Kontrak Komersial Internasional

7/25/2019 Kontrak Komersial Internasional

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Fokus Mata KuliahFokus Mata Kuliah

Mata kuliah ini pada dasarnya akanmembahas aspek mikro dari kegiatanbisnis lintas negara yang dilakukanoleh para pelaku bisnis.

formation and enforcement ofagreements between private

commercial parties


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Legal Framework forLegal Framework for

International BusinessInternational Business

Growth of international business

he importan!e of law in a transnationalbusiness transa!tion" strategi!

planning identifying rele#ant legalissues as early as possible in the pro!ess

$arious legal system" !i#il law and

!ommon law %p. &' International !ooperation and the

harmoni(ation of business law %p. )*'


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+our!es of International Business+our!es of International Business

LawLaw

,ational law

International law"

a'Kon#ensi internasionalb'Model law

!'General prin!iples

d'+tandar kontrak -erbandingan hukum %dolf p. /*'


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Introdu!tion to International andIntrodu!tion to International and

0omparati#e Law0omparati#e Law

-ubli! #s pri#ate international law-ubli! " legal relationships between and

among +1+

-ri#ate " laws go#erning the !ondu!t between-12-L1 %and !orporations' from di3erentstates.

,owadays4 the term international law refers toboth publi! and pri#ate aspe!ts of

international law. International law as a soft law" there is no su!h

formal lawmaking ma!hinery %legislatures4!ourt and go#ernment agen!ies' e5ists


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Many #iews on InternationalMany #iews on International

LawLaw 0osmopolitans" int6l law is based on

uni#ersal human rights

-ositi#ists" int6l law is based on the

so#ereign e7uality of all states in theint6l system and state !onsent toindi#idual int6l laws4 either throughtreaties or !ustom.

8obbesian" states will make agreementsand abide by int6l law only when it suitstheir self9interests.


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99-erdata %K:8-er' sebagai 8ukum-erdata %K:8-er' sebagai 8ukum

,asional,asional K:8-er atau Burgerlijk Wetboek merupakan

hukum perdata Indonesia yang bersumberdari Kode ,apoleon. -eruntukan awalnyaadalah bagi golongan 1ropa4 imur singdan ionghoa. +etelah Indonesia merdekaaturan hukum ini berlaku untuk semuawarga negara Indonesia4 yang diberlakukanmelalui -asal ; aturan peralihan ::< /=)>

%asas konkordasi'. +eluruh peraturan yang dibuat oleh

pemerintah 8india9Belanda berlaku bagiwarga negara Indonesia


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+istematika K:8-er %0ont?'+istematika K:8-er %0ont?'

Buku I " 2rang %subyek hukum4 hukumperkawinan dan hukum

keluarga'

Buku II " Benda@Barang

Buku III " -erikatan

Buku I$ " -embuktian dan


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-erikatan-erikatan

-erikatan A peranianC

-erikatan adalah lebih luas daripada peranian.+emua peranian sudah pasti merupakanperikatan. +edangkan suatu perikatan belum

tentu merupakan peranian. MengapaC Karenasumber dari perikatan tidak hanya dariperanian4 tetapi bisa bersumber dari undang9undang D-asal /;** K:8-er' %perbuatan hukumyang melanggar hukum %orechmatige daad' dan

pengurusan kepentingan orang lain yang tidakberdasarkan persetuuan %zaakwarneming''.

Buku ketiga memiliki sifat terbuka%tambahan@aanvulend recht'


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KontrakKontrak

Kontrak nasional #. kontrak internasional Indikator unsur asing %foreign elements' yang

ada didalam suatu kontrak"/.Kebangsaan yang berbeda

;..-enandatanganan kontrak dilakukan di luar

negeri.2bek peranian berada di luar negeriE.Bahasa yang digunakan adalah bahasa asing&.Menggunakan mata uang asing

%ource& 'uala 4dolf Dasar-Dasar 'ukum .ontrak Internasional hal& 3


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-rinsip Fundamental dan -rinsip9-rinsip Fundamental dan -rinsip9

