Laporan Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga Sektor Informal 2012

JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIADEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

ISSN 2289-4691

INFORMAL SECTOR WORK FORCE SURVEY REPORT

Jabatan Perangkaan

M A L A Y S I A

LAPORAN PENYIASATAN GUNA TENAGA

SEKTOR INFORMAL

INFORMAL SECTOR WORK FORCE SURVEY REPORT

MALAYSIA

2012

JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

JUN

JUNE 2013

i

KATA PENGANTAR

Laporan Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga Sektor Informal Malaysia, 2012 membentangkan profil guna

tenaga sektor informal berdasarkan penyiasatan yang telah dijalankan pada bulan Julai hingga

Disember 2012. Laporan ini memuatkan statistik berkenaan taburan dan komposisi guna tenaga

dalam sektor informal di Malaysia. Maklumat tersebut berguna bagi mengukur guna tenaga di

sektor informal dan sumbangan sektor ini kepada ekonomi negara, seterusnya digunakan

sebagai input untuk menyediakan anggaran Keluaran Dalam Negeri Kasar (KDNK).

Maklumat penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut jantina, taraf pekerjaan,

pekerjaan dan industri merupakan sebahagian perangkaan penting yang dipersembahkan

dalam laporan ini. Diharapkan maklumat yang dibentangkan dalam laporan ini dapat

membantu perancang dan penyelidik dalam mengkaji ciri-ciri guna tenaga dalam sektor

informal.

Jabatan merakamkan penghargaan di atas kerjasama yang diberikan oleh semua pihak yang

telah menyumbang kepada penyediaan laporan ini. Sebarang cadangan untuk menambah baik

laporan ini pada masa akan datang amatlah dihargai.

DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN

Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia

Jun 2013

ii

PREFACE

The Informal Sector Work Force Survey Report, Malaysia, 2012 presents the profile of informal

sector employment through the Informal Sector Work Force Survey which was conducted from

July to December 2012. This report presents the statistics on composition and distribution of

employment in the informal sector in Malaysia. The information is useful to measure the

informal sector employment and the contribution of this sector to the economy and

subsequently used as input to provide the estimates of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Information on employed persons in the informal sector by sex, status in employment,

occupation and industry are part of the vital statistics presented in this report. It is hoped that

the information presented in this report will assist both planners and researches in studying the

characteristics of employment in the informal sector.

The Department acknowledges and appreciates the co-operation given by all parties who have

contributed towards the preparation of this report. All suggestions towards improving future

report are highly appreciated.

DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN

Chief Statistician, Malaysia

June 2013

iii

1. Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut

strata dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by stratum

and sex, Malaysia, 2012

9

2. Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan

umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Number of employed persons in the informal sector by age group and sex,

Malaysia, 2012

10

3. Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut

kumpulan etnik dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by ethnic

group and sex, Malaysia, 2012

11

4. Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pekerjaan

dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Number of employed persons in the informal sector by occupation and sex,

Malaysia, 2012

12

5. Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut industri dan

jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Number of employed persons in the informal sector by industry and sex, Malaysia,

2012

13

KATA PENGANTAR PREFACE

RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

JADUAL TABLES

KANDUNGAN

CONTENTS

Muka surat Page

i

1

iv


taraf pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by status in

employment and sex, Malaysia, 2012

15


pencapaian pendidikan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by

educational attainment and sex, Malaysia, 2012

16


sijil tertinggi diperoleh dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by highest

certificate obtained and sex, Malaysia, 2012

17

9. Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut negeri dan

jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Number of employed persons in the informal sector by state and sex,

Malaysia, 2012

18

NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES

JADUAL RALAT PIAWAI RELATIF RELATIVE STANDARD ERROR TABLES

19

41

RINGKASAN PENEMUAN

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS


1

1. PENDAHULUAN INTRODUCTION

Laporan ini membentangkan perangkaan

guna tenaga sektor informal yang

diperoleh daripada Penyiasatan Guna

Tenaga Sektor Informal 2012. Penyiasatan

ini telah dijalankan secara bersepadu

dengan Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh yang

meliputi kawasan bandar dan luar bandar

bagi semua negeri di Malaysia.

This report presents statistics of

employed persons in the informal sector

based on information collected from the

Informal Sector Work Force Survey, 2012.

This survey has been carried out in

integration with the Labour Force Survey,

encompassing both urban and rural

areas for all the states in Malaysia.

Secara umumnya penduduk bekerja

dalam sektor informal ditakrifkan sebagai

penduduk bekerja didalam pertubuhan

yang mempunyai ciri-ciri berikut:

pertubuhan yang tidak berdaftar

dengan Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia

(SSM) atau mana-mana badan

professional, termasuk Pihak Berkuasa

Tempatan(PBT);

semua atau sekurang-kurangnya satu

barangan atau perkhidmatan yang

dikeluarkan oleh pertubuhan tersebut

adalah untuk jualan atau transaksi

barter; dan

saiz pertubuhan kurang daripada 10

orang dan tidak berdaftar dibawah

perundangan yang ditetapkan.

In general, employed persons in the

informal sector is defined as working

population in an establishment that have

the following criteria:

The establishment is not registered

with the Companies Commission of

Malaysia (CCM) or any other

professional bodies, including the

Local Authority (LA);

all or at least one goods or services

produced are meant for sale or barter

transactions; and

the size in term of employment is less

than 10 persons and not registered

under specific form of national

legislation.


2

2. GUNA TENAGA DALAM SEKTOR INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE INFORMAL SEKTOR

Pada 2012, bilangan guna tenaga di

Malaysia adalah seramai 12.7 juta orang.

Daripada jumlah tersebut, seramai 10.9

juta orang (85.8%) bekerja dalam sektor

bukan pertanian.

Bilangan guna tenaga dalam sektor

informal pula hanya mencatatkan

bilangan seramai 1.0 juta orang (8.2%)

daripada jumlah bekerja pada 2012.

In 2012, the number of employed persons

in Malaysia was 12.7 million persons. Of

these, a total of 10.9 million persons

(85.8%) were working in non agriculture

sector.

The number of employed persons in the

informal sector recorded 1.0 million

persons (8.2%) of the total employed in

2012.

Carta 1: Kerangka kerja guna tenaga sektor informal Chart 1: The informal sector work force framework

(000)

PENDUDUK UMUR BEKERJA WORKING AGE POPULATION

TENAGA BURUH LABOUR FORCE

BEKERJA EMPLOYED

12,723.2

SEKTOR KERAJAAN GOVERNMENT

SECTOR

SEKTOR FORMAL FORMAL SECTOR

AKTIVITI ISI RUMAH SEBAGAI MAJIKAN

ACTIVITIES OF

HOUSEHOLD AS EMPLOYERS

SEKTOR PERTANIAN AGRICULTURE SECTOR

SEKTOR BUKAN PERTANIAN NON-AGRICULTURE SECTOR

10,926.9

SEKTOR INFORMAL INFORMAL SECTOR

1,044.0


3

2.1 Strata Dan Jantina

Stratum And Sex

Majoriti guna tenaga dalam sektor

informal di Malaysia berada di kawasan

bandar iaitu 656,800 orang (62.9%).

The majority of the employed persons in

the informal sector in Malaysia were

found in the urban areas i.e. 656,800

persons (62.9%).

Daripada jumlah tersebut bilangan guna

tenaga lelaki adalah seramai 382,000

orang iaitu 58.2 peratus daripada

penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal

di bandar. Guna tenaga perempuan

adalah seramai 274,800 orang (41.8%).

From that total, the number of male is

382,000 persons i.e. 58.2 per cent of the

employed persons in the informal sector

in the urban. Female recorded 274,800

persons (41.8%).

