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Fiqh

Fiqh(Arabic: [fiqh]) isIslamicjurisprudence.Fiqh is an expansion of the code of conduct (Sharia)

expounded in theQuran, often supplemented by tradition (Sunnah) and implemented by therulingsand

interpretations ofIslamic jurists.

Fiqh deals with the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation in Islam. There are four prominent

schools (madh'hab) offiqh withinSunnipractice and two withinShi'apractice. A person trained in fiqh is known

as aFaqih(plural Fuqaha).[1]

Contents

[hide]

1 Etymology

2 Introduction

3 Component Categories

4 Fields of jurisprudence

5 Methodologies of jurisprudence

o 5.1 Sunni jurisprudence

o 5.2 Shi'ite jurisprudence

5.2.1 Ja'fari jurisprudence

5.2.2 Ismaili jurisprudence

5.2.3 Zaidi jurisprudence

o 5.3 Ibadi jurisprudence

o 5.4 Arguments for and against reform

6 Diagram of early scholars

7 Early history

8 Possible links with Western law

9 See also

10 Notes

11 References

12 External links

13 Further reading

Etymology[edit source|editbeta]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh%27habhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh%27habhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh%27habhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faqihhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faqihhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faqihhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Introductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Introductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Component_Categorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Component_Categorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Fields_of_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Fields_of_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Methodologies_of_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Methodologies_of_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Sunni_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Sunni_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Shi.27ite_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Shi.27ite_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Ja.27fari_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Ja.27fari_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Ismaili_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Ismaili_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Zaidi_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Zaidi_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Ibadi_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Ibadi_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Arguments_for_and_against_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Arguments_for_and_against_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Diagram_of_early_scholarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Diagram_of_early_scholarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Early_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Early_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Possible_links_with_Western_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Possible_links_with_Western_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Possible_links_with_Western_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Early_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Diagram_of_early_scholarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Arguments_for_and_against_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Ibadi_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Zaidi_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Ismaili_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Ja.27fari_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Shi.27ite_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Sunni_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Methodologies_of_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Fields_of_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Component_Categorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Introductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faqihhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh%27habhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language

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The word fiqh is an Arabic term meaning "deep understanding" or "full comprehension". Technically it refers to

the body of Islamic law extracted from detailed Islamic sources (which are studied in theprinciples of Islamic

jurisprudence) and the process of gaining knowledge of Islam through jurisprudence. The historianIbn

Khaldundescribes fiqh as "knowledge of the rules of God which concern the actions of persons who own

themselves bound to obey the law respecting what is required (wajib), sinful (haraam), recommended

(mandb), disapproved (makrh) or neutral (mubah)".[2]

This definition is consistent amongst the jurists.

InModern Standard Arabic,fiqh has come to mean jurisprudence in general, be it Islamic or secular. It is thus

possible to speak ofChief JusticeJohn G. Roberts, Jr.as an expert in thecommon lawfiqh of theUnited

States, or of Abdel Razzaq El sanhouri Pasha as an expert in the civil law fiqh ofEgypt.

Introduction[edit source|editbeta]

TheQur'angives clear instructions on many issues, such as how to perform the ritual purification (wudu) before

the obligatory daily prayers (salat), but on other issues, some Muslims believe the Qur'an alone is not enough

to make things clear. For example the Qur'an states one needs to engage in daily prayers (salat) and fast

(sawm) during themonth of Ramadanbut some Muslims believe they need further instructions on how to

perform these duties. Details about these issues can be found in the traditions of Muhammad, soQur'an and

Sunnahare in most cases the basis for(Shariah).

Some topics are without precedent in Islam's early period. In those cases, Muslim jurists (Fuqaha) try to arrive

at conclusions by other means.Sunnijurists use historical consensus of the community (Ijma); a majority in the

modern era also useanalogy(Qiyas) and weigh the harms and benefits of new topics (Istislah), and a plurality

utilize juristic preference (Istihsan). The conclusions arrived at with the aid of these additional tools constitute a

wider array of laws than the Sharia consists of, and is calledfiqh. Thus, in contrast to the sharia, fiqh is not

regarded assacredand the schools of thought have differing views on its details, without viewing other

conclusions assacrilegious. This division of interpretation in more detailed issues has resulted in different

schools of thought (madh'hab).

This wider concept ofIslamic jurisprudence is the source of a range of laws in different topics that govern the

lives of the Muslims in all facets of everyday life.

Component Categories[edit source|editbeta]

Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) covers two main areas:

1. Rules in relation to actions, and,

2. Rules in relation to circumstances surrounding actions.

These types of rules can also fall into two groups:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustahabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustahabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustahabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makr%C5%ABhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makr%C5%ABhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makr%C5%ABhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Roberts,_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Roberts,_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Roberts,_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan_(calendar_month)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan_(calendar_month)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan_(calendar_month)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an_and_Sunnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an_and_Sunnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an_and_Sunnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an_and_Sunnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuqahahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuqahahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuqahahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istislahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istislahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istislahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istihsanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istihsanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istihsanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrilegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrilegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrilegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh%27habhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh%27habhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh%27habhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh%27habhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrilegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istihsanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istislahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuqahahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an_and_Sunnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an_and_Sunnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan_(calendar_month)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Roberts,_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makr%C5%ABhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustahabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence

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1.

1. Worship (Ibadaat)

2. Dealings & Transactions (with people) (Mu`amalaat)

Rules in relation to actions ('amaliyya ) comprise:

1. Obligation (fardh)

2. Recommendation (mustahabb)

3. Permissibility (mubah)

4. Disrecommendation (makrooh)

5. Prohibition (haraam)

Rules in relation to circumstances (wadia') comprise:

1. Condition (shart)

2. Cause (sabab)

3. Preventor (mani)

4. Permit / Enforced (rukhsah, azeemah)

5. Valid / Corrupt / Invalid (sahih, faasid, batil)

6. In time / Deferred / Repeat (adaa, qadaa, i'ada)

Fields of jurisprudence[edit source|editbeta]

Islamic economical jurisprudence

Islamic political jurisprudence

Islamic marital jurisprudence

Islamic inheritance jurisprudence

Islamic criminal jurisprudence

Islamic etiquettical jurisprudence

Islamic theological jurisprudence

Islamic hygienical jurisprudence

Islamic military jurisprudence

Methodologies of jurisprudence[edit source|editbeta]

Main article:Usul al-fiqh

TheModus operandiof the Muslim jurist is known asprinciplesof jurisprudence.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mu%60amalaat&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mu%60amalaat&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mu%60amalaat&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fardhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fardhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fardhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustahabbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustahabbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustahabbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroohhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroohhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroohhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economical_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economical_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_political_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_political_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adab_(behavior)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adab_(behavior)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_war_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_war_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-fiqhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-fiqhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-fiqhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_operandihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_operandihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_operandihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-fiqhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-fiqhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-fiqhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-fiqhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_operandihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-fiqhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_war_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adab_(behavior)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_political_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economical_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroohhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustahabbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fardhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mu%60amalaat&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadah

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There are different approaches to the methodology used in jurisprudence to derive Islamic law from the primary

sources. The main methodologies are those of theSunni,Shi'aandIbadidenominations. While both Sunni and

Shi'ite are divided into smaller sub-schools, the differences among the Shi'ite schools is considerably greater.

Ibadites only follow a single school without divisions.

Sunni jurisprudence[edit source|editbeta]

Map of the Muslim world with the main madhhabs

Sunnischoolsof jurisprudence are each named after the classical jurist who taught them. The four primary

Sunni schools are theHanafi,Shafi'i,MalikiandHanbalirites. TheZahirischool remains in existence but

outside of the mainstream, while theJariri,Laythi,Awza'iandThawrihave since become extinct.

The extant schools share most of their rulings, but differ on the particular practices which they may accept as

authentic and the varying weights they give toanalogicalreason and pure reason.

Shi'ite jurisprudence[edit source|editbeta]

Ja'fari jurisprudence[edit source|editbeta]

TheJa'farischool is associated withJa'far al-Sadiq. The time and space boundrulingsof early jurists are taken

more seriously in this school, likely due to the more hierarchical structure of Shia Islam which is ruled by the

Shi'iteImams. The Ja'fari school is also more flexible in that every jurist has considerable power to alter a

decision according to his reasoning.

The Jafari school uses theintellectinstead of analogy when establishing Islamic laws, as opposed to common

Sunni practice.

Ismaili jurisprudence[edit source|editbeta]

Daim al-Islamis a book on the rulings of Islam followed by Ismaili Muslims who adhere to

theShi'aIsmailiFatimidfiqh. It describes manners and etiquette, includingIbadatin the light of guidance

provided by the Ismaili Imams. The book emphasizes what importance Islam has given to manners and

etiquette along with the worship of God, citing the traditions of the first four Imams of the Shi'a Ismaili Fatimid

school of thought.

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ipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27aqlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_(Shia_Islam)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thawrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awza%27ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laythihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaririhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malikihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni

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Zaidi jurisprudence[edit source|editbeta]

Zaidijurisprudence follows the teachings ofZayd ibn Ali. In terms of law, the Zaidi school is quite similar to the

Hanafi school from Sunni Islam.[3]

This is likely due to the general trend of Sunni resemlbance within Zaidi

beliefs. After the passing of Muhammad, ImamJafar al-Sadiq, ImamZayd ibn Ali, ImamsAbu Hanifaand

ImamMalik ibn Anasworked together inAl-Masjid an-Nabawiin Medina along with over 70 other leading jurists

and scholars.Jafar al-SadiqandZayd ibn Alidid not them selves write any books. But their views are Hadiths

in the books written by ImamsAbu Hanifaand ImamMalik ibn Anas. Therefore theZaydisto this day and

originally the Fatamids, used the Hanafi jurisprudence, as did most Sunnis.[4][5][6]

Ibadi jurisprudence[edit source|editbeta]

TheIbadischool of Islam is named afterAbd-Allah ibn Ibadh, though he is not necessarily the main figure of

the school in the eyes of its adherents. Ibadism is distinct from both Sunni and Shi'ite Islam not only in terms of

its jurisprudence, but also its core beliefs.

Arguments for and against reform[edit source|editbeta]

Each school reflects a uniqueal-urfor culture (a cultural practice that was influenced by traditions), that the

classical jurists themselves lived in, when rulings were made. Some suggest that the discipline ofisnad, which

developed to validate hadith made it relatively easy to record and validate also the rulings of jurists. This, in

turn, made them far easier to imitate (taqlid) than to challenge in new contexts. The argument is, the schools

have been more or less frozen for centuries, and reflect a culture that simply no longer exists. Traditional

scholars hold that religion is there to regulate human behavior and nurture people's moral side and since

human nature has not fundamentally changed since the beginning of Islam a call to modernize the religion is

essentially one to relax all laws and institutions.

Early shariahhad a much more flexible character, and some modern Muslim scholars believe that it should be

renewed, and that the classical jurists should lose special status. This would require formulating a new fiqh

suitable for the modern world, e.g. as proposed by advocates of theIslamization of knowledge, which would

deal with the modern context. This modernization is opposed by most conservativeulema. Traditional scholars

hold that the laws are contextual and consider circumstance such as time, place and culture, the principles they

are based upon are universal such as justice, equality and respect. Many Muslim scholars argue that even

though technology may have advanced, the fundamentals of human life have not and is in the scope of current

laws.

Diagram of early scholars[edit source|editbeta]

The Quran set the rights, the responsibilities and the rules for people and for societies to adhere to, like not

dealing in interest. Muhammad then provided an example, which is recorded in the hadith books, showing

people how he practically implemented these rules in a society. After the passing ofMuhammad, there was a

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nowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-urfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-Allah_ibn_Ibadhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#cite_note-The_Iraq_Effect_Page_91-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafar_al-Sadiqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafar_al-Sadiqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaidiyyahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&veaction=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&section=10

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need for jurists, to decide on new legal matters where there is no such ruling in the Quran or the Hadith,

example ofIslamic prophetMuhammadregarding a similar case.[7][8]

In the years proceedingMuhammad,

ImamJafar al-Sadiqwhose views many Shias follow and ImamAbu HanifaandMalik ibn Anaswhose views

most Sunnis follow worked together inAl-Masjid an-Nabawiin Medina. Along withQasim ibn Muhammad ibn

Abu Bakr,Muhammad al-Baqir,Zayd ibn Aliand over 70 other leading jurists and scholars.

All the Muslims follow the Quran and the example of Muhammad. The differences between the denominations

in Islam are primarily political. The Sunnis give more importance to the Quran and the books containing the

hadith, examples of Muhammad, but since all the early scholars and all the four caliphs worked together, the

Sunnis accept all the first four caliphs, as they were elected by the community. They also accept all the early

imams (scholars) for their knowledge. While the Shias who constitute around 10-20% of the Muslims are more

hereditary and only accept Ali the fourth caliph and only accept the male descendent of Ali through his son

Hussein as imams. But different branches of Shia accept different brothers.

All these scholars were taught byMuhammadscompanions, many of whom settled in

Madina.Muwatta[9]

byMalik ibn Anaswas written as a consensus of the opinion, of these

scholars.[10][11][12]

TheMuwatta[9]

byMalik ibn Anasquotes 13 hadiths from ImamJafar al-Sadiq.[13]

Much of the knowledge we have about Muhammand is narrated throughAishathe wife ofMuhammad, also a

renowned scholar of her time. Aisha raised and taught her nephewQasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakrafter

her brotherMuhammad ibn Abu Bakrwas killed by the Syrians.

Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakrsmother was from Alis family and Qasims daughterFarwah bint al-

Qasimwas married toMuhammad al-Baqirand was the mother ofJafar al-Sadiq. ThereforeQasim ibn

Muhammad ibn Abu Bakrwas the grand son ofAbu Bakrthe first caliph and the grand father ofJafar al-

Sadiqwhose views the twelver Shias follow. The twelver Shia do not accept Abu Bakr as the first caliph but do

accept his great grand sonJafar al-Sadiq.

Aishas also taught her nephewUrwah ibn Zubayr. He then taught his sonHisham ibn Urwah, who was the

main teacher ofMalik ibn Anaswhose views many Sunni follow and also taughtJafar al-Sadiq.Qasim ibn

Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr,Hisham ibn UrwahandMuhammad al-BaqirtaughtZayd ibn Ali,Jafar al-Sadiq,Abu

Hanifa, andMalik ibn Anas.

According to Ibn Katheer, Ibn Jareer said that the minister of marriage, Raja bin Haiwah for the Ummayad rulerSulaiman said that when Sulaiman the Ummayad ruler was on his death bed I told him "Indeed amongst the

things that preserves the caliph in his grave is his appointment of a righteous man over the muslims." So he

wrote a letter appointing a scholar from Madina, Umar bin Abdul Azeez. To allow the Ummayads to accept this,

Raja then advised him to make his brother Yazeed bin Adbul Malik the successor after Umar bin Abdul

Azeez.[14]

Umar bin Abdul Azeez was a grand son of Omar, the second Caliph from his mothers side. After his

appointment he set up a committee of the main jurist in Madina includingQasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu

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Bakr,Urwah ibn Zubayr, Ubaidullah bin Abdullah bin Utbah, Abu Bakr bin Abdur-Rahman bin al-Harith bin

Hisham, Abu Bakr bin Sulaiman bin Abu Hathmah, Sulaiman bin Yasar, Salim bin Abdullah, Abdullah bin Amir

bin Rabee'ah and Kharijah bin Zaid bin Thabit, in Madina to advise on legal matters.[15]

The work ofMalik ibn

Anasand successive jurists is also based on the work of this early committee in Madina.Malik ibn Anasalso

refers to these Fuqaha' of Madina.[16]Madina at the time had the largest number of Muhammad's companions.

Before this point, there was a lot of debate on legal matter, during the early Ummayad period and there was

more community involvement. The Quran and Muhammad's example was the main source of law after which

the community decided. If it worked for the community, was just and did not conflict with the Quran and the

example of Muhammad, it was accepted. This made it easier for the different communities, with Roman,

Persian, Central Asia and North African backgrounds to integrate into the Islamic State and that assisted in the

quick expansion of the Islamic State. The scholars in Madina were consulted on the more complex judicial

issues. The Sharia and the official more centralized schools of fiqh developed later, during the time of the

Abbasids.[17]

Umar bin Abdul Azeez also reduced the taxes the Muslims were paying. This reduced the finances and

reduced external expansion. After the death of Umar bin Abdul Azeez, the Ummayad ruler Yazeed bin Adbul

Malik took over and tried to reinstate the taxes which resulted in rebellion. 30 years later the Ummayad rule

came to an end.[18][19]

During the Abbasids period fiqh became more centralized[17]

Al-Shafiiwas taught byMalik ibn Anas.Ahmad ibn Hanbalwas taught byAl-Shafii.Muhammad al-

Bukharitravelled every where collecting hadith and his fatherIsmail ibn Ibrahimwas a student ofMalik ibn

Anas[20][21][22][23][24][25]

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