC02tn of 30 60 and 90 Nmm2 The Portland cements (PC I and PC II) used for the

_ roductlon of nine concrete mixtures with a compressive strength of 53 and 64 Nmm2

The mix proportion was shown on Table 25

Compressive Strength

According to Takahashi (1999) compressive strength is the common basis for design

most structures other than pavements and even then is the common method of routine

testing The tenns strength and compressive strength are used virtually

nterchlanlgealbl) It is taken as the maximum compressive load it can carry per unit area The

lefinitlion of compressive strength as the ability of a material to withstand compressive

(1K1IU~eziln~) loads without being crushed or broken The response of concrete to applied loads

(lepenltis on combination of various factors affects porosity of different structural components

of concrete The basic factors include properties and proportions of materials in mix design

_ ldiltiorlS of curing and testing conditions Figure 21 present the summary of factors that are

CII)8If of influencing the compressive strength of concrete

2-3

Compressive strength depends mainly on the WC ratio (Neville and Brooks 1994)

the value of WC ratio the higher is the strength of concrete In a study by Wu et

the relationship between the compressive strength of concrete coarse aggregate

ratio had been detennined As WC is lowered namely for high strength concrete

lIDItIl of concrete is enhanced with increasing strength of coarse aggregate The

III strength results are summarized on Figure 22

mostly compressIve

respect to time and curing In general a higher rate of strength gain is observed

strength concrete at early ages According to Beshr et a1 (2003) compressive

of concrete rapidly develops during the first 28 days and the subsequent rate of

gain was slow develops Figure 23 shows the development of compressive strength

Donza et al (2002) concluded the results of high strength concrete with different fine

the HSC having similar or better mechanical strength than concrete with natural

be produced using sand as fine aggregate Figure 24 shows the development of

IiiiMlMivestrength of concrete with crushed sands from different sources

OARSE AGGREGATE

General characteristics

Coarse aggregate is classified as crushed particle with the particle size between 5 and

mm From the petrological standpoint aggregates can be divided into several groups of

having common characteristics as shown in Table 26 (Neville and Brooks 1994)

fipJprte was generally viewed as inert filler in concrete However it is not truly inert

its physical characteristics and in some cases its chemical composition affecting the

2-4

than spherical aggregates This is due to the greater surface areavolume ratio of the

aggregates which produces a larger bonding interface between the aggregate and the

The bond between angular particles is usually greater than smooth particles This is

due to mechanical interlocking They also stated that for coarse aggregate with

angularity or elongation concrete mixture would demand more sand in order to

workable concrete Beside that it will also increase the amount of cement and mixing

Some specifications presently limit the amount of glassy pieces in slag coarse

Karate to a negligible amount thus recognizing the poor bond between cement pastes in

fIItcllX1nmelY smooth particles (Mindess and Young 1981)

According to Johin (2000) the cleanliness of aggregates also affects the strength of

Because of that aggregates used in concrete should be relatively clean Dirty or

usage matches this demand Beside that dirt can also inhibit the degree of bond

coarse aggregate particles and surrounding mortar In circumstances the adverse

ofusing dirty aggregates may affect the normal process of cement hydration

Iffect on high strength concrete

In high strength concrete the effect of aggregates characteristic becomes very

Inm1tant Aggregates should be strong and durable (Nawy 2001) They need not necessarily

bard and of high strength but need to be compatible in terms of stiffness and strength

cement paste Generally smaller maximum size coarse aggregate is used for higher

concretes On the other hand the use of the largest possible coarse aggregate size is

in increasing the modulus ofelasticity or reducing creep and shrinkage

2-6

Mehta and Monteiro (1993) stated that with normal-weight concrete containing strong

Nates of25 or 38 mm maximum size and WC ratios in the range 04 to 07 generally the

zone is the weakest component of the concrete mixture At a given W IC ratio the

of a concrete mixture can be increased significantly by reducing the maximum size of

coarse aggregate particles because this has a beneficial effect on the strength of the

