Project

On

“Pakistan Energy Crisis”

By

Farhad Ali

Submitting To

Sir Muhammad ImranBusiness Research Method

FEDERAL URDU UNIVERSITY OF ARTS, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, ISLAMABAD CAMPUS

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………..........................

1.2. Future and alternative sources of energy……………………………………………...1.3. Research Question.……..…………………………………………………………......

1.4. Significant……………….……………………………………………………………..

1.5Objective…………………………………………………………….…….………........

CHAPTER 2

2. LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................….....

CHAPTER 3

3. Theoretical frame work………………………………………………………………..

3.1. Independent variable ………………………………………………………………….

3.2. Dependent variable ………………………………………...........................................

3.3. Relation of variable diagram………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER 4

4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………….

4.1. Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………………. .

4.2. Design of questionnaire………………………………………………………………

4.3. Data collection Method………………………………………………………………

4.4. Results………………………………………………………………………………..

4.5. Analysis of Data and discussion……………………………………………………..

5. CONCLUSION.………………………………………………………………………

LIST OF REFERENCES……………………………………………………………......

ANNXURES………………………………………………………………………………

FARHAD ALIDepartment of Business Administration, Federal Urdu university of Arts, Science & Technology.

Abstract

The current situation of Pakistan is very critical about energy. Energy play significant role over all effect on Progress growth of country. On a global scale the demand for energy has increased by 88% during the last 12 years. Its has been predicted that worldwide energy consumption will double by 2020.so we can say that the energy demand increasing day by day with population of country. As per the situation, our current resources of energy decreeing very rapidly, so alternative is best solution for our current energy crisis to solve the problem in Pakistan. Energy resources, such as nuclear energy, hydel energy and Gas energy may not be adequate to meet these anticipated needs. So alternatives of the energy can be used for to tackle the current crisis. If we use the alternative resources such like: Coal and wind we can reduce our energy problem with meaningful way.

CHAPTER 1

1. Introduction

An energy crisis is any great shortfall or price rise in the supply of energy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources. The crisis often has effects on the rest of the economy, with many recessions being caused by an energy crisis in some form. In particular, the production costs of electricity rise. Which raises manufacturing costs? For the consumer, the price of gasoline and diesel for cars and other vehicles rises, leading to reduced consumer confidence and spending, higher transportation costs and general price rising.

1.2. Future and alternative sources of energy

Some experts argue that the world is heading towards a global energy crisis due to a decline in the availability of cheap oil and recommend a decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, Coal energy, solar energy, tidal energy and wind energy. To date, only hydroelectricity and nuclear power have been significant alternatives to fossil fuel (see Future energy development), with big ecological problems (residues and water spending). Hydrogen gas is currently produced at a net energy loss from natural gas, which is also experiencing declining production in North America and elsewhere. When not produced from natural gas, hydrogen still needs another source of energy to create it, also at a loss during the process. This has led to hydrogen being regarded as a 'carrier' of energy rather than a 'source’. There have been alarming predictions by groups such as the Club of Rome that the world would run out of oil in the late 20th century. Although technology has made oil extraction more efficient, the world has to struggle to provide oil by using increasingly costly and less productive methods such as deep sea drilling, and developing environmentally sensitive areas such as the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The world's population continues to grow at a quarter of a million people per day, increasing the consumption of energy. The per capita energy consumption of China, India and other developing nations continues to increase as the people living in these countries adopt western lifestyles. At present a small part of the world's population consumes a large part of its resources, with the United States and its population of 296 million people consuming more oil than China with its population of 1.3 billion people.

Energy resources have depleted! Whatever resources are available are simply too expensive to buy or already acquired by countries which had planned and acted long time ago. Delayed efforts in the exploration sector have not been able to find sufficient amounts of energy resources. Nations of the world which have their own reserves are not supplying energy resources anymore; only the old contracts made decades ago are active.

