[IEEE 2014 IEEE 8th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO) - Langkawi,...

Cost-Effective and Real-Time SCADA Home Energy Monitoring System

1S. Paramasivam, 2L. Thillainathan, 1H. Zeynal, 3N. Diana

1School of Engineering, KDU University College

Damansara Jaya, 47400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

2Mahkota Research Sdn. Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

3Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract- this paper presents a frugal and vibrant home SCADA energy surveillance system. The proposed SCADA system constructs a conscious mind among users on efficient utilization of electricity to operate home appliances over a daily basis. The developed system enables residential sectors to log in, display and provide real time feedback on energy consumption for each active appliance. Based on simulation results, the proposed monitoring system constantly provides end users with real-time advices on consumption level, while prompting necessary precaution steps in reducing financial losses. Therefore, it results in a tremendous saving on monetary values on energy bill. The developed SCADA system will form a more responsible society, that is, in line with energy efficiency standards as well as demand side management (DSM) strategies in power utilities.

I. INTRODUCTION Energy efficiency and conservation have been and are still a major undertaking in the world today. Since the occurrence of 1970 energy crisis, thereafter, a lot of panaceas have been prescribed and many more are being sought [1] to offset such concerns. In fact, alternative renewable resources can be exploited as means of generating the cost and environmentally-friendly energy which immensely required [2]. An outstanding effort on energy efficiency initiatives outlined in a report by REAP indicated that that U.S. energy intensity plunged by 46% from 1975 to 2005, $7 billion was saved by Americans’ on residential energy bills in 2004 from energy saving initiatives and building energy efficient homes and it was also estimated by the Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE) that from 2006 to 2020, extended energy efficiency incentives could cut back on the consumer energy bills by $27 billion leading to a reduction of metric tons of emissions by 51million [3]. In Chile [4] amongst other countries, the use of efficient light bulbs in line with energy efficiency was implemented. The

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL's) are a great substitute for incandescent light bulbs [4]. In Malaysia [5] people had been urged to purchase energy efficient electrical product, appliance star labeling was introduced in 2002. The more stars the appliance has on the top part of the energy consumption label the more energy efficient the product is [5]. Also in line with energy efficiency education, apart from traditional teaching, game based learning system [6] have evolved in the digital game based learning system in which a real life scenario is provided to help the user device ways on how to maximize energy saving. Thus, in an attempt to reinforce the severity of this issue if not addressed effectively, concerted effort by global community conceived the earth hour project. An annual project administered around the world, which entails turning off -light for one hour irrespective of residential or commercial domains primarily to educate the global community of the importance of energy and its implication towards survival of planet earth. [7]. Specifically in the residential sector, a lot of research and experimental studies on how best to promote energy efficiency where performed [8], [9] among others carried out research on the effectives of feedback in regards to energy efficiency, in both studies, the sample population employed, was divided into groups that were each provided with different types of feedback for example, printed feedback information, literature pack of already existing information, computer aided feedback etc. From the results obtained it was concluded that the computer aided group showed a significant reduction in energy consumption as compared to the other groups. Based on this encouraging and positive outcomes, different methods were developed and deployed involving feedback mechanism such as the digital household energy meter [10], which comprised of an MK6 genius meter and a display, with the type of meter used, energy data storage of up to 12 months of previous readings was possible though the system’s display

2014 IEEE 8th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2014), Langkawi, The Jewel of Kedah,Malaysia. 24-25 March 2014

978-1-4799-2422-6/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE 585

and storage are limited to total energy implemented a general three phase electricitydesigned based on the Texas instrument TMS3 The system can be divided into three main analogue section, A/D converter and the D/Aanalogue part comprises of sensing and condthe analogue signals are feed into the A/Ddigitalizes the signals to be sent over to the the necessary calculation (Power) and signalresults are visualized through a display. One in the paper that the system has, is the speed icalculation and the Remote Monitoring CoSocket (RMCPS) [12], in which power pacquired from the mains through power linetechnology were fed into a power measurededuce the energy consumption of individual the RMCPS linked to the internet, residents power consumption profiles through a web brodownside to the system is that quite a numberbe required in certain rooms and a lot of electrmoved around and plugged into different wahouse thus keeping track of such activities wias the software unable to identify which applin which AC power socket thus making it harrelate and coordinate the energy historyappliances especially if the monitoring is bepremises. And with the results from the previousmethods, a real time SCADA home energybeen developed with the application ofmechanism, but in order to implement tobjectives below where executed.

