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ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Objektif

Selepas mempelajari tajuk ini, diharapkan anda dapat,

a. Mengkelaskan dan menyenaraikan jenis dan fungsi membran badan.

b. Menyenarai dan menjelaskan beberapa fungsi penting sistem integumentari

c. menamakan lapisan dan menjelaskan ciri-ciri lapisan epidermis.

d. menjelaskan tentang fungsi terbitan epidermal kelenjar sebum, kelejar peluh

dan rerambut..

SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANE

Body membrane covers surfaces, line body cavities and form protective (and

lubricating) sheet organs.

2 groups = Epithelial membrane and Connective tissue membrane

Epithelial membrane = cutaneous, mucus, and serous membranes

Connective tissue membrane = synovial membrane.

CLASSIFICATION

1. Epithelial membranes

Cutaneous superficial epidermis composed of keritininizing stratified squamos

epithelium.

- Exposed to air, is a dry membrane.

Mucus lines all body cavities that open to the exterior, e.g. hollow organs of

the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts.

- They are wet or moist, continuously bathed in secretion.

- Adapted for absorption or secretion.

- Many mucosae secrete mucus, e.g. respiratory and digestive, for protectiveand lubrication, except urinary tract.

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Sereous line body cavities that are closed to the exterior.

- Occurs in pairs, parietal (outer) and visceral (inner) walls, seperated by

sucrous fluid, lie very close to each other.

- Allows organs to slide easily without friction.

2. Connective Tissue

Synovial membrane soft aveolar connective tissue

- Line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints.

- Provide a smooth surface and secrete a lubricating fluid

- Cushion organs moving against each other, e.g. movement of tendon across

the bone surface.

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)

Skin coat of waterproof, stretchable, washable and permanent press, invisibilyrepairs small cuts, rips, and burns and guranteed to last a lifetime, with

reasonable care.

Functions

- Protective, insulates and cushions the deeper body organs.

- Regulating heat loss e.g. capillary network and sweat glands.

- Excretory system salts, urea and water loss.

- Immunity and synthesize vitamin D.

- Sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature and pain.

Structure of Skin

2 kinds of tissue = epidermis and dermis.

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Epidermis

- Has 4 or 5 layers or strata.

- Has no blood supply of its own.

- Replacement of new cell layer every 25 45 days.

- Melanin pigment of skin range from yellow to brown to black.

Dermis

- Papillary = upper dermal, reticular = deeper skin

- Strong, stretchy envelope that helps to hold the body together.

- Leather goods treated dermis of animals.

- Papillary layer furnish nutrients to the epidermis.

- Reticular layer contains blood vassels, sweat and oil glands and deep

pressure receptors.

- Phagocytes to prevent bacteria from penetrating into deeper body.

- Collagen fibre for toughness, elastic for elasticity.

- Abundantly supplied with blood vessels, to maintain body temperature

homeostasis.

Appendages of the Skin

- Include cutaneous glands, hair and hair follicles and nails.

- Cutaneous glands has sebaceous (oil) glands and sweat glands.

- Sebaceous glands oil glands except on palms and soles of feet.

- Excrete sebum, a lubricant to keep skin soft and moist and kill bacteria.

- Sweat glands = 2.5 million pores/person.

- Eccrine glands produce sweat, apocrine glands secrete fatty acids and

proteins.

- Eccrine glands secrete water, salts, vitamin C, matabolic wastes, lactic

acid.

- Sweat, pH = 4 6, acidic inhibit growth of bacteria.

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- Hair and hair follicles. What kinds of protection do they provide?

a. Guard head against bumps

b. Sheilding eyes via eye-lashes

c. To keep foreign particles out of respiratory tract via nose hairs

- Fastest growing tissues in the body. Human hair grows about 15 cm per year.

- Hair pigment is made by melanocytes in the hair bulbs. (yellow, rust, brown,

black).

- Hairs come in a variety of size and shapes

a. Eyebrow short and stiff

b. Head long and flexible

c. Wavy hair shaft is oval, hair is smooth and silky

d. Curly or kinky shaft is flat and ribbon like

e. Straight hair shaft is round, hair is course

- Hair is found all over the body except palm, sole, nipple and lips.

- Nails scale like modification of the epidermis corresponds to the hoof or

claws.

- About 65% of the fingerprints are of the loop type, whilst 25% are whorls

type. Others are of composite types of arch, loop, whorl.

- The study of fingerprints by the police started around 1900, but it was not

until 1948, that they were accepted as evidence in court.