Airplanes, trains, cars, motorbikes, buses and trucks, all modes of transportation are coming to a stand still. Many industries have closed due to insufficient power supply. Price of oil has gone above the ceiling. At domestic level, alternate methods like solar, biogas and other methods are being tried for mere survival. The above is a likely scenario of Pakistan and around the globe after 25 years. A pessimistic view, but realistic enough to think about and plan for the future. Pakistan’s energy requirements are expected to double in the next few years, and our energy requirements by 2015 is likely. By 2030, the nation’s requirement will be 7 times the current requirement reaching 361MTOE. Pakistan’s energy requirements are fulfilled with more than80% of energy resources through imports. On the other hand, international oil prices have not only broken all records but are touching new highs, with every news directly or indirectly affecting the black gold industry. What is the government doing to ensure a sustainable supply of energy resources for economic growth? What strategic steps are being taken to acquire energy resources in future? The wind and coal is best alternative resources to use for betterment of current problem solving.

1.3. Research question

What affects to Pakistan energy crisis on the process of shrinking existing and usage of alternative energy recourses?

1.4. Significant

The significant of this work is to explore the impact of Energy Crisis on Pakistan existing

resources shrinking and alternative resources usage and what they impact on the energy

short fall on a country. We will further study the extent to which the energy does have an

impact on the over all country situation. I predict that energy alternatives like coal and

wind etc may reduce the energy crisis in Pakistan because these two resources can change

and solve the problem.

1.5. Research Objective: To find out the efficiency of the energy system To find out the best alternative future energy choices

CHAPTER 2

2. Literature review:

Recent rise in energy prices, shrinking existing resources, and the search for alternative sources of energy and energy conservation technologies have brought into focus the issue of causality between energy use and economic growth (Stern and Cleveland, 2003; Asafu-Adjaye, 2000;Aqeel and Butt,2001;Mahmud, 2000; Riaz, 1984 and Siddiqui, 1999).Energy expansion is expected to lead to higher growth and its shortage may retard the growth process Ebinger (1981). After the energy shocks in 1970s and recent emphasis on shrinking energy resources and search for energy efficient production technologies and equipments Aqeel Butt,(2001),Moroney(1992),Riaz(1986).Pakistan has wide spectrum of high potential of renewable energy sources, conventional and non-conventional as well, which have not been adequately explored, exploited or developed.

As a result, the primary energy supplies today are not enough to meet even the present demand. Moreover, a very large part of the rural areas does not have the electrification facilities because they are either too remote and/or too expensive to connect to the national grid. So, Pakistan, like other developing countries of the region, is facing a serious challenge of energy deficit. The development of the renewable energy sources can play an important role in meeting this challenge. Pakistan stretches from 24°N to 37°N latitudes and from 61°E to 76°E longitudes. The total land area of Pakistan is about 800,000 km². The northeast to southwest extent of the country is about 1,700 km, and its east-west width is approximately 1,000 km. The geology and geography of Pakistan varies from lofty mountains of Himalayas, Karakorum, Hindukush and Pamirs in the north to the fascinating coastline of the Arabian Sea in the south. In between the northern and southern extreme ends of the country, notable and unique bented north-south oriented mountain ranges exist centrally bounded by the fertile plains of 3000-long River Indus and western part of famous Thar Desert on eastern side, and by the Chagai volcanic arc, vast tectonic depression of Kharan, and the westward swinging mountain ranges of Makran flysch basin, Nayyer Alam Zaigham, (2005).

Hydropower source of energy is very well known in Pakistan and there is ever growing experience in this sector to develop the hydropower potential indigenously in the country. The hydro potential was estimated at about 50,000 MW out of which about 4,800 MW has been developed over the past 50 years through mega-hydel plants and the remaining has yet to be exploited (Kazi, 1999). The northern areas of the country are rich with hydropower resources. According to OGJ, Pakistan had 28 trillion cubic feet of proven natural gas reserves in 2006. The bulk of these reserves are located in the southern half of Pakistan. In 2004, Pakistan produced and consumed 968 billion cubic feet. In light of the current onshore exploration activities and resource outlook, the Pakistani

government expects minor increases in natural gas production in the short-term. However, natural gas production is expected to decline over the next 15-25 year period, while natural gas demand is expected to increase. The Pakistani government is currently developing plans to import additional natural gas in order to satisfy increasing demand. According to the Pakistan Energy Yearbook, natural gas is currently the country’s largest energy source, making up 50 percent of Pakistan’s energy mix in FY 2004/2005.