-rinsip 8ukum Kontrak Internasional-rinsip 8ukum Kontrak Internasional

-rinsip Fundamental

/.-rinsip kedaulatan hukum nasional

;.-rinsip kebebasan berkontrak %partyautonomy'

-rinsip9-rinsip 8ukum KontrakInternasional

/.-a!ta sunt ser#anda %-asal /**& K:8-er'

;.Good faith


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8ukum Kontrak Internasional8ukum Kontrak Internasional

sebagain Bidang Ilmu yangsebagain Bidang Ilmu yang

bersifat Interdisiplinerbersifat Interdisiplinera. 8ukum Kontrak ,asionalb. 8ukum -erdata Internasional

!. 8ukum -erdagangan Internasionald. 8ukum Internasioal

e! Comparative 5aw


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8armonisasi 8ukum Kontrak8armonisasi 8ukum Kontrak

InternasionalInternasional

8armonisasi #. :nikasi

:paya dalam Melakukan 8armonisasi8ukum Kontrak Internasional


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-ara -ihak dalam Kontrak-ara -ihak dalam Kontrak

Komersial InternasionalKomersial Internasional

Kontrak internasional #. KontrakKomersial Internasional

-ihak9pihak dalam kontrak internasional"

a.ntar perusahaan

b.ntar negara dan perusahaan

!.ntar negara dengan negarad.ntar organisasi internasional dengan

perusahaan


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+umber 8ukum Kontrak+umber 8ukum Kontrak


/. 8ukum nasional

;.


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-ilihan hukum %-ilihan hukum %choice ofchoice of

lawlaw@@governing lawgoverning law''

%ubstantive law and procedural law

-rinsip9prinsip pilihan hukum

/.-rinsip kebebasan para pihak;.-rinsip bonade

*.-rinsip real !onne!tion

).-rinsip separabilitas klausul pilihanhukum


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-ilihan Forum dalam Kontrak-ilihan Forum dalam Kontrak


Fungsi

-rinsip9prinsip dalam melakukan pilihanforum

/.-rinsip kebebasan para pihak

;.-rinsip bonade

*.-rinsip prediktabilitas dan efekti#itas).-rinsip urisdiksi ekslusif


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-enentuan pilihan hukum %choice of law' dan pilihan forum %choice of forum'merupakan hak bagi para pihak4 sebagaimana sesuai dengan prinsipuni#ersal dalam hukum kontrak4 yang dikenal dengan istilahparty autonomy%kebebasan para pihak'. Meskipun demikian4 bebas disini bukan berartibebas sebebas9bebasnya tanpa ada suatu batasan. +etiap pihak yangterlibat dalam suatu transaksi@bisnis internasional harus memahami bahwaprinsip kedaulatan hukum adalah suatu prinsip yang paling tinggi dan tidakdapat dinegasikan oleh prinsip9prinsip lainnya. 8al penting lainnya yangpenting untuk menadi perhatian adalah bahwa masing9masing negaramenganut sistem hukumnya sendiri9sendiri. +elain itu hukum yang ada dimasing9masing negara tumbuh dan berkembang sesuai denganperkembangan yang ada dalam masyarakat tersebut4 yang dipengaruhi olehfaktor sosial4 budaya4 agama4 dan politik. 2leh karena itu4 meskipun parapihak diberikan kebebasan untuk memilih hukum mana yang akan mengaturkontrak mereka4 pilihan hukum tersebut akan dibatasi oleh ketertiban umumyang berlaku di masing9masing negara yang ada kaitannya dengan kontrakyang dibuat oleh para pihak.


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-embatasan terhadap -ilihan-embatasan terhadap -ilihan

8ukum di merika +erikat8ukum di merika +erikat

-embatasan terhadap pilihan hukumpara pihak diatur dalam -asal /&E %;' %b'#he ,estatement 6second74 yang

menentukan pengadilan mengikutihukum para pihak4 ke!uali bertentangandengan kebiaksanaan mendasar dari

negara yang mempunyai hubungan lebiherat dengan pilihan hukum yang telahdilakukan.