_tion zone Therefore in proportioning high strength concrete mixtures it is customary to

the maximum size of the aggregate to 19 mm or lower

Meanwhile according to ACI Committee 363 (1997) the fine aggregates with a

modulus in the range of 25 to 32 are preferable for high strength concrete

lPfI~ with a fineness modulus less than 25 may be sticky and difficult to compact Thus

will result in poor workability compressive strength and high water requirement Fine

iIJ1eaaltes content range from about 35 to 45 percent of the total aggregates Generally fine

1Rn~lte with a rounded particle shape and smooth texture have been found to require less

water in concrete and thus it is preferable in high strength concrete However

lDeltun~s the amounts will depend on fine aggregates grading among other factors

The influence of coarse aggregates properties on the strength of concrete also been

by Gutierrez and Canovas (1996) They using six different aggregates and a mix

with 450 kglm3 of cement 15 percent of silica fume 275 percent of

IDeIrpILStiICIZje and water-cement ratio of 033 The strength included the slump obtained

the different aggregates are shown in Table 29 The good result obtained with limestone

lIJIegalte is surprising if compared with ophite Both aggregates were weak and porous with

absorption (limestone 244 and ophite 346) but limestone reached the highest

gtbs while the lowest one were obtained with ophite

2-7

_ Ngttp

lDocrete can be summarized

lower

According to Ozturan and lte-ren (1997) the compressive strength is influenced

MdICIIltly by the strength and surface characteristics of coarse aggregate They stated that

day compressive strength of concretes made with gravel coarse aggregate are about 10

percent lower compared to limestone and basalt aggregate concretes This may be

Inbllted to the round and smooth surface of the gravel particles resulting in lower bonding

with the matrix Figure 26 shows the compressive strength of the effect of coarse

__te type with target strength of 90 Nmrn2bull

Barr et at (1999) reported the study on the effect of coarse aggregate type on

IDlnlSie strength decreased while the waterlbinder (wlb) ratio is increased The gravel

results are significantly less than those of the corresponding crushed limestone

ODcrete A check on the strength against cement content showed that there was an apparent

strength with each type of aggregate of approximately 100 - 155 Nmrn2bull Figure 27

IIUSltratc( the variation of cube strength with waterlbinder ratio

SUMMARY

The following are the major parameters to be considered in producing high strength

Aggregates must be clean and free from debris silts oil acids organic matter alkali

and sewage Very small amounts of some impurities may greatly delay the rate of

strength The size of aggregate also taken in account as the larger size may affect the

bond between the aggregate and cement paste The ideal maximum size is 20 mm to

2-8

Type and proportion of cementitious in relation to water in the mixture Close control

of mix proportions is necessary in order to avoid high water contents and low cement

contents Water-cementitious ratio is range from 02 to 045

Type and amount of admixture should be detennines correctly The unsuitable amount

of admixture may cause the concrete fail to achieve the desired strength Thus the

admixtures content should be at 10 to 40 percent by weight of cement and

superplasticizer content up to 5 percent by weight of cement

The concrete must be properly cured under the recommended temperature and proper

moisture conditions for the required period of times

Compressive strength tests should be made in accordance with BS standard

2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120

MIx proportion (Taylor et aI 1996)

Mix proportions by wlc Nominal SP mlIkg of mass cement content cement

C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

t SF silica fume FA sand CA coarse aggregate and W water

2-10

b II Ol ~ b I ~P1jJ1- IHlItnai Maklumat Akademli

PKHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK ul~tV~SITI MALAYSIA SARAWA[( UNIMAS 94100 Koa Samarahan

1111111 1111 IIII II 1111 III 1000143316

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF COARSE AGGREGATE TYPE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE

CATHY AQUNIA ANAK RODERICK SUBE

This project is submitted in partial fulfIllment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

(Civil Engineering)

Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK

2004


fk













I [ I TIDAK TERHAD

)



94750 Tebakang

Samwak


Tarikh Tarikh







Matrix number 5919



(Supervisor)