A resource is any physical or virtual entity of limited availability, or anything used to help one earn a living. As resources are very useful, we attach some information value to them. Resources help to produce goods so they have economic value. Natural resources which drived from enviournment water & mineral .etc. are considered beautiful so they have aesthetic value. These factors when we utilized in systimatic way it become energy.

Energy Is the Ability to Do Work it comes in different forms: Heat (thermal) Light (radiant) Motion (kinetic) Electrical Chemical Nuclear energy Gravitational Energy is in everything. We use energy for everything we do, from making a jump shot to baking cookies to sending astronauts into space. There are two types of energy: Stored (potential) energy working (kinetic) energy. For example, the food you eat contains chemical energy, and your body stores this energy until you use it when you work or play. When we use electricity in our home, the electrical power was probably generated by burning coal, by a nuclear reaction, or by a hydroelectric plant at a dam. Therefore, coal, nuclear and hydro is called energy sources. When we fill up a gas tank, the source might be petroleum or ethanol made by growing and processing corn. Energy sources are divided into two groups — renewable (an energy source that can be easily replenished) and nonrenewable (an energy source that we are using up and cannot recreate). Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources can be used to produce secondary energy sources including electricity and hydrogen.

Renewable energy sources include: Solar energy from the sun, which can be turned into electricity and heatWindGeothermal energy from heat inside the Earth. Biomass from plants, which includes firewood from trees, ethanol from corn, and bio-diesel from vegetable oil Hydropower from hydro turbines at a dam. We get most of our energy from nonrenewable energy sources, which include the fossil fuels oil, natural gas, and coal. They're called fossil fuels because they were formed over millions and millions of years by the action of heat from the Earth's core and pressure from rock and soil on the remains (or "fossils") of dead plants and creatures like microscopic diatoms. Another nonrenewable energy source is the element uranium, whose atoms we split (through a process called nuclear fission) to create heat and ultimately electricity.

We use renewable and nonrenewable energy sources to generate the electricity we need for our homes, businesses, schools, and factories. Electricity "energizes" our computers, lights, refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners, to name only a few uses.

Most of the gasoline used in our cars and motorcycles and the diesel fuel used in our trucks are made from petroleum oil, a nonrenewable resource. Natural gas, used to heat

homes, dry clothes, and cook food, is nonrenewable. The propane that fuels our outdoor grills made from oil and natural gas, both nonrenewable.

Today 85% of our country's energy comes from the combustion of dead fossils, a dirty fuel that is forcing the world's atmosphere to overheat. However, new 21st century energy sources that produce no carbon emissions and do not contribute to global warming are now emerging. Beyond the realm of fuel cells and hydrogen is the non-conventional world of "future energy." Some of the best examples are new and exciting generators that release trapped potential energy from nature in ways never dreamed of before. Others innovatively apply clean fuels in conventional systems that are surprisingly simple and yet very efficient. Still others qualify as promising theoretical technologies that are a focus of attention for NASA and the USDOE. Most of them have one thing in common: they are very scientific but are relatively unknown to the general public. Thomas Valone (2000).

Coal has long been used to create energy, and will play a major role in meeting future energy needs. On a global scale, the demand for energy has increased by about 88% during the last 12 years. It has been predicted that worldwide energy consumption will double by 2020. Alternative energy sources, such as nuclear energy, may not be adequate to meet these anticipated needs. There are abundant coal reserves in the Illinois Basin, but barriers to export markets include the relatively high sulfur content of the coal, and its price when compared with other competitors in the world steam coal market such as South Africa, Australia, Colombia, Poland, and China. It appears that Europe will continue to be the primary international market for Illinois basin coal. New or underdeveloped markets may exist in the developing countries of Asia because of growing economies, and limited alternatives to coal as energy. If the sulfur and ash content of Illinois Basin Coal can be economically reduced then offered at a price that is competitive in the world market, coupled with its stability with respect to supply and other economic incentives, it should be possible to export more coal to these developing markets than is currently possible, Asmatullah khan(2000).

Coal plays a major role in meeting the demand for global energy. It provides about 27% of the global primary energy consumption, and about 40% of the world’s electricity is generated from coal UNWDI,(1999). The increase in price for petroleum products not only increased the demand for coal in the international market, but it also resulted in a search for alternatives to oil resources throughout the world. Hence, such initiatives not only accelerated the exploration technology for coal, but they also increased its production as well. From 1975 to 1976, the production of coal in the U.S. increased by about 4%, and 13,600 people were employed, Dahl and McDonald,(1998). the electric utilities, coal consumption increased at twice that rate, as the economy grew and became increasingly dependent on electricity, Dorian, and Fesharaki(1992).