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-embatasan atas sas-embatasan atas sas

Kebebasan Berkontrak diKebebasan Berkontrak di

IndonesiaIndonesia-asal /**E K:8-erdata4 bahwa suatu sebabterlarang apabila bertentangan dengan undang9undang4 kesusilaan atau ketertiban umum4demikian pula -asal ;> B4 bahwa perbuatan atauperanian tidak boleh menghilangkan kekuatanperaturan hukum4 ketentuan umum ataukesusilaan.

-asal /E B mengatur tentang barang tidakbergerak berlaku hukum nasional di tempat barangitu terletak sesuai dengan asas le" rei sitae.


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8ukum negara hakim yang mengadilidapat menadi dasar penyelesaiannyaapabila hukum yang dipilih para pihak

tidak dapat diterapkan dalam sengketayang teradi.


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-endekatan yang digunakan-endekatan yang digunakan

dalam Menentukan -ilihandalam Menentukan -ilihan

8ukum yang epat8ukum yang epat Le5 Lo!i !ontra!tus" the law of the pla!e of!ontra!ting a !ontra!t is like a person4was sube!t to the law of the pla!e of its

origin4 and the origin as su!h was the pla!ewhere the !ontra!t was born %; 1M2I,6L L . 1$ >// >/E %;''

-arty autonomy" party intention

hat if the parties did not e5pressly orimpliedly state the go#erning law of their!ontra!tC


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Friedri!h 0arl $on +a#ignyFriedri!h 0arl $on +a#igny

1#ery legal relationship is go#erned by the law ofthe state or nation? in whi!h it has its seat


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he parties feel that the 7uestion of ane5press !hoi!e of law and forum !lause would!ause an unne!essary 7uarrel o#er a matter ofprestige and impair !han!es for e3e!ti#e !o9

operation hus4 some multi9party !ontra!ts on long9term

!ooperation4 e.g. #entures on the e5ploitationof natural resour!es %mining4 shing' do not!ontain e5press !hoi!e of law !lauses.

his in!lination to a#oid the appli!ation of anational law is ob#ious in !ontra!ts withinternational institutions4 su!h as the orldBank


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the parties still regard an e5press !hoi!e of law !lauseas a !ertain safeguard against unforeseen legal!onse7uen!es. Moreo#er4 some !ountries insist on theappli!ation of their own national law. his is often truewith !ontra!ts where one party is a go#ernment or

go#ernmental agen!y4 parti!ularly in the !ase ofde#eloping !ountries. It is legal tradition in Latinmeri!an !ountries4 and more re!ently the pra!ti!e ofsome of the rab !ountries has been to ha#e !ontra!tssube!ted to their own national laws and

urisdi!tion. his position !an lead to diO!ult problemsif the appli!able national laws ha#e no ade7uatesolution to the legal problems whi!h may arise out ofthe rele#ant transa!tion4 or if the !ourts are not in!linedto take noti!e of the fair e5pe!tations of foreign parties.


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Metode -enyelesaian +engketaMetode -enyelesaian +engketa

dalam Kasus Kontrak Komersialdalam Kasus Kontrak Komersial

InternasionalInternasional Litigasi ,on9litigasi

/.,egosiasi;.Mediasi

*.rbitrase

l h l i h di h i d l8 l h l i h di h i d l


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8al9hal penting yang harus dipahami dalam8al9hal penting yang harus dipahami dalam

pembuatan dan pelaksanaan kontrak komersilpembuatan dan pelaksanaan kontrak komersil

internasionalinternasional

!ontra!ts as the legal tools for thepea!eful transfer of goods4 ser#i!es andte!hnology in a fair balan!e of interests6http&88www!trans-le"!org899:;227

ypes of !ontra!ts4 types of !lauses andtypes of legal problems

Identi!al standard !lauses" !ontra!t6s legal

stru!ture Internationally uniform legal regime of

mandatory rules of an international!on#ention


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1lements of Good 0ontra!t1lements of Good 0ontra!t

Puality of the te5t

0lause@rule %responding to pra!ti!alneeds and must reJe!t a fair balan!e ofinterests and risks'

ttention to rmly establishedtraditions@rules@!ustoms


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8armonisasi 8ukum Kontrak8armonisasi 8ukum Kontrak


:nited ,ations 0on#ention on 0ontra!t forthe International +ale of Goods %0I+G' by:nited ,ations 0onferen!e on International

rade Law %:,0IL' -rin!iples of International 0ommer!ial

0ontra!t %-rinsip9prinsip :,I


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-rinsip9prinsip :,I


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-embentukan 0I+G-embentukan 0I+G

8armonisasi hukum kontrak ual beli baranginternasional

:,0IL sebagai lembaga yang

mempromosikan progresi#itas dalamharmonisasi dan unikasi hukum di bidangperdagangan internasional.

Konferensi yang membahas ran!angan%draft' kon#ensi diselenggarakan selamalebih kurang / bulan4 yang menghasilkan0I+G yang tediri dari // pasal.


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+istematika 0I+G+istematika 0I+G

turan substansial

-asal / s.d. -asal &&

turan administratif

-asal &= s.d. -asal //

0I+G mulai berlaku pada tanggal / Ranuari /=&&

terhadap // negara. %Berapakah umlah negaraperatikasi 0I+G hingga saat iniC'

0I+G hanya mengatur kontrak ual beli barangyang bersifat internasional.


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-ertanyaan eJeksi-ertanyaan eJeksi

pakah kehadiran 0I+G dan :,I


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1mpat tahapan kontrak1mpat tahapan kontrak

/. ,egosiasi

;. -embuatan kontrak %formation of!ontra!t'

*. ahap pelaksanaan %performan!e of!ontra!t'

). -as!a !ontra!tual


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Muatan Kon#ensi 0I+GMuatan Kon#ensi 0I+G

Ketentuan9ketentuan terkait substansikontrak dibagi kedalam lima bab"

I.Ketentuan umum

II.Kewaiban membayar

III.Kewaiban pembeli

I$.-eralihan resiko$.Ketentuan umum terhadap kewaibanpenual dan pembeli


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Berlakunya 0I+GBerlakunya 0I+G

/. For parties with their rele#ant pla!es of business in di3erent0ontra!ting +tates4 where their !ontra!t falls within the s!opeof the 0I+G4 the !ontra!t is automati!ally go#erned by the 0I+G4unless the parties indi!ate otherwiseH

;. hen only one of the parties has his rele#ant pla!e of business

in a 0ontra!ting +tate if the appli!able domesti! law regardsthe law of that 0ontra!ting +tate as the go#erning lawH

*. he 0I+G !an apply to transa!tions between parties neither ofwhom has his rele#ant pla!e of business in a 0ontra!ting +tateHand

). here are situations in whi!h prin!iples of the 0I+G !an bedeemed appli!able e#en when neither party has his rele#antpla!e of business in a 0ontra!ting +tate and the parties ha#emade no referen!e to the 0I+G in their !ontra!t


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In a series of !ontra!ts for the sale of goods on f.o.b. terms4 the buyer disputed4 both prior toshipment and upon arri#al4 the !onformity of goods !o#ered under one of the !ontra!ts with !ertain!ontra!t spe!i!ations. he buyer treated the goods in order to make them more saleable and soldthem at a loss. he seller demanded full payment and the buyer led a !ounter!laim demanding!ompensation for dire!t losses4 nan!ing !osts4 lost prots and interest.

he arbitral tribunal held4 pursuant to arti!le /*%*' of the /=E> I00 arbitration rules4 whi!h allowsthe tribunal in the absense of a !hoi!e of law by the parties to determine the appli!able law by

applying the private international law rule that it deems appropriate, that the contractwas governed by the law of the country where the seller had his place of business . Inaddition4 pursuant to arti!le /*%>' of the I00 arbitration rules4 the tribunal de!ided to take intoa!!ount 0I+G as a sour!e of pre#ailing trade usages. s the appli!able pro#isions of the law of the!ountry where the seller had his pla!e of business appeared to de#iate from the generally a!!eptedtrade usages reJe!ted in 0I+G in that it imposed e5tremely short and spe!i! time re7uirements inrespe!t of the buyer gi#ing noti!e to the seller in !ase of defe!ts4 the tribunal applied 0I+G.

he tribunal found that the buyer had !omplied with the re7uirements of 0I+G to e5amine the

goods properly %art. *&%/' 0I+G' and to notify the seller a!!ordingly %art. *=%/' 0I+G'. It was heldthat4 a!!ording to arti!le ) 0I+G4 at any rate the seller would not be entitled to rely on non9!omplian!e by the buyer with arti!le *& and *= of 0I+G for the reason that the seller knew of !ouldnot ha#e been unaware of the non9!onformity of the goods with !ontra!t spe!i!ations. hetribunal awarded the seller the full amount of its !laim and set it o3 against part of the buyerSs!ounter!laim.


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4pplicability8#rade usages CI%/ as source of85e" mercatoria.rti!le =%/' states that the parties are bound by any usages towhi!h they ha#e agreed4 either e5pressly or by impli!ation.rti!le =%;' pro#ides that an agreement may be implied onlywhen the usage is Twidely known to4 and regularly obser#ed byparties to !ontra!ts of the type in#ol#ed in the parti!ular trade!on!erned.T eferring to I00 rbitration ules whi!h state thatarbitrators will take into a!!ount Trele#ant trade usagesT4 thetribunal stated that the 0I+GSs noti!e pro#isions are Tpre#ailingtrade usagesT and held that4 as su!h4 they apply to this !ase.

http"@@www.!isg.law.pa!e.edu@!isg@wais@db@!ases;@&=>E/*i/.html


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+!holarly arti!les on 0I+G+!holarly arti!les on 0I+G

http"@@www.!isg.law.pa!e.edu@!isg@[email protected] %General -rin!iples of 1uropean0ontra!t Law '

http"@@www.!isg.law.pa!e.edu@!isg@biblio@s!hwen(er9ha!hem.html %he 0I+G 9 +u!!essesand -itfalls'

http"@@www.!isg.law.pa!e.edu@!isg@[email protected] %he $ienna +ales 0on#ention and theLe5 Mer!atoria '


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uang Lingkup -engaturanuang Lingkup -engaturan

Berlakunya 0I+G

0I+G tidak berlaku apabila"

rti!le ;http"@@!isgw*.law.pa!e.edu@!isg@te5t@dige

st9;/;9;.html

rti!le *http"@@!isgw*.law.pa!e.edu@!isg@te5t@dige

st9;/;9*.html


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+ales and Goods+ales and Goods

+ales" se!ara eksplisit tidak ditemukan pengertian sales %ual beli'di dalam 0I+G. +e!ara implisit 0I+G menyebutkan bahwa kewaibanseorang penual terdiri dari mengirimkan barang4 menyerahkandokumen9dokumen terkait dan menyerahkan hak kepemilikan daribenda tersebutH sedangkan seorang pembeli berkewaiban untuk

melakukan pembayaran. Berdasarkan penabaran tersebut4 bisadilihat bahwa pengertian sales menurut 0I+G adalah passing oftitle from the seller to they buyer for a pri!e.

Goods"


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-enge!ualian9penge!ualian untuk enisual beli barang tertentu dibuatkarena mengingat hukum nasional

masing9masing negara telah memilikipengaturan tersendiri mengenai haltersebut.

I K t kt lIsu Kontraktual yang


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Isu Kontraktual yangIsu Kontraktual yang


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Interpreting 0I+GInterpreting 0I+G

rti!le E%/'

/.he international !hara!ter of the !on#entionH

;.he need to promote uniformity in the

!on#ention6s appli!ationH and*.he obser#an!e of good faith.

he use of plain meaning ra#au5 preparatoires

0ase law


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rti!le E %;'"

/.he !on#entionH

;.he general prin!iples on whi!h the!on#ention is basedH

*.he rules of pri#ate international law.

I i + l 0


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Interpreting +ales 0ontra!tInterpreting +ales 0ontra!t

hatC

hether a !ontra!t has been made

Interpretation of the terms

s!ertaining that !ontra!t has been performed as agreed

8owC

rti!le &" ules for interpreting the statements and!ondu!t of the parties

rti!le =" :sages and pra!ti!es %of the parties and as wellas the pra!ti!es of trade to whi!h the !ontra!t relates'

i l i l &


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rti!le &rti!le &

/. For the purposes of this 0on#ention statements made byandother conduct of a party are to be interpreted a!!ording tohis intent where the other party knewor could not havebeen unaware what that intent wasH

;. If the pre!eding paragraph is not appli!able4 statements made

by and other !ondu!t of a party are to be interpreted a!!ordingto the understanding that a reasonable person of thesame kind as the other party would have had in the samecircumstancesH and

*. In determining the intent of a party or the understanding a

reasonable person would ha#e had4 due !onsideration is to begi#en to all relevant circumstances of the case in!ludingthe negotiations4 any practices whi!h the parties ha#eestablished between themsel#es4 usagesand any subsequentconduct of the parties.

+tatement and 0ondu!t of the+tatement and 0ondu!t of the


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+tatement and 0ondu!t of the+tatement and 0ondu!t of the

-arties-arties

+ube!ti#e Intent pproa!h

2be!ti#e Intent pproa!h

-arol e#iden!e rule" a rule that forbids a !ourtfrom !onsidering any prior or any!ontemporaneous oral understanding when itis interpreting a writing that the parties intended

as a nal e5pression of their agreement.


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rti!le & %*' and rti!le rti!le & %*' and rti!le

rti!le & %*'"

rti!le " The parties may exclude the application of this0on#ention or4 sube!t to arti!le /;4 derogate from or vary the

eect of any of its provisions.

rti!le /;" ny pro#ision of arti!le //4 arti!le ;= or -art II of this0on#ention that allows a !ontra!t of sale or its modi!ation ortermination by agreement or any o3er4 a!!eptan!e or other

indi!ation of intention to be made in any form other than inwriting does not apply where any party has his pla!e ofbusiness in a 0ontra!ting +tate whi!h has made a declarationunder article 9 of this 0on#ention. he parties may notderogate from or #ary the e3e!t or this arti!le.


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rti!le //" !ontra!t of sale need not be !on!luded in ore#iden!ed by writing and is not sube!t to any otherre7uirement as to form. It may be pro#ed by any means4in!luding witnesses.

rti!le =" 0ontra!ting +tate whose legislation re7uires!ontra!ts of sale to be !on!luded in or e#iden!ed bywriting may at any time make a de!laration in a!!ordan!ewith arti!le /; that any pro#ision of arti!le //4 arti!le ;=4or -art II of this 0on#ention4 that allows a !ontra!t of sale

or its modi!ation or termination by agreement or anyo3er4 a!!eptan!e4 or other indi!ation of intention to bemade in any form other than in writing4 does not applywhere any party has his pla!e of business in that +tate.

- b t k K t k- b t k K t k


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-embentukan Kontrak-embentukan Kontrak

-enawaran %o3er'

Kapan suatu penawaran menadiefektifC

!!eptan!e


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anprestasi %brea!h ofanprestasi %brea!h of

!ontra!t'!ontra!t'

Fundamental brea!h

#oidan!e

e7uests for spe!i! performan!e Ganti rugi %remedies'

1 f , - f1 f , - f


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15!uses for ,on9-erforman!e15!uses for ,on9-erforman!e

For!e Maeur

1 i >=1 i >=


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15er!ises page >=15er!ises page >=

Puestions ; 9 /

+ ll d B 6 2bli ti+ ll d B 6 2bli ti


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+eller and Buyer6s 2bligations+eller and Buyer6s 2bligations

+eller6s obligations

Buyer6s obligations

Kontrak Komersial Internasional

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Transcript of Kontrak Komersial Internasional