2.2 Negeri

State

Taburan guna tenaga di dalam sektor

informal mengikut negeri menunjukkan

Selangor mendahului dengan 14.2

peratus diikuti oleh Sabah 12.4 peratus.

Manakala negeri terendah dicatatkan

oleh W.P. Putrajaya iaitu 0.1 peratus.

The distribution of employed persons in

the informal sector by state indicates

that Selangor led by 14.2 per cent,

followed by Sabah at 12.4 per cent.

Mean while W.P. Putrajaya recorded the

lowest percentage at 0.1 percent.

Carta 2: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut strata dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 2: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by stratum and sex, Malaysia, 2012

152.4

234.7

274.8

382.0

0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0

Bandar/Urban

Luar Bandar/Rural

Lelaki/Male

Perempuan/Female

(000)


4

2.3 Taraf Pekerjaan

Status In Employment

Golongan yang bekerja sendiri

mencatatkan dua pertiga daripada

jumlah keseluruhan sektor informal iaitu

sebanyak 67.3 peratus. Golongan pekerja

pula merekodkan peratusan kedua

tertinggi iaitu sebanyak 23.7 peratus.

Own account workers recorded two-

thirds of the total informal sector at 67.3

per cent whilst the employees recorded

the second highest i.e. 23.7 per cent.

Carta 4: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut taraf pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012

Chart 4: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by status in employment, Malaysia, 2012

Carta 3: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja di dalam sektor informal mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 3: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by state, Malaysia, 2012

14.2

12.4

10.1 9.6 9.2 9.2

7.0 6.76.0 5.4

3.52.7 2.7

0.90.2 0.1

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

(%)

2.3%

23.7%

67.3%

6.7%Majikan Employer

Pekerja Employee

Bekerja sendiri Own account worker

Pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji Unpaid family worker


5

Pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji dan majikan

hanya mencatatkan masing-masing 6.7

peratus dan 2.3 peratus.

Unpaid family worker and employer

recorded 6.7 per cent and 2.3 per cent

respectively.

2.4 Industri

Industry

Taburan peratus mengikut industri

menunjukkan industri Pembinaan

menjadi penyumbang utama guna

tenaga sektor informal iaitu sebanyak

25.0 peratus diikuti oleh Industri

Perdagangan jual borong dan runcit,

pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan

motosikal (18.7%) dan Pembuatan

(15.5%).

Percentage distribution by industry

shows Construction industry is the main

contributor of employed persons in the

informal sector at 25.0 per cent,

followed by wholesale and retail trade,

repair of motor vehicles and

motorcycles (18.7%) and Manufacturing

(15.5%).

2.5 Pekerjaan

Occupation

Dalam konteks pekerjaan, dua kategori

pekerjaan dalam sektor informal

merekodkan peratusan melebihi 35.0

peratus iaitu Pekerja kemahiran dan

pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan

(36.3%) dan Pekerja perkhidmatan dan

jualan (35.6%).

In the context of occupation, two

categories of occupation recorded more

than 35.0 per cent of workers in the

informal sector, namely Craft and

related trades workers (36.3%) and

Service and sales workers (35.6%).

25.1

18.7 15.5

12.9 10.2

5.2 3.8 2.9 1.6 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

F G C I Q N H S P M E K J L R

Carta 5: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja di dalam sektor informal mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012

Chart 5: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by industry, Malaysia, 2012

(%)

Nota/Note: Industri dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia 2008 seperti di muka surat 32 Industry is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Industrial Classification 2008 as described on page 32


6

Manakala Pekerjaan asas pula

mencatatkan peratusan ketiga tertinggi

iaitu sebanyak 14.4 peratus.

Elementary occupations recorded the

third highest percentage of 14.4 percent.

2.6 Kumpulan Umur

Age Group

Golongan umur 40-an merupakan

bilangan tertinggi yang terlibat di dalam

aktiviti sektor informal. Kumpulan umur

4044 mencatatkan bilangan seramai

132,400 orang dan kumpulan umur

4549, 142,800 orang. Saiz sektor

informal mulai mengucup pada

kumpulan umur 5054 tahun.

The 40s age group recorded the highest

number in the informal sector activities.

The 40-44 age group recorded 132,400

persons and the 4549 age group,

142,800 persons. The size of the informal

sector started to decline at the age of

5054 years.

Carta 6: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja di dalam sektor informal mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012

Chart 6: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by occupation, Malaysia, 2012

35.5

110.0 119.8 122.1134.0 132.4 142.8

112.482.8

52.2

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64

(000)

Carta 7: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan umur, Malaysia, 2012

Chart 7: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by age group, Malaysia, 2012

Kumpulan umur Age group

0.5

1.6

2.2

4.0

5.5

14.4

35.6

36.3

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8 Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja

pertukangan yang berkaitan Craft and related trades workers

Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan Service and sales workers

Pekerjaan asas Elementary occupations

Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang

Plant and machine operators and assemblers

Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu

Technicians and associate professionals

Profesional Professionals

Pengurus Managers

Pekerja sokongan perkeranian Clerical support workers

(%)


7

Sebaliknya kumpulan terendah

dicatatkan oleh kumpulan umur 1519

tahun (35,500 orang). Penyertaan yang

rendah juga dicatitkan oleh kumpulan

umur 60-an.

On the other hand, the 1519 age group

recorded the lowest number of employed

persons in the informal sector (35,500

persons). Low participation was also

recorded for the 60s age group.

2.7 Warganegara Dan Kumpulan Etnik

Citizenship And Ethnic Group

Guna tenaga warganegara Malaysia

dalam sektor informal pada 2012

dianggarkan 87.5 peratus. Manakala,

bukan warganegara hanya mencatatkan

12.5 peratus .

Malaysian citizens employed persons in

the informal sector are estimated at 87.5

per cent in 2012 whilst non-citizens

registering only 12.5 per cent.

Dari perspektif komposisi etnik, 52.4

peratus terdiri daripada etnik Melayu

diikuti oleh etnik Cina (20.2%) dan India

(4.7%) .

From the ethnic composition perspective,

the Malays were 52.4 per cent followed

by the Chinese (20.2%) and the Indians

(4.7%).

Jadual 1: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2012 Table 1: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2012

Kumpulan etnik Ethnic group

(%)

Jumlah/Total 100.0

Warganegara Malaysia/Malaysian citizens 87.5

Bumiputera 62.3

Melayu/Malay 52.4

Bumiputera lain/Other Bumiputera 9.9

Cina/Chinese 20.2

India/Indians 4.7

Lain-lain/Others 0.3

Bukan warganegara Malaysia/Non-Malaysian citizens 12.5


8

2.8 Pencapaian Pendidikan

Educational Attainment

Lebih separuh daripada jumlah

penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal

terdiri daripada mereka yang

berpendidikan menengah iaitu seramai

629,700 orang. Ini diikuti oleh mereka

yang berpendidikan rendah (271,100

orang), tertiari (89,900 orang), dan tiada

pendidikan rasmi (53,300 orang).

More than half of the total employed

persons in the informal sector consisted

of those with secondary education where

629,700 persons were involved. This was

followed by those with primary

education (271,100 persons), tertiary

education (89,900 persons), and no

formal education (53,300 persons).