Coal is the only major fuel produced in the U.S. for which exports exceeded imports during the last two decades. U.S. coal accounted for only about 25 to 33% of the total world coal trade, U.S. Department of Commerce (1998).

Coal was used internationally for the steam–driven transportation after the Industrial Revolution. The energy crisis during the oil embargo of 1973 by OPEC, the political instability in Iran in 1979, and the international sanctions against Iraq and Libya further increased coal trading to new levels because of price increases on petroleum products in the international market. Until recently, steam coal represented about 29 percent of world coal trade UNWDI (1999).The increase in price for petroleum products not only increased the demand for coal in the international market, but it also resulted in a search for alternatives to oil resources throughout the world. Hence, such initiatives not only accelerated the exploration technology for coal, but they also increased its production as well. From 1975 to 1976, the production of coal in the U.S. increased by about 4%, and 13,600 people were employed Dahl and McDonald (1998).

The coal output in Illinois in 1998 was 39,639,334 tons (DNR, 1998). It has been estimated that there is enough coal in Illinois to supply electricity to more than 6 million homes for almost 500 years Moore (2000). Multiple usage of coal, like its usage in the production of gas, electricity, or metallurgy is expanding. For example, in the United State alone, where 56 percent of all electricity comes from coal, demand for coal-fired electricity will increase by 25 percent by 2010 and the rapid growth is estimated in the Midwest and Southeast, which are traditional Illinois coal market Moore (2000). It is expected that the coal demand in Europe will increase by 41 percent by 2010, and demand for energy in Asia should increase coal demand by 82 percent Moore (2000).

The World Energy Council (WEC) drew attention to the fact that 40% of the world’s population -almost 3 billion people mostly in developing countries--has no access to commercial energy. According to the WEC (1999), worldwide energy consumption will double by 2020. The London-based energy council also believes that more electricity generating capacity will be built during the next twenty years. Energy today plays a role as a factor in producing goods and services for human development. It is an essential component to economic growth and socio-economic prosperity. An increase in the rate of consumption of energy is often considered a measure of the rate at which a country is progressing economically.

According to McRae (1992), “in several Asian countries like, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and South Korea, the increase in the energy consumption has been higher than the industrialized countries of Western Europe and North America.”

Most of the new demands for energy will come from today’s developing economies. Now accounting for 35% of world consumption, developing countries are likely to use over 60% of the world’s primary energy by 2050. However, the supply of their own energy resources may not have kept pace with their industrial progress, and they may consider it expedient to import coal from Illinois rather than trying to develop their own resources if such resources exist. As industries grow, the demand for energy also increases. On a global scale, coal is the second-most important source of energy. In the electric utilities, coal consumption increased at twice that rate, as the economy grew and became increasingly dependent on electricity Dorian, and Fesharaki, (1992). Coal futures

markets, already being developed in some areas, will provide a mechanism for risk hedging and price discovery. Risk reduction may also be accomplished by vertical integration, alliances with railroads or power producers, or the creation of multi-fuel conglomerates. Coal is the only major fuel produced in the U.S. for which exports exceeded imports during the last two decades. U.S. coal accounted for only about 25 to 33% of the total world coal trade U.S. Department of Commerce (1998).

European countries are demanding more steam coal for the increasing coal-fired electricity generation, which is almost 30 percent, UN World Development Indicator (1998; 1999). Currently, the electric utilities are the major users of steam coal, but the coal and the manufacturing industries represent the greatest growth potential Weiranch, (1997). In addition, the demand and consumption of electricity is increasing in the developing world because of overall economic growth, urbanization, and rapid industrial and agricultural development. Coal and nuclear power still have cost advantages over oil, and are the preferred choices for providing base-load electrical power. For example, France strategy is to provide its base-load requirements from the most economical source: nuclear plants and to provide peaking power largely from coal-fired plants. Many other countries, such as Japan, Russia, Denmark, and Pakistan, however, have either stopped or deferred nuclear programs mainly because of its costly safety measures, initial higher investments, and because of the risks involved, and are planning to use coal for expanding their energy generating capacity. The International Energy Agency projected that coal use for electricity generation would increase substantially from 1999 to 2010 in Europe and in Pacific countries. The IEA (1999) have further reported that the conversion of existing oil-fired power plants to coal by its member countries has proceeded with variable levels of progress. Italy and Japan are actively pursuing conversion, and Denmark has converted most of its plants to coal because inexpensive energy is an incentive for industrial expansion.