a) Through designing, building and impsupply unit to provide the required re

b) Building an AC to DC conversion cnecessary output voltage.

c) Design, simulate and test the perfrequired signal conditioning circuit u

d) By designing and testing a workbencusing function block diagrams (FBD)power calculations in the RTU.

e) Writing visual basic codes to facilitatcommunication, individual appliancedata storage and display.

II. MATHEMATICAL BACKG

From the research performed, the releunderlying this project are as summarised bbelow. These were used as basis for calculatiothe system’s requirement and validation obtained.

i) Transformer turn ratio [9] Vp/Vs Np/Ns Is/Ip

consumed, [11] y meter that was 320C611 DSP.

parts such as the A converter. The ditioning circuits, D converter that DSP to perform processing. The limitation stated

in performing the ontrolling Power parameters were e communication ement circuit to appliances. With can access their

owser though the r of RCMPS will ric appliances are all outlets in the ill be quite hectic liance is plugged rd for the user to y of individual eing done off the

sly implemented y monitoring has f the feedback the system, the

plementing a dual egulated voltage. circuit to provide

formance of the using an op-amp ch based program ) to facilitate

te hardware e identification,

GROUND

evant principles by the equations on in determining

of the results

(1)

ii) Bridge rectification[1 = = 0.

=

iii) RMS Conversion[11]

= = R

iv) Amplification[12] Unity gain buffer

= Vout/V Non-inverting op-a

Vout = 1+ Rf/R

v) Costing computation[Electricity cost (unit price - RM( ) Electricity Tariff

III. DESIGN The system is both hardware comprises of seven main execution

Fig.1: system la As illustrated in Fig. 1, the AC vtapped from the main electricity paa dual power supply unit that generDC voltage of anto the current sensor where it is stepthrough a resistor across which an[14-19]. The resulting AC voltage is coninputs of the LTC1966 that requiresunit to perform the AC to DC volAC to DC converter output being

0] 637 (2)

(3)

]

MS (4)

Vin (5)

amp R2* Vin (6)

[13] M) = Electricity consumed

LAYOUT and software based and blocks as shown in Fig. 1.

ayout

voltage and AC current are anel. The voltage is fed into rates the required regulated nd AC current is delivered pped down and then passed n AC voltage is produced

nveyed into the differential s from the dual power ltage conversion. With the g low (mV), an amplifier


586

circuit (non-inverting configuration) also suppthe dual supply unit is utilized to amplifier theto a relatively high value (between 0-5V dappliance) that can be read by the RTU [20-23 On receiving the amplified voltage throuinput port, the Mahkota remote terminal percalculations as shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2: Power computation Due to noise in the system, the output voltathe amplification stage is unstable. With a dein the RTU the instability is mitigated anvoltage value ismultiplied with a K_constant the initial current value tapped from the main The K_constant is derived from the LTC196output relationship [24-28]. The current Value (I) obtained at the oumultiplier block is again fed into a second where it is conjoined with a V_constant (240real power value, to compensate for the losobtained power value is summed up with a c(P_compensator) to provide a remunerated pwhich is converted to an integer value conversion block. The necessity of the cfacilitate easy power identification by the code since the appliances’ power ratings is[29]. The integer power value is then conveyed to thon the PC through an Ethernet cable supportcommunication standard. From the value recbasic code identifies which appliance is indisplays and stores its run time and cost. As illustrated in Fig. 3, a timer is started button is activated, for the first five seconstabilizes the OPC connection then starts topower value, if no appliance is in use (no consumed) no value will be displayed, bappliance is being utilized, the program wpower value received corresponds to any of th

plied from e low DC voltage depending on the 3].

ugh an analogue rforms the power

ge obtained from ad band function nd the resulting to compute back electricity panel. 66 and amplifier

utput of the first multiplier block V) to deduce the ses incurred, the calibration factor power (power 1)

by the integer conversion is to display program

s also an integer

he display screen ted by COPC 23

ceived, the visual n use, computes,

as soon the run nds the program o read the input

power is being but in case any will check if the

he four specified

power value ranges, if it does nactivated to keep reading the powerstart and end time, the power in kWthe costing (calculated in relation are computed, stored and displayedfolder was created in which data ofor future reference [28-30].