Carta 8: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, 2012

Chart 8: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by educational attainment, Malaysia, 2012

53.3

271.1

629.7

89.9

0.0

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0

Tiada pendidikan rasmi

Rendah Menengah Tertiari

(000)

No formal education

Primary Tertiary Secondary

JADUAL

TABLES

Strata Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan

Stratum Total Male Female

Jumlah (000) 1,044.0 616.7 427.3

Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0

Bandar 656.8 382.0 274.8

Urban 62.9 61.9 64.3

Luar bandar 387.2 234.7 152.4

Rural 37.1 38.1 35.7

9

Jadual 1: Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut strata dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Table 1: Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by stratum and sex, Malaysia, 2012

Kumpulan umur Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan

Age group Total Male Female

Jumlah (000) 1,044.0 616.7 427.3

Total

1519 35.5 27.4 8.0

2024 110.0 77.9 32.2

2529 119.8 77.3 42.5

3034 122.1 73.2 48.9

3539 134.0 80.2 53.7

4044 132.4 71.4 61.1

4549 142.8 74.9 67.9

5054 112.4 61.3 51.1

5559 82.8 45.0 37.8

6064 52.2 28.2 24.0

10

Jadual 2: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Table 2: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2012

Kumpulan etnik Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan

Ethnic group Total Male Female

Jumlah (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0

Total

Warganegara Malaysia 87.5 84.8 91.4

Malaysian citizens

Bumiputera 62.3 57.7 69.0

Melayu 52.4 48.1 58.7

Malay

Bumiputera lain 9.9 9.6 10.3

Other Bumiputera

Cina 20.2 21.8 18.0

Chinese

India 4.7 5.0 4.1

Indians

Lain-lain 0.3 0.3 0.3

Others

Bukan warganegara Malaysia 12.5 15.2 8.6

Non-Malaysian citizens

11

Table 3: Percentage distribution of employed persons in the informal sector by ethnic group and sex, Malaysia, 2012

Jadual 3: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut kumpulan etnik dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Pekerjaan Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan

Occupation Total Male Female

Pengurus (000) 16.4 12.5 3.9Managers

Profesional 22.9 11.3 11.5Professionals

Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu 42.0 29.5 12.5


Pekerja sokongan perkeranian 5.2 2.3 2.8Clerical support workers

Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan 371.6 131.5 240.1Service and sales workers

Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan dan yang

berkaitan

378.7 263.4 115.3

Craft and related trades workers

Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang 57.0 50.8 6.2Plant and machine-operators and assemblers

Pekerjaan asas 150.2 115.2 34.9Elementary occupations

Nota/Note :

Jadual 4: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Table 4: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by occupation and sex, Malaysia, 2012

The 15th International Conference of Labour Statistics (15th ICLS) provided the option to exclude agricultural and related activities (ISIC Rev. 4 category

A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing) from the scope of informal sector surveys

12

The 15th International Conference of Labour Statistics (15th ICLS) menyarankan supaya mereka yang terlibat dengan aktiviti pertanian dan yang berkaitan

(ISIC Rev. 4 category A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing) dikeluarkan daripada skop sektor informal.

Industri Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan

Industry Total Male Female

Pembuatan (000) 161.7 43.6 118.1 Manufacturing

Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan

aktiviti pemulihan

8.0 7.1 0.9

Water supply; sewerage, waste management and

remediation activities

Pembinaan 261.3 257.9 3.4 Construction

Perdagangan borong runcit, pembaikan kenderaan

bermotor dan motosikal

195.5 133.3 62.2

Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and

motorcycles

Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan 39.4 36.4 3.0 Transportation and storage

Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan

minuman

134.6 52.9 81.8

Accommodation and food service activities

Maklumat dan komunikasi 4.7 3.2 1.5 Information and communication

Nota/Note :

13

The 15th International Conference of Labour Statistics (15th ICLS) menyarankan supaya mereka yang terlibat dengan aktiviti pertanian dan yang berkaitan

(ISIC Rev. 4 category A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing) dikeluarkan daripada skop sektor informal.

The 15th International Conference of Labour Statistics (15th ICLS) provided the option to exclude agricultural and related activities (ISIC Rev. 4 category

A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing) from the scope of informal sector surveys

Jadual 5: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut industri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Table 5: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by industry and sex, Malaysia, 2012

Industri Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan

Industry Total Male Female

Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful (000) 7.9 4.8 3.1 Financial and insurance/takaful activities

Aktiviti hartanah 5.7 4.4 1.3

Real estate activities

Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal 11.9 6.7 5.2 Professional, scientific and technical activities

Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan 53.4 32.8 20.7 Administrative and support service activities

Pendidikan 17.0 7.0 10.0

Education

Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial 106.0 3.3 102.7

Human health and social work activities

Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi 5.1 4.0 1.1

Arts, entertainment and recreation

Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain 30.5 18.4 12.1

Other service activities

14

Jadual 5: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut industri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)

Table 5: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by industry and sex, Malaysia, 2012 (cont'd)

Taraf Pekerjaan Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan

Status in employment Total Male Female

Jumlah (000) 1,044.0 616.7 427.3

Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0

Majikan 23.6 19.3 4.3

Employer 2.3 3.1 1.0

Pekerja 247.5 203.8 43.7

Employee 23.7 33.0 10.2

Bekerja sendiri 702.8 366.4 336.4

Own account worker 67.3 59.4 78.7

Pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji 70.2 27.2 42.9

Unpaid family worker 6.7 4.4 10.0

15

Jadual 6: Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut taraf pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Table 6: Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by status in employment and sex, Malaysia, 2012

Pencapaian pendidikan Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan

Educational attainment Total Male Female

Jumlah (000) 1,044.0 616.7 427.3

Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0

Tiada pendidikan rasmi 53.3 26.4 26.9

No formal education 5.1 4.3 6.3

Rendah 271.1 160.0 111.1

Primary 26.0 26.0 26.0

Menengah 629.7 381.4 248.3

Secondary 60.3 61.9 58.1

Tertiari 89.9 48.8 41.1

Tertiary 8.6 7.9 9.6

Jadual 7: Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pencapaian pendidikan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Table 7: Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by educational attainment and sex, Malaysia, 2012

16

Sijil tertinggi diperoleh Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan Highest certificate obtained Total Male Female

Jumlah (000) 1,144.0 616.7 427.3

Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0

UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf 198.4 129.4 69.1

UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent 17.3 21.0 16.2

PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang setaraf 207.5 129.7 77.8

PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent 18.1 21.0 18.2

SPM atau yang setaraf 356.9 203.3 153.7

SPM or equivalent 31.2 33.0 36.0

STPM atau yang setaraf 26.0 13.7 12.3

STPM or equivalent 2.3 2.2 2.9

Sijil * 15.7 10.0 5.7

Certificate 1.4 1.6 1.3

Diploma 25.3 12.9 12.4

2.2 2.1 2.9

Ijazah 20.3 10.8 9.5

Degree 1.8 1.8 2.2

Tiada sijil 140.6 80.7 59.9

No certificate 12.3 13.1 14.0

Tidak berkenaan 53.3 26.4 26.9

Not applicable 4.7 4.3 6.3

Nota/Note:

Table 8: Number and percentage of employed persons in the informal sector by highest certificate obtained and sex, Malaysia, 2012

Jadual 8: Bilangan dan peratus penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut sijil tertinggi diperoleh dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