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as electricity, using wind turbines. At the end of 2008, worldwide nameplate capacities of Wind-powered generators were 121.2 gig watts (GW). In 2008, wind power produced About 1.5% of worldwide electricity usage and is growing rapidly, having doubled inThe three years between 2005 and 2008. Several countries have achieved relatively highLevels of wind power penetration, such as 19% of stationary electricity production inDenmark, 11% in Spain and Portugal, and 7% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland in2008. As of May 2009, eighty countries around the world are using wind power on aCommercial basis.

Harnessing wind power to produce electricity on a commercial scale has become the fastest growing energy technology. Economic, political and technological forces are now emerging to make wind power a viable source of energy. Though apparently

Pakistan has tremendous wind potential, but at present the facilities for generating electricity from wind are virtually nonexistent in the country. Pakistan has 1000 km long coastline, which could be utilized for the installation of wind farms, as found in UK, Netherlands and other countries. Pakistan is a late starter in this field. As of today, we have no significant wind energy generation project.

CHAPTER 3

3. Theoretical framework

3.1. Dependent Variables:

Energy

3.2. Independent Variables:

Resources

-ShrinkingGasHydel

-Alternative Coal Energy Wind Energy

The dependent variable is energy and the independent variables are following shrinking (Gas, Hydel) and Alternative (Coal, Wind).

Energy comes in different forms: Heat (thermal), Light (radiant), Chemical and Nuclear energy. Energy is in everything. We use energy for everything we do, from making a jump shot to baking cookies to sending astronauts into space.

In 2002 and up-to-date the economy of Pakistan increased very rapidly. The huge number of industries built and producing their products very effectively because of the large number of Gas resources and hyderal power plants held. But when the rapidly industrialist growth of Pakistan the volume of energy shrinks. The impact of energy use on economic growth has become critical after the Energy shocks in 2007 and recent emphasis on shrinking energy resources and Search for energy efficient production technologies and equipments. Pakistan is facing acute shortage of energy. with 7% increase of its economy this short fall soon to slow down its economic growth and will shatter its dream to become one day a developed country.

Most of its energy demand is being met with either Hydro power or thermal units. Pakistan is spending a very large amount of foreign exchange to purchase the furnace. The gas reserves already start depleting and oil markets are sky rocketing. To overcome this shortage Government take an initiative to investigate Alternate energy resources in Pakistan. Identified 50,000 MW energy potential from wind resource.

Growing urbanization and changes in the pattern of life, give rise to generation of increasing quantities of wastes and it’s now becoming another threat to our already degraded environment.

Coal plays a major role in meeting the demand for global energy. The increase in price for petroleum products not only increased the demand for coal in the international market, but it also resulted in a search for alternatives to oil resources throughout the world.

3.4. Relationship of Variables:

CHAPTER 4

Research Methodology

4.1. Hypothesis of Research

Ho: If the usage of gas increases then the shrinking of energy not increases.H1: If the usage of gas increases than the shrinking of energy increases.Ho: There is not relationship between the Hydel power and energy resources.H1: There is relationship between the shrinking of Hydel power and energy resources.Ho: The more utilization of coal resources than energy cannot increase.H1: The more utilization of coal resources than energy can increase.Ho: If we divert wind into energy than energy resources will decreases.H1: If we divert wind into energy than energy resources will increases.

4.2. Design of Questionnaire

My questionnaire for the survey comprises of two parts. The first part of the questionnaire is the demographic part where the respondents are asked about their gender, age, favorite brand. The second part is the main part of the questionnaire that comprises of 10 questions aimed at finding the respondents’ opinions and attitude pertaining to importance and impact of energy crisis on Pakistan the process of shrinking existing and usage of alternative energy recourses.