Fig. 3: Flow chart of the pro

IV. SIMULATIO Different tests were performed performance but the results providof the system in which the poappliances are displayed as shown i

Fig. 4: Appliance Re

not correspond a loop is r value but if otherwise, the Wh, run time in hours and to the tariff rates provided d. For storage, a database

obtained is made accessible

oposed algorithm

ON RESULTS to validate the systems

ed are from the final stage wer details of individual n the figures below.

egistration


587

Fig. 4 clearly shows that the top two appliances were used and the bottom two have no record as they were not yet used to be registered by the system.

Fig. 5: Power consumption in progress

Fig. 5 is a representation of how the display is when an appliance is in use as illustrated by the Philips dry iron display area. Only the start time of appliance is shown, the stop time, run time, KWh and costing are displayed when the appliance is disengaged.

Fig. 6: Zero power consumption

Fig. 6 above designates no power expended as no appliance is being used.

Fig. 7: Total power consumed

This Fig.7 is a representation of the costing setup. In this display, the order in which appliances have been used, dates, operating time and cost of each activity is displayed. From these details the run time and cost for each appliance and total energy consumed is computed and displayed.

IV. DISCUSSION From the testing carried out, it was observed that the hardware instability affected the accuracy of the display as a result of noise interference in the system, because the amplifier output does not settle to zero there is always an output at no load condition and for as long as there is an input to the RTU the power will be computed. For this reason, in order for the coding to terminate and show that an appliance is off a power of less than 500W instead of ideally to zero was set. A value of 500W was used as a boundary because with the small signal noise the power computed is hiked to above 400W because of the calibrated factor (P_compensator) of 350W. It was also observed that in some instances, when the appliance in use was turned off, the display took a few seconds to show the stop time as result of the RTU power not dropping immediately below 500W. Additionally, from the tests performed it was noticed that when an appliance was in use, on terminating it, because of the voltage dropping, a voltage of a lower power appliance was captured and with this, the power of this appliance was computed and displayed yet the appliance was not in use. Therefore, the instability of the operation amplifier output voltage affected the accuracy of the system.

V. CONCLUSION From the results obtained, it can be established that the system can monitor, display and store energy consumption details of individual electric home appliance. With the data provided, consciousness about energy usage is created. In order to improve the accuracy of the system, a more reliable approach of DSP application is recommended. Conventional monitoring systems procured relatively high costs to observe individual appliances status in the home. Instead, the proposed real-time SCADA offers a remarkably cost-effective way of monitoring and home energy consumption smart-saving. As a futuristic point, on top of above-mentioned, the data accessibility can be widen through utilization of the existing communication media like GSM/GPRS to facilitate energy monitoring and data accessibility from anywhere, on top of this, an alarm function can be incorporated in the system that is set off when the consumed energy exceeds certain limits thus acting as a constant reminder for proper energy consumption.

VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to acknowledge The Research Centre in KDU University College, Damansara Jaya, 47400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia for the financial support received under grant no. KDURG/2013/1/002.


588

VII. REFERENCES

[1] Sears, D.O et al ‘Political System SuppEnergy Crisis’, American Journal of Polipp. 56- 82, 1978

[2] Leon, G.D. Energy Forever: Power for TNew York: Arco publishing, Inc.1982.

[3] Renewable Energy Alaska (REAP). Why important:http://alaskarenewableenergy.orgefficiency/why-energy-efficiency-is-impor

[4] Karakosta, C. & Askounis, D. ‘Chaefficiency under programmatic CDM: caproject in Chile, International JournaEnvironment’, 1(1), pp. 149-160, 2010.