*Merujuk kepada sijil yang diperolehi dari kolej, politeknik atau institusi-institusi lain yang menawarkan pendidikan rasmi. Tempoh pensijilan adalah

tidak kurang dari enam bulan

*Refers to certificate obtained from college, polytechnic or other institutions which offers formal education. Duration of certification should not be less

than six months

17

Negeri Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan

State Total Male Female

Jumlah (000) 1,044.0 616.7 427.3 Total

Johor 70.2 40.5 29.7

Kedah 95.9 52.5 43.3

Kelantan 105.9 72.3 33.6

Melaka 28.3 14.6 13.7

Negeri Sembilan 28.1 14.9 13.2

Pahang 36.3 17.1 19.2

Perak 96.5 55.1 41.4

Perlis 9.9 5.7 4.2

Pulau Pinang 73.5 39.3 34.2

Sabah 129.9 86.6 43.3

Sarawak 100.0 54.2 45.8

Selangor 148.4 91.8 56.6

Terengganu 62.2 42.1 20.1

WP Kuala Lumpur 56.7 28.6 28.0

WP Labuan 1.8 1.0 0.7

WP Putrajaya 0.6 0.3 0.3

18

Jadual 9: Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012

Table 9: Number of employed persons in the informal sector by state and sex, Malaysia, 2012

NOTA TEKNIKAL

TECHNICAL NOTES


19

1. PENGENALAN 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1

Selaras dengan hasrat untuk

mengukuhkan sistem dan kaedah

anggaran Keluaran Dalam Negeri

Kasar (KDNK) yang meliputi semua

aktiviti, maka usaha giat dilaksanakan

di peringkat antarabangsa bagi

memastikan sumbangan aktiviti non-

observed dapat diukur dan seterusnya

diambil kira dalam anggaran KDNK

sesebuah negara.

Konsep guna tenaga dalam sektor

informal adalah berdasarkan kepada

pendekatan yang diterima pakai oleh

15th International Conference of

Labour Statisticians (15th ICLS) 1993

dan dirujuk oleh System of National

Accounts (SNA 1993). Pendekatan

tersebut juga diterima pakai oleh

Expert Group on Informal Statistics

(United Nations), ringkasnya Delhi

Group.

1.1 In line with the aim to strengthen the

system and method of estimation of

Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which

covers all activities, a lot of efforts

have been done at the international

level to ensure that the contribution of

non-observed activities could be

measured and further to be taken in

estimating the GDP of the country.

The concept of employed persons in

the informal sector is based on the

approach used by the 15th

International Conference of Labour

Statisticians (15th ICLS) in 1993 and

was revised by the System of National

Accounts (SNA 1993). The same

concept and approach are also used

by the Expert Group on Informal

Statistics (United Nations), a.k.a. Delhi

Group.

1.2 Delhi Group adalah organisasi

antarabangsa yang ditubuhkan pada

tahun 1997 di mana pakar-pakar

bertukar pandangan berkenaan

pengukuran ekonomi informal,

mendokumenkan pengumpulan data,

termasuk definisi dan metodologi

1.2 The Delhi Group is an international

organization setup in 1997 where

experts exchange experience in the

measurement of the informal

economy, document the data

collection practices, including

definition and methodologies,



20

serta mencadangkan pengukuran

untuk meningkatkan kualiti dan

perbandingan perangkaan sektor

informal. Malaysia juga merupakan

ahli di dalam kumpulan tersebut.

recommend measurement for

improving the quality and

comparability of informal sector

statistics. Malaysia is also a member

of this Group.

1.3 Komponen bagi aktiviti non-observed

adalah aktiviti underground, aktiviti

tidak sah (illegal), aktiviti informal dan

aktiviti yang dijalankan bagi kegunaan

isi rumah sendiri. Anggaran

sumbangan sektor ini khususnya

sektor informal adalah berdasarkan

konsep mixed income1.

Oleh itu pengutipan maklumat

melalui penyiasatan yang lebih khusus

perlu bagi menganggar sumbangan

non-observed economy yang lebih

spesifik dan terperinci.

1.3 Components for non-observed

activities include underground

activities, illegal activities, informal

activities and activities for household

own consumption. The estimated

contribution of this sector, particularly

the informal sector is based on the

concept of mixed income1.

Detailed estimation to the

contribution of non-observed

economy requires specific collection

through its own survey.

1.4 Sehubungan itu, Jabatan Perangkaan

Malaysia telah membangunkan

instrumen Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga

Sektor Informal dan mengujinya pada

Oktober 2004 di Kota Bharu, Kelantan

dan Kuching, Sarawak. Seterusnya,

kajian rintis yang meliputi semua

negeri telah dilaksanakan pada Ogos

hingga Oktober 2006 di mana soal

selidik kajian telah disisipkan dalam

Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh (PTB).

Pada tahun 2009, kajian Penyiasatan

1.4 Accordingly, the Department has

developed instruments and tested

the Informal Sector Work Force Survey

in October 2004 in Kota Bharu,

Kelantan and Kuching, Sarawak. A

pilot study that covers all the states

was implemented in August until

October 2006 in which the

questionnaires have been attached to

the Labour Force Survey (LFS). In 2009,

the Informal Sector Work Force

Survey was tested and conducted in 1 Mixed income merujuk kepada pendapatan pemilik

unincorporated enterprise

1 Mixed income refers to the owners of unincorporated

enterprise income


21

Guna Tenaga Sektor Informal telah

dijalankan secara bersepadu dengan

PTB selama tiga bulan iaitu pada

Ogos, September dan Oktober. Mulai

2010, ianya telah dijalankan pada

bulan Julai hingga Disember.

Maklumat berkenaan demografi,

sosial dan ekonomi seperti

kewarganegaraan, taraf pendidikan,

pekerjaan dan industri adalah dipetik

daripada Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh.

Soal selidik mengenai sektor informal

pula mengandungi soalan-soalan yang

menapis sektor informal daripada

sektor formal.

an integrated manner with the LFS for

three months i.e. August, September

and October. Since 2010 the survey

was conducted from July until

December.

Information on demographic and

socioeconomic characteristics such as

citizenship, educational attainment,

occupation and industry are extracted

from the Labour Force Survey. The

informal sector questionnaire

contained questions that screened the

informal sector from the formal

sector.

1.5

(i)

Guna tenaga dalam sektor informal

merangkumi semua pekerjaan di

sektor informal atau bekerja

sekurang-kurangnya di satu

pertubuhan sektor informal pada

tempoh rujukan, tanpa mengambil

kira status pekerjaan sama ada ianya

pekerjaan utama atau pekerjaan

sampingan. Walau bagaimanapun,

penyiasatan ini hanya mengambil kira

pekerjaan utama.

Kriteria pertubuhan sektor informal

adalah seperti berikut:

pertubuhan yang tidak berdaftar

dengan Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia

1.5

(i)

Employed persons in the informal

sector includes all occupation in the

informal sector or worked at least in

the informal sector establishment in

the reference period, irrespective of

their status in employment and

whether It was their main or

secondary job. However, the survey

only covers the main occupation.

Criteria for the informal sector

enterprise are as follows:

the enterprise is not registered with

the Companies Commission of


22

(ii)

(iii)

(SSM) atau mana-mana badan

profesional, termasuk Pihak Berkuasa

Tempatan (PBT);


barangan atau perkhidmatan yang

dikeluarkan adalah untuk jualan atau

transaksi barter; dan

saiz pekerja kurang daripada 10 orang

dan tidak berdaftar di bawah

perundangan yang ditetapkan.

Cut-off 10 pekerja dibuat berdasarkan

Akta Pembangunan Sumber Manusia,

2001 yang memberikan kebenaran

kepada majikan yang mempunyai

pekerja kurang daripada 10 orang

selama tiga bulan berturut-turut

untuk membatalkan pendaftarannya

dengan perbadanan dan dikecualikan

daripada dikenakan levi.

Bagi kebanyakan negara, aktiviti

pertanian tidak termasuk dalam skop

sektor informal. The 15th ICLS

menyarankan supaya mereka yang

terlibat dengan aktiviti pertanian dan

yang berkaitan (ISIC Rev. 4 category

A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing)

dikeluarkan daripada skop sektor

informal dan diukur secara

berasingan.

(ii)

(iii)

Malaysia (CCM) or any other

professional bodies, including the

Local Authority (LA);

all or at least one goods or services

produced are meant for sale or barter

transactions; and

the size in term of employment is less

than 10 person and not registered

under specific form of national

legislation.

The 10 employees cut-off is based on

Human Resources Development Act,

2001 which granted leave to

employers with fewer than 10

employees for three consecutive

months to cancel its registration with

the corporation and exempt from the

levy imposed.

Most countries exclude agriculture

and related activities from the scope

of informal sector. The 15th ICLS

provided the option to exclude

agricultural and related activities (ISIC

Rev. 4 category A: Agriculture,

forestry and fishing) from the scope of

informal sector surveys and to

measure them separately.

In the developing countries like


23

Di negara membangun seperti

Malaysia, kegiatan pertanian adalah

sangat meluas dan kebanyakannya

dijalankan oleh isi rumah tidak

berdaftar dan beroperasi secara kecil-

kecilan. Dengan memasukkan aktiviti

pertanian ke dalam sektor informal, ia

akan membebankan operasi kutipan

data. Oleh yang demikian, ia sesuai

diliputi dalam banci/penyisatan

pertanian.

Malaysia the agricultural activities,

are widely operated and mostly are

run by unregistered household

unincorporated enterprises operating

on a small scale basis. The inclusion of

such activities in the informal sector

would be burdensome in data

collection. On this note, it is preferable

to be canvassed in the agricultural

census or surveys.

2. OBJEKTIF PENYIASATAN 2. SURVEY OBJECTIVE

Objektif penyiasatan ialah:

Mendapatkan profil guna tenaga di

sektor informal berdasarkan ciri-ciri

demografi, sosial dan ekonomi;

Mendapatkan anggaran guna

tenaga informal di Malaysia yang

merupakan input utama bagi

mengukur sumbangan sektor

informal kepada KDNK melalui

Labour Input Method.

The objective of the survey is to:

To collect the profiles of

employment in the informal sector

based on demographic, social and

economic characteristics;

To obtain estimates of informal

employment in Malaysia, which is

the main input to measure the

contribution of informal sector to

GDP through the Labour Input

Method.

3. LIPUTAN 3. COVERAGE

3.1 Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga Sektor

Informal yang merupakan salah satu

modul Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh

meliputi populasi penyiasatan yang

sama di kedua-dua kawasan bandar

dan luar bandar bagi semua negeri di

3.1 Informal Sector Work Force Survey

which is a module of Labour Force

Survey covers the same survey

population for both urban and rural

area for all states in Malaysia.


24

Malaysia.

3.2 Definasi populasi penyiasatan

meliputi penduduk yang tinggal di

tempat kediaman persendirian di

Malaysia dan tidak termasuk mereka

yang tinggal di tempat kediaman

institusi seperti hotel, rumah

tumpangan, asrama, hospital, rumah

orang tua, berek tentera dan penjara.

3.2 The survey population is defined to

cover persons who live in private living

quarters in Malaysia and hence

exclude persons residing in institutions

such as hotels, lodging houses,

hostels, hospitals, old folks homes,

military barracks, and prisons.

3.3 Maklumat penyiasatan ini hanya

meliputi ahli isi rumah biasa yang

memenuhi ciri-ciri berikut:

berumur 15 tahun dan lebih;

bekerja dalam semua sektor

kecuali sektor pertanian,

pemburuan, perhutanan dan

perikanan; dan

BUKAN pekerja kerajaan.

3.3 Information for this survey only

covers usual household members who

meet the following criteria:

Aged 15 and over;

working in all sectors except

agriculture, hunting, forestry

and fisheries, and

NON government employees.

3.4 Bagi tujuan analisis, Penyiasatan Guna

Tenaga Sektor Informal mengambil

kira umur bekerja 15 hingga 64

tahun. Ini bersesuaian dengan konsep

Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh yang

menggunakan kumpulan umur

tersebut dalam mengukur penduduk

yang aktif dalam ekonomi.

3.4 For the purpose of analysis, Informal

Sector Work Force Survey takes into

account the working age of 15

to 64 years. This is consistent with the

concept of using the Labour Force

Survey to measure the age group

of the economically active population.


25

4. KAEDAH PENGUMPULAN DATA 4. DATA COLLECTION METHOD

4.1 Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga Sektor

Informal merupakan salah satu modul

Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh

menggunakan kaedah temu ramah

bersemuka dengan responden. Ketika

tempoh penyiasatan, penemu ramah

terlatih melawat tempat kediaman

terpilih untuk mengumpulkan

maklumat ahli isi rumah termasuk

butiran demografi.

4.1 The Informal Sector Work Force

Survey is one of the modules of the

Labour Force Survey using face to face

interview. During the survey period,

trained interviewer will visit

households in selected living quarters

to gather information including

demographic particulars.

4.2 Dari segi operasi, soalan penyiasatan

guna tenaga sektor informal

ditanyakan kepada ahli isi rumah

berumur 15 tahun dan lebih yang

bekerja dalam sektor bukan pertanian

dan taraf pekerjaannya bukan pekerja

kerajaan.

4.2 In terms of operations, informal sector

work force survey questions were

asked to household members aged 15

and over who worked in the non

agricultural sector and non-

government employee.

4.3 Semakan kerja luar dibuat bagi

mengesan maklumat yang tertinggal

serta membetulkan sebarang

kesalahan semasa penyiasatan

dijalankan.

4.3 Field checks are undertaken to identify

and correct any errors or omissions at

the time when the survey is

conducted.

5. TEMPOH RUJUKAN 5. REFERENCE PERIOD

Tempoh rujukan penyiasatan adalah

merujuk kepada tujuh hari sebelum

tarikh permulaan temu ramah iaitu

17hb, 814hb dan 1521hb bagi bulan

Julai hingga Disember.

The Survey reference period refers to

seven days preceding the

commencement date which are

1st7th, 8th14th and 15th-21st for the

month of July until December.


26

6. KONSEP DAN DEFINISI 6. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

6.1 Sektor informal 6.1 Informal sector

Kriteria pertubuhan sektor informal

merangkumi pertubuhan yang tidak

berdaftar dengan SSM dan badan-

badan profesional, saiz pertubuhan

kurang daripada 10 orang pekerja dan


barangan atau perkhidmatan adalah

untuk jualan atau transaksi barter.

Criteria of informal sector

establishment includes establishment

not registered with CCM and

professional bodies, the size of the

establishment is less than 10 workers

and all or at least one goods or

services produced are meant for sale

or barter transactions.

6.2 Kumpulan etnik 6.2 Ethnic groups

Kumpulan etnik dikategorikan di

kalangan warganegara Malaysia

setelah mengasingkan bukan

warganegara Malaysia. Pengelasan


Warganegara Bumiputera

Melayu Bumiputera lain

Cina India Lain-lain Bukan warganegara Malaysia

The ethnic group is categorized within

Malaysia citizens after separating

those who are non-citizens. The

classification is as follows:

Malaysian citizens Bumiputera

Malay Other Bumiputera

Chinese Indians Others Non-Malaysian citizens

6.3 Pencapaian pendidikan 6.3 Educational attainment

Merujuk kepada peringkat tertinggi

seseorang itu telah menamatkan atau

sedang mengikuti persekolahan di

institusi pendidikan awam atau

swasta yang menyediakan pendidikan

rasmi. Ia dikategorikan seperti

berikut:

Refers to the highest level which a

person has completed schooling or is

currently attending, in a public or

private educational institution that

provides formal education. It is

categorised as follows:


27

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Tiada pendidikan rasmi

Merujuk kepada mereka yang tidak

pernah menghadiri mana-mana

institusi pendidikan yang memberi

pendidikan rasmi.

Rendah

Merujuk kepada mereka yang telah

mencapai pendidikan tertinggi di

peringkat Tahun 1 hingga 6 atau yang

setaraf.

Menengah


mencapai pendidikan tertinggi di

peringkat Tingkatan 1 (termasuk kelas

peralihan) hingga Tingkatan 5,

General Certificate of Education O

Level atau yang setaraf. Termasuk

program kemahiran asas di institusi

latihan kemahiran khusus dan

teknikal yang mana tempoh pengajian

adalah sekurang-kurangnya enam

bulan seperti GIATMARA.

Tertiari


mencapai pendidikan tertinggi

selepas Tingkatan 5.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

No formal education

Refers to person who never attended

school in any of the educational

institutions that provides formal

education.

Primary

Refers to those whose highest level of

education attained is from Standard 1

to 6 or equivalent.

Secondary


education attained is from Form 1

(including remove class) to Form 5,

General Certificate of Education 'O'

Level or equivalent. Includes basic skill

programmes in specific trades and

technical skills institutions whereby

the training period is at least six

months e.g. GIATMARA.

Tertiary


education is above Form 5.


28

6.4 Sijil tertinggi diperoleh 6.4 Highest certificate obtained

Merujuk kepada sijil tertinggi

diperoleh dari institusi pendidikan

awam atau swasta yang menyediakan

pendidikan rasmi. Mulai 2008,

klasifikasi sijil tertinggi diperoleh

adalah mengikut konsep International

Standard Classification of Education

(ISCED).

Refers to the highest certificate

obtained from the public or private

educational institution that provides

formal education. Starting from 2008,

classification of highest certificate

obtained is according to the

International Standard Classification

of Education (ISCED).

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf

Merujuk kepada Ujian Penilaian

Sekolah Rendah/Ujian Penilaian

Sekolah Rendah Agama atau yang

setaraf.

PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang setaraf

Merujuk kepada Penilaian Menengah

Rendah, Sijil Rendah Pelajaran, Lower

Certificate of Education, Sijil Rendah

Agama atau yang setaraf.

SPM atau yang setaraf

Merujuk kepada Sijil Pelajaran

Malaysia atau yang setaraf (Senior

Cambridge Certificate, General

Certificate of Education O Level dan

Sijil Pelajaran Vokasional Malaysia).

Termasuk sijil kemahiran asas yang

diperoleh dari institusi latihan

kemahiran khusus dan teknikal yang

mana tempoh pengajian adalah

sekurang-kurangnya enam bulan

seperti sijil GIATMARA.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent

Refers to Ujian Penilaian Sekolah

Rendah/Ujian Penilaian Sekolah

Rendah Agama or equivalent.

PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent

Refers to Penilaian Menengah

Rendah, Sijil Rendah Pelajaran, Lower

Certificate of Education, Sijil Rendah

Agama or equivalent.

SPM of equivalent

Refers to Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia or

equivalent (Senior Cambridge

Certificate, General Certificate of

Education O Level and Malaysia

Certificate of Vokasional Education).

Includes basic skill certificate obtained

from specific trades and technical

skills institutions whereby the training

period is at least six months e.g.

GIATMARA certificate.


29

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

STPM atau yang setaraf

Merujuk kepada Sijil Tinggi

Persekolahan Malaysia, Higher School

Certificate, atau kelulusan yang

setaraf (Sijil Tinggi Agama dan

General Certificate of Education A

Level).

Sijil

Merujuk kepada sijil yang diperolehi

dari kolej, politeknik atau institusi-

institusi lain yang menawarkan

pendidikan rasmi. Tempoh pensijilan

adalah tidak kurang dari enam bulan.

Diploma

Merujuk kepada diploma atau sijil

setaraf dengannya dan diperoleh

selepas kategori (iii), (iv) atau (v) dari

universiti, kolej, maktab atau

politeknik sebelum peringkat ijazah.

Ijazah

Merujuk kepada ijazah (Ijazah Sarjana

Muda, Sarjana atau Doktor Falsafah)

yang diperoleh dari institusi pengajian

tinggi awam atau swasta atau yang

setaraf.

Tiada Sijil

Merujuk kepada mereka yang masih

di bangku sekolah atau telah tamat

persekolahan tanpa memperolehi

sebarang sijil.

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

STPM or equivalent

Refers to Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan

Malaysia, Higher School Certificate or

equivalent (Sijil Tinggi Agama and

General Certificate Education A

Level).

Certificate

Refers to certificate obtained from

college, polytechnic or other

institutions which offers formal

education. Duration of certification

should not be less than six months.

Diploma

Refers to diploma or equivalent

certificate obtained after category (iii),

(iv) or (v) from university, college or

polytechnic prior to a degree

qualification.

Degree

Refers to degree (Bachelor, Masters or

PhD) obtained from public or private

higher institution or equivalent.

No certificate

Refers to those persons who are

currently attending school or who

have completed schooling without

receiving any certificate.


30

(ix)

Tidak berkenaan

Merujuk kepada mereka yang tiada

pendidikan rasmi.

(ix) Not applicable

Refers to those persons who have no

formal education

6.5 Taraf pekerjaan 6.5 Status in employment

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Taraf pekerjaan adalah merujuk

kepada kedudukan atau taraf

seseorang yang bekerja di dalam

pertubuhan atau organisasi di mana

beliau bekerja. Penduduk yang

bekerja dikelaskan mengikut taraf

guna tenaga seperti berikut:

Majikan

Seorang yang menjalankan sesuatu

perniagaan, perusahaan ladang atau

perniagaan lain dan menggaji seorang

pekerja atau lebih untuk

menolongnya.

Pekerja

Seorang yang bekerja untuk majikan

bukan kerajaan atau persendirian dan

menerima ganjaran tetap seperti

upah, gaji, komisen, tip atau upahan

yang berbentuk mata benda.

Bekerja sendiri

Seorang yang mengerjakan ladang,

perniagaan atau perusahaan sendiri

tanpa menggaji pekerja di ladang,

perniagaan atau perusahaan.

Pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji

Seorang yang bekerja tanpa

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Status in employment refers to the

position or status of an employed

person within the establishment or

organisation for which he/she

worked. Employed persons are

classified according to the following

employment status:

Employer

A person who operates a business, a

plantation or other trade and employs

one or more workers to help him.

Employee

A person who works for private

employer and receives regular

remuneration in wages, salary,

commission, tips or payment in kind.

Own account worker

A person who operates his own farm,

business or trade without employing

any paid workers in the conduct of his

farm, trade or business.

Unpaid family worker

A person who work without pay or


31

menerima sebarang bayaran atau

upah di ladang, perniagaan atau

perusahaan yang dijalankan oleh ahli

keluarganya yang lain.

wages on a farm, business or trade

operated by another member of the

family.

6.6 Pekerjaan 6.6 Occupation

Pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut

klasifikasi Piawaian Pengelasan

Pekerjaan Malaysia (MASCO) yang

berasaskan kepada International

Standard Classification of

Occupations (ISCO). Pengelasan

pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut

MASCO 2008 yang berasaskan kepada

ISCO-08.

Occupation is classified according to

Malaysia Standard Classification of

Occupations (MASCO) based on the

International Standard Classification

of Occupations (ISCO). Occupation is

classified according to the MASCO

2008 based on ISCO-08.

Bagi seseorang yang mempunyai lebih

daripada satu pekerjaan, hanya

pekerjaan yang mengambil masa

terbanyak semasa tempoh rujukan

dianggap sebagai pekerjaan

utamanya. Jika masa bekerja bagi

tiap-tiap pekerjaan itu sama, maka

pekerjaan yang menghasilkan

pendapatan yang tertinggi adalah

pekerjaan utamanya. Dalam kes di

mana bilangan jam bekerja dan

pendapatannya adalah sama bagi

setiap pekerjaan, pekerjaan di mana

dia telah bekerja paling lama

dianggap sebagai pekerjaan

utamanya.

For a person having more than one

job, only the job at which he worked

for the longest number of hours

during the reference week is treated

as his principal occupation. Should the

number of hours worked for each job

is the same, then the job with the

highest income is the principal

occupation. In cases where the

number of hours worked and the

income earned from each job are the

same, the job at which he was

working for the longest period of time

is considered as the principal

occupation.


32

6.7 Industri 6.7 Industry

Pengelasan industri merujuk kepada

yang berkaitan dengan pekerjaan

utama. Mulai 2010, industri

dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian

Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia (MSIC)

2008 berasaskan kepada

International Standard Industrial

Classification of All Economic

Activities (ISIC), Revision 4. Kategori

industri adalah seperti berikut:

Classification of industry refers to the

principal occupation. Starting from

2010, industry is classified according

to the Malaysian Standard Industrial

Classification (MSIC) 2008 based on

the International Standard Industrial

Classification of All Economic

Activities (ISIC), Revision 4. The

category of industries are as follows:

A Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan/Agriculture, forestry and fishing

B Perlombongan dan pengkuarian/Mining and quarrying

C Pembuatan/Manufacturing

D Bekalan elektrik, gas,wap dan pendingin udara/Electricity, gas, steam

and air conditioning supply

E Bekalan air; pembetungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan/

Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities

F Pembinaan/Construction

G Perdagangan borong dan runcit; pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal/

Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles

H Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan/Transportation and storage

I Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman/

Accommodation and food service activities

J Maklumat dan komunikasi/Information and communication

K Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful/Financial and insurance/takaful activities

L Aktiviti hartanah/Real estate activities

M Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal/Professional, scientific and

technical activities

N Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan/Administrative and support

services activities

O Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib/

Public administration and defence; compulsory social security

P Pendidikan/Education

Q Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial/Human health and

social work activities

R Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi/Arts, entertainment and recreation

S Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain/Other service activities


33

7. RANGKA PENSAMPELAN 7. SAMPLING FRAME

7.1 Rangka pensampelan bagi

Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga Sektor

informal adalah daripada Rangka

Pensampelan Isi Rumah Kebangsaan

(RPIK) yang terdiri daripada Blok

Penghitungan (BP) yang diwujudkan

untuk Banci Penduduk dan

Perumahan 2010. BP ialah satu

kawasan muka bumi yang diwujudkan

secara rekaan dan biasanya

mempunyai sempadan tertentu.

Secara puratanya, setiap BP

mengandungi 80 hingga 120 tempat

kediaman. Pada amnya, kesemua BP

dibentuk di dalam lingkungan

sempadan yang diwartakan iaitu di

dalam daerah pentadbiran, mukim

atau pihak berkuasa tempatan.

7.1 The frame used for the Informal Sector

Work Force Survey is from the

National Household Sampling Frame

(NHSF) which is made up of

Enumeration Block (EB) created for

Population and Housing Census 2010.

EBs are geographically contiguous

areas of land that is created with

identifiable boundaries.

On average, each EBs contains about

80 to 120 living quarters. Generally,

all EBs are formed within the gazetted

boundaries i.e. within administrative

district, mukim or local authority

areas.

7.2 BP dalam rangka pensampelan juga

dikelaskan mengikut kawasan bandar

dan luar bandar. Kawasan bandar

ditakrifkan sebagaimana yang telah

digunakan bagi Banci Penduduk dan

Perumahan 2010. Kawasan bandar

ialah kawasan yang diwartakan serta

kawasan tepu bina yang

bersempadan dengannya dan

gabungan kedua-dua kawasan ini

mempunyai penduduk seramai

10,000 orang atau lebih semasa Banci

7.2 The EBs in the sampling frame is also

classified by urban and rural areas.

Urban areas are as defined in the

2010 Population and Housing Census.

Urban areas are gazetted areas with

their adjoining built-up areas which

have a combine population of 10,000

or more at the time of the 2010

Population and Housing Census. All

other gazetted areas with a

population of less than 10,000 persons

and non-gazetted areas are classified


34

Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010.

Kawasan selainnya yang diwartakan

dan mempunyai jumlah penduduk

kurang daripada 10,000 orang serta

kawasan yang tidak diwartakan,

dikelaskan sebagai luar bandar.

Kawasan tepu bina ditakrifkan sebagai

kawasan yang terletak bersebelahan

kawasan yang diwartakan dan

mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya 60

peratus penduduk (berumur 15 tahun

dan lebih) yang terlibat dalam aktiviti

bukan pertanian.

as rural.

Built-up areas are defined as areas

contiguous to a gazetted area and has

at least 60 per cent of their population

(age 15 years and over) engaged in

non-agricultural activities.

7.3 Pengelasan kawasan mengikut strata


7.3 The classification of areas by

stratum is as follows:

Strata Sratum

Bilangan penduduk Number of Population

(i) Metropolitan Metropolitan

75,000 dan lebih 75,000 and over

(ii) Bandar besar Urban large

10,000 hingga 74,999 10,000 to 74,999

(iii) Bandar kecil Urban small

1,000 hingga 9,999 1,000 to 9,999

(iv) Luar Bandar Rural

Kawasan selebihnya All other areas


35

7.4 Bagi tujuan pensampelan, pengelasan

yang luas seperti di atas adalah

memadai untuk semua negeri di

Malaysia. Walau bagaimanapun, bagi

Sabah dan Sarawak, memandangkan

masalah kesukaran untuk akses ke

kawasan pedalaman, strata luar

bandar dibahagikan lebih lanjut

berdasarkan kepada jangka waktu

yang diambil untuk sampai ke sesuatu

tempat dari pusat bandar yang

terdekat.

7.4 For sampling purposes, the above

broad classification is found adequate

for all states in Malaysia. However,

due to problems of accessibility

for Sabah and Sarawak, the rural

stratum has to be sub stratified based

on the time taken to reach the area

from the nearest urban centre.

7.5 Bagi tujuan analisis bandar/luar

bandar, strata dicantum seperti

berikut:

Bandar = Metropolitan + Bandar

besar

Luar = Bandar kecil + Luar

Bandar Bandar

7.5 For the purposes of urban/rural

analysis, the stratum are collapsed as

follow:

Urban = Metropolitan + Urban

large

Rural = Urban small + Rural

8. REKA BENTUK PENSAMPELAN 8. DESIGN OF SAMPLING

8.1

Reka bentuk pensampelan berstrata

dua peringkat telah digunakan.

Terdapat dua peringkat strata iaitu:

Strata utama:

Terdiri daripada negeri-negeri

di Malaysia.

Strata kedua:

Terdiri daripada strata bandar

dan luar bandar dan dibentuk

di dalam strata utama.

8.1

A stratified multi-stage sampling

design is adapted. There are two

levels of stratification that is:

Primary stratum:

Made up of the states in

Malaysia.

Secondary stratum:

Made up of the urban and rural

stratum and formed within the

primary stratum.


36

8.2 Sampel telah dipilih secara bebas bagi

setiap peringkat pada strata kedua.