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS















ABSTRACT












Nlmm2

11

ABSTRAK














III

I


t I at at Akadenua

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

CONTENTS

11

III

IV

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES


1 1 INTRODUCTION

12 BACKGROUND


2 LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL


221 Mix proportions


23 COARSE AGGREGATE



24 SUMMARY

TABLES

FIGURES

3 METHODOLOGY

31 GENERAL




IV

VI

vii

I-I

I-I

1-2

2-1

2-1

2-3

2-4

2-6

2-8

2-10

2-16

3-1

3-1

3-2





TABLES 3-6

FIGURES 3-7


4l GENERAL 4-1







44 DISCUSSION 4-2

TABLES 4-4

FIGURES 4-6


51 CONCLUSION 5-1


REFERRENCES 6-1

APPENDICES 7-1

v

l

IT able 21

fT able 22

~able 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 26

Table 27

Table 28

Table 29

Table 31

Table 41

Table 42

Table 43

Table 44

LIST OF TABLES

Mix proportion 2-10








BS 812 Part 1







Vll

I

J

LIST OF FIGURES

2-16


















V111

I

r


1 INTRODUCTION











12 BACKGROUND










I

1-1




y weight of cement














concrete




1-2





1-3

l I

LITERATURE REVIEW

~1 GENERAL











proportions










2-1



















22





2-2























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10


fk













I [ I TIDAK TERHAD

)



94750 Tebakang

Samwak


Tarikh Tarikh







Matrix number 5919



(Supervisor)


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS















ABSTRACT












Nlmm2

11

ABSTRAK














III

I


t I at at Akadenua

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

CONTENTS

11

III

IV

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES


1 1 INTRODUCTION

12 BACKGROUND


2 LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL


221 Mix proportions


23 COARSE AGGREGATE



24 SUMMARY

TABLES

FIGURES

3 METHODOLOGY

31 GENERAL




IV

VI

vii

I-I

I-I

1-2

2-1

2-1

2-3

2-4

2-6

2-8

2-10

2-16

3-1

3-1

3-2





TABLES 3-6

FIGURES 3-7


4l GENERAL 4-1







44 DISCUSSION 4-2

TABLES 4-4

FIGURES 4-6


51 CONCLUSION 5-1


REFERRENCES 6-1

APPENDICES 7-1

v

l

IT able 21

fT able 22

~able 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 26

Table 27

Table 28

Table 29

Table 31

Table 41

Table 42

Table 43

Table 44

LIST OF TABLES

Mix proportion 2-10








BS 812 Part 1







Vll

I

J

LIST OF FIGURES

2-16


















V111

I

r


1 INTRODUCTION











12 BACKGROUND










I

1-1




y weight of cement














concrete




1-2





1-3

l I

LITERATURE REVIEW

~1 GENERAL











proportions










2-1



















22





2-2























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10





Matrix number 5919



(Supervisor)