4.3. Data collection Methods

Primary data

Questionnaire

Secondary data

Internets Journals

Data Analysis Tools

Regression Correlation

4.4. Results

Excel and other spreadsheet software allow quantitative data analysis, although these are

more limited in scope and often less user friendly than the specialized packages like

SPSS. SPSS is probably the most common statistical data analysis software package used

in business research.

4.5. Analysis of Data and discussion

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression StatisticsMultiple R 0.368427152R Square 0.135738567Adjusted R Square 0.102175016Standard Error 0.793625232Observations 108

Correlation

 Column

1Column

2Column

3Column

4Column

5Column 1 1Column 2 -0.03481 1Column 3 0.216247 0.045547 1Column 4 0.2693 0.10392 0.251243 1Column 5 0.280042 0.097071 0.1874 0.346685 1

CHAPTER 5

5. Conclusion

Through the comprehensive survey of questionnaire and after analysis of these I

find that most of the peoples think that the alternative of energy resources must utilized.

The model summary table shows the values of Regression, R Square (coefficient of

Determination) and Standard Error. The value of Regression shows a positive

relationship between the energy of resources shrinking and alternative usage .

Literature review reference:

1. Aqeel, A., and M. S. Butt (2001) the Relationship between Energy ConsumptionAnd Economic Growth in Pakistan. Asia-Pacific Development Journal 8:2 (December),101–110.

2. Asafu-Adjaye (2000) the Relationship between Energy Consumption, Energy PricesAnd Economic Growth: Time Series Evidence from Asians Developing Countries.Energy Economics 22:6 (December), 615–626.

3. Asmatullah khan,(2000),Energy crisis in the developing countries and marketing strategies for the Illinois basin coal for the 21st century Department of Economics, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, NWFP. Pakistan.

4. Dahl, C. A. and L. McDonald.(1998)Forecasting energy demand in the developing world. Energy Sources, vol. 20, Taylor and Francis, p. 875–889.

5. Dorin, J. P. and F. Fesharaki. 1992. International issues in Energy Policy, Development, and Economics. West view Press, Inc. NY.

6. Ebinger, C. K. (1981) Pakistan: Energy Planning in a Strategic Vortex.

7. IEA, UN Energy Statistics Year book and World Development Indicators, 1999. p 144 -147.

8. Moore J. S. 2000. Coal has a powerful Future in Illinois: The Illinois Coal, Energizing the 21 st

Century. Illinois Clean Coal Institute report.

9. Moroney, J. R. (1992) Energy, Capital and Technological Change in the UnitedStates. Resource and Energy 14:4 (December), 363–380.

10. McRae, R. N. 1992. Energy Demand in Developing Asian Countries in James P Dorian and F. Fesharaki (eds)., International Issues in Energy Policy, Development, & Economics, West view Press, Inc., City, State, p.7 -23

11. Nayyer Alam Zaigham, Professor & Director, Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Karachi,(2oo5 )Karachi, Pakistan; E-mail: zaigham@gerrys.net and Zaigham@geol.ku.edu.pk, Zeeshan Alam Nayyer, Lecturer, Department of Applied Physics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

12. Riaz, T. (1984) Pakistan: The Energy Sector—A Study in Sector Planning. Lahore:Ferozesons Limited, Pakistan.

13. Thomas Valone M.A., P.E. (2000), Future Energy Technologies, (Proceedings of the International Energy Foundation's 8th International Energy Forum - ENERGEX '2000 & World Future Society Annual Conference).

11. U.S. Department of Commerce.(1998)Bureau of the Census, Monthly Report EM 145.

12. U.N.World Development Indicator (1999). NY; Available at http://www.worldbank.org/

13. U.S. Department of Commerce. 1998. Bureau of the Census, Monthly Report EM 145.

14. Weirauch, W. 1997. IFP Forecasts Global Energy Use to Reach 11.6 Btoe/ year in 2010. Hydro Carbon Processing.

15. World Energy Council. 1999. WEC Homepage [Online]. Available at http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/ (Verified 18 Sept. 2000).

16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resources (last modified on 12 January 2010 at 15:35) Resource & Types of Resources.

17. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energyexplained/(Last Reviewed: October 1, 2009) Energy, Sources Can be Categorized As Renewable or Nonrenewable, Energy Sources Can be Categorized As Renewable or Nonrenewable.

18.http://www.wwindea.org/home/images/stories/worldwindenergyreport2008_s.pdf.Retrieved 16-March-2009 . "World Wind Energy Report 2008" (PDF). Report. World Wind Energy Association. February 2009.

19. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Energy_profile_of_Pakistan Energy profile of Pakistan

ANNXURES

Independent Variable

  Resources    

Shrinking   Alternative

Gas   Hydel   Coal   Wind

Q5 Q6   Q7 Q8   Q9 Q10   Q11 Q12

Average Average Average Average3 1 2 3 1 2 4 1 2.5 3 1 23 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1.5 1 1 14 3 3.5 2 3 2.5 5 2 3.5 4 3 3.53 3 3 5 5 5 5 2 3.5 2 2 22 2 2 3 1 2 2 3 2.5 5 1 33 2 2.5 4 4 4 4 3 3.5 2 1 1.52 3 2.5 5 2 3.5 4 5 4.5 2 4 31 2 1.5 3 4 3.5 1 2 1.5 1 4 2.53 5 4 3 5 4 3 2 2.5 2 1 1.52 4 3 5 2 3.5 3 3 3 3 5 42 1 1.5 3 2 2.5 2 1 1.5 4 1 2.53 1 2 4 3 3.5 1 3 2 1 3 23 1 2 4 2 3 5 3 4 2 5 3.51 1 1 4 1 2.5 1 5 3 2 2 22 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 22 5 3.5 2 2 2 3 2 2.5 4 2 35 1 3 4 1 2.5 3 2 2.5 2 3 2.55 4 4.5 1 1 1 1 2 1.5 3 1 21 1 1 1 8 4.5 3 1 2 2 2 23 4 3.5 4 3 3.5 1 1 1 1 5 31 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 11 1 1 1 2 1.5 1 1 1 2 1 1.52 3 2.5 2 1 1.5 3 1 2 4 1 2.51 1 1 2 3 2.5 3 1 2 2 1 1.52 3 2.5 1 1 1 2 1 1.5 3 3 32 1 1.5 1 4 2.5 2 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 4 5 4.5 2 2 2 2 2 24 5 4.5 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1.5 3 3 31 2 1.5 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 31 3 2 3 4 3.5 2 2 2 4 5 4.51 4 2.5 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1 21 3 2 3 2 2.5 2 2 2 2 2 21 2 1.5 4 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 31 4 2.5 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 23 4 3.5 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 41 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 2 1.5 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1.5

3 4 3.5 1 2 1.5 1 3 2 3 1 21 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 2 1 3 21 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1.51 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 23 2 2.5 3 2 2.5 2 3 2.5 4 5 4.51 2 1.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 35 5 5 3 1 2 1 4 2.5 2 3 2.55 4 4.5 3 2 2.5 2 2 2 1 1 14 4 4 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 53 1 2 4 1 2.5 2 1 1.5 1 1 11 1 1 4 3 3.5 2 2 2 3 4 3.55 3 4 1 4 2.5 2 1 1.5 4 3 3.54 4 4 2 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 11 2 1.5 4 3 3.5 2 2 2 3 2 2.53 2 2.5 3 2 2.5 2 1 1.5 1 2 1.52 2 2 2 1 1.5 2 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 2 3 2.5 2 1 1.5 2 2 21 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 2.5 1 1 12 1 1.5 4 1 2.5 3 1 2 1 1 13 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 21 2 1.5 4 2 3 5 2 3.5 2 2 22 1 1.5 3 3 3 3 2 2.5 2 2 21 1 1 4 1 2.5 2 1 1.5 2 2 22 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 23 1 2 2 3 2.5 1 2 1.5 1 3 21 2 1.5 1 2 1.5 2 2 2 1 4 2.52 1 1.5 3 1 2 1 3 2 1 3 23 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 2.5 1 1 12 2 2 3 4 3.5 1 4 2.5 3 1 21 2 1.5 4 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 13 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 4 3.53 4 3.5 1 4 2.5 3 2 2.5 5 4 4.51 2 1.5 3 2 2.5 1 1 1 1 1 13 4 3.5 1 2 1.5 3 3 3 1 2 1.54 4 4 4 1 2.5 2 2 2 1 1 12 2 2 1 4 2.5 1 1 1 1 3 24 2 3 4 1 2.5 2 1 1.5 3 1 22 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1.5 4 1 2.52 1 1.5 2 1 1.5 2 2 2 1 1 15 1 3 3 2 2.5 1 4 2.5 1 1 14 4 4 4 1 2.5 2 1 1.5 1 1 11 1 1 3 2 2.5 2 2 2 4 3 3.52 3 2.5 1 2 1.5 1 2 1.5 2 2 24 1 2.5 4 1 2.5 2 1 1.5 3 1 22 4 3 3 2 2.5 1 3 2 3 2 2.52 2 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2.5 5 3 42 2 2 1 2 1.5 1 2 1.5 2 2 23 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 4 2.54 1 2.5 4 4 4 1 4 2.5 1 1 1