[5] Sin, T.C., Sood, S.B.M. & Dr. Peng, L.YManagement’, Sustainability DevelopmeEfficiency Initiatives in Malaysia, 2011.

[6] Yang, J.C., Chien, K.H. & Liu, T.C. ‘Alearning system for energy education: Anpet’, Turkish Online Journal of Educa11(2), pp. 37-27, 2011.

[7] Earth Hour. Available at: http://worldwildhour

[8] Seligman, C., Darley, J.M. & Beckeapproach to residential energy conservationand Buildings', 1(3), pp.325-337, 1978.

[9] Brandon,G. & Lweis, A. Journal Psychology, 'reducing household energqualitative and quantitative field study,Vol

[10] Sudin, N., Baker, A.M. & Wahab, Hdevelopment & Management', Digital houEngineering Conference on SustaiInfrastructures Development & ManMalaysia, pp. 1008-1013, 2008

[11] Ing. Michalek, R. et al. (no date) DigitAvailable: http://www.urel.feec.vutbr.cz/ra2007/archi9.pdf

[12] Lien,C.H., Bai,Y.W., Chen,H.C. HomeMonitoring and Controlling Based Communication, International ConfereElectronics (ICCE '09), Las Vegas, USA, p

[13] Boylestad, R.L. Introductory circuit analStates: Charles E. Merrill Pushing Compan

[14] Smith, I.M. Hughes Electrical TechnologyPearson education Asia Pte Ltd.

[15] Linear Technology Corporation.‘LTMicropower RMS- to- DC Convhttp://cds.linear.com/docs/en/datasheet/196

[16] Storr, W. Operational Amplifiershttp://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp

[17] Tenaga Nasional Berhad. ‘Residential’, Taat: http://www.tnb.com.my/tnb/restariff/tariff-rates.html

[18] Sears, D.O et al ‘Political System SuppEnergy Crisis’, American Journal of Polipp. 56- 82, 1978

[19] Leon, G.D. Energy Forever: Power for ToNew York: Arco publishing, Inc.

[20] Earth Hour . Available at: http://worldwildhour

[21] Seligman, C., Darley, J.M. & Becker, L.J. to residential energy conservation 'Energy pp.325-337, 1978

[22] Brandon,G. & Lweis, A. 'reducing consumption', a qualitative and quantita19,pp.75-85, 1999

ort and Response to itical Science, 22(1),

oday and Tomorrow.

Energy Efficiency is g/energy-rtant/ allenges for energy ase study of a CFL al of Energy and

Y. ‘Green and Energy ent through Energy

A digital game based n energy conservation ational Technology’,

dlife.org/pages/earth-

er, L.J. “Behavioral n”, Journal of Energy

of Environmental gy consumption', a l 19,pp. 75-85, 1999 H.M. 'Infrastructures usehold energy meter, inable Engineering nagement, Sarawak,

tal Electricity Meter.

ive/ra2003/papers/09

e Appliance Energy on Power Line

nce on Consumer pp. 1-2, 2009. lysis. 4th ed. United ny y. 7th ed. Singapore:

TC1966’, Precision verter. Available at: 66fb.pdf s. Available at:

p/opamp_1.html ariff Rates. Available sidential/pricing-and-

ort and Response to itical Science, 22(1),

oday and Tomorrow.

dlife.org/pages/earth-

Behavioral approach and Buildings', 1(3),

household energy ative field study,Vol

[23] Van Houweligen,J.H., Van Rsetting and daily electronic feJournal of consumer research'

[24] Wood, G. & Newborough, Menergy-consumption for dombehavior and design, 35, pp. 8

[25] Lien,C.H., Bai,Y.W., ChenMonitoring and ControlliCommunication, InternationElectronics (ICCE '09), Las V

[26] Boylestad, R.L. IntroductoryStates: Charles E. Merrill Pus

[27] Smith, I.M. Hughes ElectricaPearson education Asia Pte Lt

[28] Linear Technology CorporatiMicropower RMS- to-http://cds.linear.com/docs/en/

[29] Storr, W. Operational http://www.electronics-tutoria

[30] Tenaga Nasional Berhad. ‘Reat: http://www.tnb.cotariff/tariff-rates.html

VII. BIOGRAPH

Sivajothi ParamaManufacturing ManSouth Australia andClass Hons) in Elecfrom the UniversityUK. He is currentEngineering in KDjaya, Selangor, Mala

Mr. Siva has roughly 15 years of work exexperiences include roles such as the ProTraining Liaison Officer, Academic DepaEngineering. His areas of interest covEfficiency and Management, Total QualitEducation. He was formerly part of Telekoma panel of experts for program standards Technology initiatives of Malaysian Qualifiis a Chartered Engineer with the Engine(CEng). He is also a Member of the Technology (lET), UK.

Linganathan ThilLoughborough UnKingdom in 1980 Electrical and EleChartered Engineerexperience. Mr. Lidesigning, developengineering solutionEquipment, ControCommunications, A

Engineering and SCADA areas. In the areadeveloping Building Management SystemsEnergy Management Systems, Power DisIntegrated Communications and InformaSystems. Mr. Linga has also designed and bsystems such as Remote Terminal Uniprogrammable logic controllers, traffic ccontrollers. His work experiences include rOfficer, Chief Technology Officer, Control Engineering, Project Manager and Systems working as a consultant providing project mand engineering services.

Raaij, W.F. “The effect of goal-feedback on in-home energy use”, ', Vol.16, pp: 98-105, June 1989: . 'Energy and Buildings', Dynamic mestic appliances: environment, 821-841, 2003 ,H.C. Home Appliance Energy ing Based on Power Line nal Conference on Consumer

Vegas, USA, pp. 1-2, 2009. y circuit analysis. 4th ed. United hing Company

al Technology. 7th ed. Singapore: td. ion. (2001) ‘LTC1966’, Precision - DC Converter. Available at: datasheet/1966fb.pdf

Amplifiers. Available at: als.ws/opamp/opamp_1.html esidential’, Tariff Rates. Available om.my/tnb/residential/pricing-and-

HIES

asivam holds an M.Eng. in nagement from the University of d a Bachelor’s Degree (with First ctrical and Electronic Engineering y of Lincolnshire and Humberside, tly senior lecturer at School of U University College, Damnsara aysia.

xperience in this sector. His work ogramme Coordinator, Industrial artment Head for the School of ver Telecommunication, Energy ty Management and Engineering

m Malaysia Berhad and was part of for Engineering and Engineering cations Agency (MQA). Mr. Siva

eering Council, United Kingdom Institution of Engineering and

llainathan graduated from the niversity of Technology, United

with a B Sc (Hons) degree in ectronics Engineering. He is a r, and has over 33 years of work inga’s work experience includes ping and deploying integrated ns in the areas of Automatic Test l and Instrumentation, Integrated

Automation and Control, System s of SCADA, he was involved in

s, Building Automation Systems, stribution Management SCADA, ation Technology Management built numerous turnkey embedded its used in power substations, controllers, and data acquisition roles such as the Chief Executive &Instrument Consultant, Systems Designer. Mr. Linga is currently

management, consultancy, training


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Hossein Zeynal (S’08, M’13) waNorthern Khorasan, Iran. He obtaelectrical power engineering from Bojnourd, Iran, in 2005, and later hdegree from University of TechnoloSkudai, Malaysia in 2007 and 201engineering (power). Currently he iof Engineering, KDU University

Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. His research interests incOperation, Smart Grid, Cyber-Physical Systems, and ParaDr. Hossein is a Member of IEEE, PES, IET, and ACM.

Nabandana Diana was born in Kaobtained her Bachelor’s Degree (win Electrical and TelecommunicatiNorthumbria University, Newcastle2013. Her current research interEfficiency, Demand Side ManagDistribution Automation.

as born in Bojnourd, ained His B.Eng. in

Azad University of his M.Eng. and Ph.D. ogy Malaysia(UTM), 3, both in electrical s a lecturer at School College, Damansara lude Power System allel Computing.

ampala, Uganda. She with First Class Hons)

on Engineering from e upon Tyne, U.K., in rests include Energy gement (DSM), and


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