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS















ABSTRACT












Nlmm2

11

ABSTRAK














III

I


t I at at Akadenua

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

CONTENTS

11

III

IV

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES


1 1 INTRODUCTION

12 BACKGROUND


2 LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL


221 Mix proportions


23 COARSE AGGREGATE



24 SUMMARY

TABLES

FIGURES

3 METHODOLOGY

31 GENERAL




IV

VI

vii

I-I

I-I

1-2

2-1

2-1

2-3

2-4

2-6

2-8

2-10

2-16

3-1

3-1

3-2





TABLES 3-6

FIGURES 3-7


4l GENERAL 4-1







44 DISCUSSION 4-2

TABLES 4-4

FIGURES 4-6


51 CONCLUSION 5-1


REFERRENCES 6-1

APPENDICES 7-1

v

l

IT able 21

fT able 22

~able 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 26

Table 27

Table 28

Table 29

Table 31

Table 41

Table 42

Table 43

Table 44

LIST OF TABLES

Mix proportion 2-10








BS 812 Part 1







Vll

I

J

LIST OF FIGURES

2-16


















V111

I

r


1 INTRODUCTION











12 BACKGROUND










I

1-1




y weight of cement














concrete




1-2





1-3

l I

LITERATURE REVIEW

~1 GENERAL











proportions










2-1



















22





2-2























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS















ABSTRACT












Nlmm2

11

ABSTRAK














III

I


t I at at Akadenua

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

CONTENTS

11

III

IV

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES


1 1 INTRODUCTION

12 BACKGROUND


2 LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL


221 Mix proportions


23 COARSE AGGREGATE



24 SUMMARY

TABLES

FIGURES

3 METHODOLOGY

31 GENERAL




IV

VI

vii

I-I

I-I

1-2

2-1

2-1

2-3

2-4

2-6

2-8

2-10

2-16

3-1

3-1

3-2





TABLES 3-6

FIGURES 3-7


4l GENERAL 4-1







44 DISCUSSION 4-2

TABLES 4-4

FIGURES 4-6


51 CONCLUSION 5-1


REFERRENCES 6-1

APPENDICES 7-1

v

l

IT able 21

fT able 22

~able 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 26

Table 27

Table 28

Table 29

Table 31

Table 41

Table 42

Table 43

Table 44

LIST OF TABLES

Mix proportion 2-10








BS 812 Part 1







Vll

I

J

LIST OF FIGURES

2-16


















V111

I

r


1 INTRODUCTION











12 BACKGROUND










I

1-1




y weight of cement














concrete




1-2





1-3

l I

LITERATURE REVIEW

~1 GENERAL











proportions










2-1



















22





2-2























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10

ABSTRACT












Nlmm2

11

ABSTRAK














III

I


t I at at Akadenua

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

CONTENTS

11

III

IV

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES


1 1 INTRODUCTION

12 BACKGROUND


2 LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL


221 Mix proportions


23 COARSE AGGREGATE



24 SUMMARY

TABLES

FIGURES

3 METHODOLOGY

31 GENERAL




IV

VI

vii

I-I

I-I

1-2

2-1

2-1

2-3

2-4

2-6

2-8

2-10

2-16

3-1

3-1

3-2





TABLES 3-6

FIGURES 3-7


4l GENERAL 4-1







44 DISCUSSION 4-2

TABLES 4-4

FIGURES 4-6


51 CONCLUSION 5-1


REFERRENCES 6-1

APPENDICES 7-1

v

l

IT able 21

fT able 22

~able 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 26

Table 27

Table 28

Table 29

Table 31

Table 41

Table 42

Table 43

Table 44

LIST OF TABLES

Mix proportion 2-10








BS 812 Part 1







Vll

I

J

LIST OF FIGURES

2-16


















V111

I

r


1 INTRODUCTION











12 BACKGROUND










I

1-1




y weight of cement














concrete




1-2





1-3

l I

LITERATURE REVIEW

~1 GENERAL











proportions










2-1



















22





2-2























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10

ABSTRAK














III

I


t I at at Akadenua

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

CONTENTS

11

III

IV

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES


1 1 INTRODUCTION

12 BACKGROUND


2 LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL


221 Mix proportions


23 COARSE AGGREGATE



24 SUMMARY

TABLES

FIGURES

3 METHODOLOGY

31 GENERAL




IV

VI

vii

I-I

I-I

1-2

2-1

2-1

2-3

2-4

2-6

2-8

2-10

2-16

3-1

3-1

3-2





TABLES 3-6

FIGURES 3-7


4l GENERAL 4-1







44 DISCUSSION 4-2

TABLES 4-4

FIGURES 4-6


51 CONCLUSION 5-1


REFERRENCES 6-1

APPENDICES 7-1

v

l

IT able 21

fT able 22

~able 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 26

Table 27

Table 28

Table 29

Table 31

Table 41

Table 42

Table 43

Table 44

LIST OF TABLES

Mix proportion 2-10








BS 812 Part 1







Vll

I

J

LIST OF FIGURES

2-16


















V111

I

r


1 INTRODUCTION











12 BACKGROUND










I

1-1




y weight of cement














concrete




1-2





1-3

l I

LITERATURE REVIEW

~1 GENERAL











proportions










2-1



















22





2-2























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10

I


t I at at Akadenua