4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 2.53 2 2.5 5 1 3 2 3 2.5 3 1 21 2 1.5 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1.51 1 1 3 2 2.5 2 1 1.5 4 1 2.52 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 21 3 2 2 3 2.5 1 4 2.5 1 1 14 1 2.5 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 1 2.54 1 2.5 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 1 2.53 4 3.5 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 3 2 2.5 1 5 3 1 2 1.54 1 2.5 5 2 3.5 5 3 4 3 5 41 3 2 2 5 3.5 5 2 3.5 2 4 33 4 3.5 4 4 4 1 2 1.5 2 1 1.52 2 2 4 2 3 5 3 4 2 2 22 4 3 2 2 2 1 2 1.5 3 1 24 1 2.5 1 1 1 4 1 2.5 1 1 13 2 2.5 2 2 2 3 2 2.5 3 3 31 1 1 1 2 1.5 1 1 1 2 2 21 1 1 2 1 1.5 2 1 1.5 2 2 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1

Dependent Variable

Energy     

Q3 Q4  

Average2 1 1.52 1 1.51 2 1.53 3 31 3 21 3 23 3 3

1 2 1.52 1 1.52 4 31 1 13 1 22 5 3.52 2 23 3 35 3 43 2 2.51 1 12 2 21 2 1.52 2 21 2 1.51 1 12 2 22 3 2.51 2 1.51 1 11 2 1.51 1 12 1 1.52 2 25 1 35 2 3.54 5 4.53 2 2.51 1 11 1 13 2 2.51 5 31 1 11 2 1.53 1 23 3 31 3 22 3 2.52 1 1.52 1 1.54 1 2.51 2 1.52 3 2.52 2 24 4 41 2 1.51 2 1.52 1 1.53 1 21 1 1

1 5 31 3 23 1 23 2 2.52 2 21 3 21 1 11 1 11 2 1.51 3 23 1 23 1 25 2 3.52 2 21 1 11 1 12 2 21 2 1.51 2 1.52 1 1.52 1 1.51 1 12 2 21 1 13 2 2.51 2 1.51 1 13 3 31 1 11 1 12 2 21 1 15 2 3.52 2 21 2 1.51 2 1.51 1 11 1 11 4 2.51 2 1.51 1 12 1 1.53 5 42 1 1.53 5 41 2 1.51 1 13 2 2.51 5 31 5 3

2 2 2

QuestionnaireI am a research student of M.B.A and this questionnaire is designed to obtain a better understanding of the impact on Pakistan energy crisis. This information you provide me will be used only academic purposes.

1. Gender Male Female

2. Age ( years) Under 20 20-30 31-40

41-50 51-60 Above 60

3. The resources are directly affected to the energy?1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

4. Are natural resources of country increase the capacity of the energy? 1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

5. The shrinking of Gas resources increases the energy crisis? 1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

6) The extra consumption of Gas causes the energy crisis? 1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

7) Recently 25% of Hydel resources decrease due to construction of Baghlir Dam?

1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

8) The water storage capacity of Old Dams decrease due to the mud gather in bottom?

1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

9) If we utilized our coal resources what effect on electricity will increased? 1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree 10) Coal reduces the cost of production of energy?

1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

11) Current Energy crisis can be fulfilled the through Wind energy? 1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

12) Wind energy is cheaper than Hydel energy? 1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree