fisiologi-Life cycle.ppt

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    Life cycle

    Lab. Fisiologi FKIK UNSOED

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    Outline

    1. Tahap kehidupan

    2. Siklus bangun-tidur

    3. Circadian rhythm4. Siklus bulanan

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    Tujuan Pembelajaran

    Mahasiswa akan mampu menjelaskan:

    1. Tahap-tahap kehidupan manusia

    2. Siklus sel3. Siklus banguntidur

    4. circadian rhythm

    5. Siklus bulanan

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    Tahap kehidupan Manusia

    Life span

    Stage:

    Prenatal

    Embryo fetus

    Postnatal Neonatus

    Infant Childhood

    Adolescence

    Adulthood

    senescence

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    Embryo

    0 s/d minggu ke 8

    Hari ke-21-23 mulai kontraksi otot jantung

    Hari ke-48-52 mulai gerakan involunter Testis & ovarium dapat dibedakan

    Hari ke-56-57 struktur esensial internal &

    eksternal komplit

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    Fetus

    Minggu 10-11 Liver secretes bile, stored in the GB

    Pancreas produces insulin

    Reflexes present Male/female differentiate

    Minggu 12-13 Fetus begins to move

    Heartbeat can be found with doppler Fetal sex now clearly distinguished

    Body begins to grow hair

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    Neonatus

    birth to end of 4th week

    newborn begins to carry on respiration,

    obtain nutrients, digest nutrients, excrete

    wastes, regulate body temperature, and

    make cardiovascular adjustments

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    Infant

    end of 4thweek to one year

    growth rate is high

    teeth begin to erupt

    muscular and nervous systems mature

    communication begins

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    Postnatal Period

    Childhood

    one year to

    puberty

    growth rate is high

    permanent teeth

    appear

    muscular control

    is achieved

    bladder and bowelcontrols are

    established

    intellectual

    abilities mature

    Adolescence

    puberty to adulthood

    person becomes

    reproductively

    functional and

    emotionally more

    mature

    growth spurts occur

    motor skills continueto develop

    intellectual abilities

    continue to mature

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    Postnatal Period

    Adulthood

    adolescence to old

    age

    person remains

    relatively unchanged

    anatomically and

    physiologicallydegenerative

    changes begin

    Senescence

    old age to death

    degenerativechanges continue

    body becomes less

    able to cope with

    demands placed on itdeath results from

    various conditions

    and diseases

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    Siklus tidur & bangun

    Sleeparousal awakesleep

    Sleep duration, sleep timing, sleep consolidation and sleep

    structure changes across the human life span

    Sleep stage: Non REM (deep sleep)

    Stage 14

    REM

    Arousal : stimulus sufficient to activate RAS

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    Sleep cycle

    (picture from: http://dreamtalk.hypermart.net/teachers/Scycles.htm)

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    Sleep Stage Cycles

    1. SWS precedes REM sleep

    2. REM sleep lengthens over the night

    3. Basic sleep cycle = 90 minutes

    Figure courtesy of Dr. Eric Chudler

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    Mental Activity in Sleep

    Mental activity continues during sleep

    Dreams occur during SWS and REM sleep

    REM sleep is accompanied by high levels of blood flow

    in the visual association cortex but low levels in theinferior frontal cortex

    REM eye movements resemble those made when a

    person scans a visual image

    Nightmares can occur during stage 4 of SWS

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    Sleep Stage Functions

    SWS may reflect restoration Assessment of SWS after:

    Prolonged bed rest (no real changes in SWS)

    Exercise (temperature inc. => inc. SWS)

    Mental activity increases SWS REM sleep may reflect:

    Vigilance: alertness to the environment

    Consolidation of learning/memory

    Species-typical reprogramming

    Facilitation of brain development: Infants spend more time inREM sleep

    An antidote for the deleterious effects of SWS

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    Biological Rhythms

    Circadian rhythms (about a day)

    One cycle lasts about 24 hours (e.g. sleep-waking cycle)

    Light is an external cue that can set the circadian rhythm

    Some circadian rhythms are endogenous (do not require

    light) suggesting the existence of an internal (biological)

    clock

    Monthly rhythms

    Menstrual cycle

    Seasonal rhythms

    Aggression, sexual activity in male deer

    Variation in circadian rhythm

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    Circadian pacemaker

    The suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN) contains a

    biological clock that governs some circadian

    rhythms

    SCN receives input from amacrine/ganglion cells in the retina, a pathway that may

    account for the ability of light to reset the biological clock

    the lateral geniculate thalamic nucleus

    This pathway may mediate the ability of other environmental

    stimuli to reset circadian rhythms (e.g. animals own activity)

    SCN lesions disrupt circadian rhythms

    SCN cells may not require direct neural connections to

    control circadian rhythms, but may do using chemical

    signals

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    Circadian rhythm

    endogenous circadian pacemaker influences

    key physiologic functions

    normally synchronized with the sleep/wake

    cycle.

    endogenous circadian peak at the circadian

    phase corresponding to 10 a.m

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    Circadian rhythm

    Autonomic balance

    Body temperature

    blood pressure & heart rate platelet aggregability

    Endocrine