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

CONTENTS

11

III

IV

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES


1 1 INTRODUCTION

12 BACKGROUND


2 LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL


221 Mix proportions


23 COARSE AGGREGATE



24 SUMMARY

TABLES

FIGURES

3 METHODOLOGY

31 GENERAL




IV

VI

vii

I-I

I-I

1-2

2-1

2-1

2-3

2-4

2-6

2-8

2-10

2-16

3-1

3-1

3-2





TABLES 3-6

FIGURES 3-7


4l GENERAL 4-1







44 DISCUSSION 4-2

TABLES 4-4

FIGURES 4-6


51 CONCLUSION 5-1


REFERRENCES 6-1

APPENDICES 7-1

v

l

IT able 21

fT able 22

~able 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 26

Table 27

Table 28

Table 29

Table 31

Table 41

Table 42

Table 43

Table 44

LIST OF TABLES

Mix proportion 2-10








BS 812 Part 1







Vll

I

J

LIST OF FIGURES

2-16


















V111

I

r


1 INTRODUCTION











12 BACKGROUND










I

1-1




y weight of cement














concrete




1-2





1-3

l I

LITERATURE REVIEW

~1 GENERAL











proportions










2-1



















22





2-2























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10





TABLES 3-6

FIGURES 3-7


4l GENERAL 4-1







44 DISCUSSION 4-2

TABLES 4-4

FIGURES 4-6


51 CONCLUSION 5-1


REFERRENCES 6-1

APPENDICES 7-1

v

l

IT able 21

fT able 22

~able 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 26

Table 27

Table 28

Table 29

Table 31

Table 41

Table 42

Table 43

Table 44

LIST OF TABLES

Mix proportion 2-10








BS 812 Part 1







Vll

I

J

LIST OF FIGURES

2-16


















V111

I

r


1 INTRODUCTION











12 BACKGROUND










I

1-1




y weight of cement














concrete




1-2





1-3

l I

LITERATURE REVIEW

~1 GENERAL











proportions










2-1



















22





2-2























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10

l

IT able 21

fT able 22

~able 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 26

Table 27

Table 28

Table 29

Table 31

Table 41

Table 42

Table 43

Table 44

LIST OF TABLES

Mix proportion 2-10








BS 812 Part 1







Vll

I

J

LIST OF FIGURES

2-16


















V111

I

r


1 INTRODUCTION











12 BACKGROUND










I

1-1




y weight of cement














concrete




1-2





1-3

l I

LITERATURE REVIEW

~1 GENERAL











proportions










2-1



















22





2-2























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10

J

LIST OF FIGURES

2-16


















V111

I

r


1 INTRODUCTION











12 BACKGROUND










I

1-1




y weight of cement














concrete




1-2





1-3

l I

LITERATURE REVIEW

~1 GENERAL











proportions










2-1



















22





2-2























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10

r


1 INTRODUCTION











12 BACKGROUND










I

1-1




y weight of cement














concrete




1-2





1-3

l I

LITERATURE REVIEW

~1 GENERAL











proportions










2-1



















22





2-2























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10




y weight of cement














concrete




1-2





1-3

l I

LITERATURE REVIEW

~1 GENERAL











proportions










2-1



















22





2-2























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10





1-3

l I

LITERATURE REVIEW

~1 GENERAL











proportions










2-1



















22





2-2























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10

LITERATURE REVIEW

~1 GENERAL











proportions










2-1



















22





2-2























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10



















22





2-2























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10























2-3







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10







mostly compressIve









OARSE AGGREGATE







2-4






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10






















2-6
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10
























2-7

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10

_ Ngttp


lower














SUMMARY






2-8











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10











2-9

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10

40

60

0

100

120

Gnvel

40

60

80

100

120



C SF FA CA W

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

3401 011 212 350 045 050 135

1 011 177 297 032 035 400 230

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359

1 - 200 250 056 056 400

1 - 181 281 050 050 400

1 011 193 321 039 043 370 215

1 011 153 253 026 029 455 265

1 011 128 213 022 024 510 359


2-10

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TIlE EFFECT OF COARSE AGGREGATE TYPE …

Documents

Transcript of EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TIlE EFFECT OF COARSE AGGREGATE TYPE …