Unit pensampelan peringkat pertama

ialah BP, sementara unit peringkat

kedua ialah tempat kediaman (TK) di

dalam BP tersebut. TK terpilih

meliputi kesemua isi rumah dan orang

yang tinggal di dalamnya. Di setiap

peringkat pemilihan, unit telah dipilih

secara sistematik dengan

kebarangkalian yang sama dalam

strata kedua.

8.2 Samples are drawn independently

within each level of the secondary

stratum. The first stage units of

sample selection are the EBs while the

second stage units are the living

quarters (LQs) within the EBs. All

household and person within the

selected LQs are canvassed. At every

stage of selection, the units are

selected systematically with equal

probability within each level of the

secondary stratum.

9. SAIZ SAMPEL 9. SAMPLE SIZE

Saiz sampel dalam Penyiasatan Guna

Tenaga Sektor Informal adalah seperti

berikut:

The sample size in the Informal Sector

Work Force Survey are as follows:

Negeri

State

Bilangan BP terpilih

Numbers of selected

EBs

Bilangan TK terpilih

Numbers of selected

LQs

2012 2012

Johor 534 3,945

Kedah 438 3,231

Kelantan 498 3,948

Melaka 444 3,597

Negeri Sembilan 402 3,286

Pahang 498 3,698

Perak 540 3,955

Perlis 300 2,370

Pulau Pinang 378 2,842

Sabah 552 4,134

Sarawak 396 2,841

Selangor 600 4,656

Terengganu 348 2,791

W.P. Kuala Lumpur 246 1,817

W.P. Labuan 78 1,234

W.P. Putrajaya 72 1,143

Malaysia 6,324 49,488


37

10. PROSEDUR PENGANGGARAN 10. ESTIMATION PROCEDURE

10.1 Maklumat sektor informal yang

dikutip melalui Penyiasatan Tenaga

Buruh dianggarkan menggunakan

prosedur penganggaran yang sama.

Teknik anggaran nisbah bergabung

(adjusted weight dan faktor

penduduk) digunakan untuk

mendapatkan anggaran sesuatu ciri

tertentu bagi populasi penyiasatan.

Faktor penduduk menggunakan

anggaran penduduk separuh tahun

kedua mengikut kumpulan umur,

jantina, etnik dan negeri sebagai

penanda aras.

10.1 The information of informal sector

collected through the Labour Force

Survey was estimated by using the

same estimation procedures. The

combine ratio estimate technique

(adjusted weight and population factor)

was used to obtain the estimates of

specific characteristics in the survey

population. Population factor uses

population estimate second half of the

year by age group, sex, ethnic and state

as benchmarks.

10.2 Perlu diambil perhatian bahawa tiada

pengubahsuaian dilakukan untuk

mengasingkan penduduk institusi

daripada anggaran penduduk

walaupun Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga

Sektor Informal tidak meliputi

penduduk institusi. Penduduk institusi

dianggarkan lebih kurang tiga peratus

jumlah penduduk berasaskan Banci

Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010.

10.2 It should be noted that no attempt was

made to adjust for the exclusion of the

institutional population from the

population estimates although the

Informal Sector Work Force Survey did

not cover the institutional population.

The institutional population was

estimated to comprise around three per

cent of the total population based on

the 2010 Population and Housing

Census.

11. KEPERSISAN DATA 11. DATA PRECISION

11.1 Memandangkan anggaran

penyiasatan adalah berdasarkan

kepada penyiasatan sampel, ia adalah

11.1 Since the survey estimates are based on

a sample survey, they are subjected to

sampling and non-sampling errors.


38

tertakluk kepada ralat pensampelan

dan bukan pensampelan.

(i) Ralat pensampelan (i) Sampling Errors

Ralat pensampelan berpunca

daripada anggaran data yang

dibuat berasaskan sampel

berkebarangkalian, bukan

berdasarkan banci. Ralat ini dalam

statistik dikenali sebagai ralat piawai

relatif dan kerap ditandakan sebagai

RSE dan diberikan dalam peratusan.

Ralat ini digunakan sebagai penunjuk

kepada kepersisan anggaran

parameter yang dikaji. Dengan kata

lain, ia boleh memberi gambaran

tentang tahap variasi anggaran

penyiasatan berbanding dengan lain-

lain anggaran yang berdasarkan

pemilihan sampel.

Sampling error is a result of estimating

data based on a probability sampling,

not on census. Such error in statistics is

termed as relative standard error and

often denoted as RSE and is given in

percentage. This error is an indication

to the precision of the parameter under

study. In other words, it reflects the

extent of variation with other sample-

based estimates

(ii) Ralat bukan pensampelan (ii) Non-sampling errors

Bagi memastikan kualiti data berada

pada tahap yang tinggi, langkah-

langkah telah diambil untuk

meminimumkan ralat bukan

pensampelan. Berbeza dengan ralat

pensampelan, ralat ini tidak boleh

diukur dan hanya boleh diatasi

melalui beberapa langkah

pentadbiran. Ralat ini boleh berpunca

daripada liputan penyiasatan yang

tidak lengkap, kelemahan rangka,

To ensure high quality data, several

steps were taken to minimise non-

sampling errors. Unlike sampling error,

these errors cannot be measured and

can only be overcome through several

administrative procedures. These errors

can arise as a result of incomplete

survey coverage, weakness in the

frame, poor feedback, non-response

and processing errors such as during

editing, coding and data capture.


39

ralat maklum balas, ralat tiada

sambutan, kesilapan semasa prosesan

seperti di peringkat penyuntingan,

pengekodan dan tangkapan data.

Ralat maklum balas boleh berlaku

disebabkan kesukaran dan perbezaan

dalam tafsiran soalan, sama ada

daripada penemu ramah ataupun

responden. Bagi meminimumkan ralat

ini, latihan intensif kepada penyelia

dan penemu ramah telah dijalankan.

Di samping itu, semakan rambang

juga dijalankan ke atas isi rumah yang

telah diliputi oleh penemu ramah

untuk memastikan kesahihan

maklum balas yang dicatatkan. Untuk

memastikan liputan penyiasatan yang

menyeluruh, rangka sampel

dikemaskini dan tempat kediaman

telah dipilih selepas penyenaraian BP

dijalankan.

Berhubung dengan ralat

penyuntingan dan prosesan,

beberapa peringkat semakan

konsistensi telah dilaksanakan sama

ada secara manual atau berkomputer

bagi memastikan penghasilan data

yang bermutu dan boleh diterima

pakai.

Response error can occur due to

difference and difficulty in interpreting

questions, either by the enumerator or

respondent. To minimize this error,

intensive training was conducted for the

enumerators as well as supervisors. In

addition, random checks were carried

out on households that were already

canvassed by the enumerators to

ensure the validity of the information

recorded. To ensure the completeness

of the survey coverage, the sampling

frame is frequently updated and the

living quarters were selected after the

EBs listing exercise.

With regards to editing and processing

errors, several consistency checks were

done, either manually or computerized,

to ensure the quality and acceptability

of the data produced.


40

12. PEMBUNDARAN ANGGARAN 12. ROUNDING OF ESTIMATES

Hasil tambah bagi sesuatu kategori

mungkin tidak sentiasa sama dengan

jumlah yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual

yang berkaitan kerana pembundaran

secara bebas kepada satu titik

perpuluhan. Walau bagaimanapun,

perbezaan ini adalah tidak ketara.

The sum of individual figures may not

always equal to the totals shown in

related tables because of independent

rounding to one decimal place.

Differences however are insignificant.

13. NOTA DAN SIMBOL 13. NOTE AND SYMBOL

W. P. Wilayah Persekutuan W. P. Wilayah Persekutuan

JADUAL RALAT PIAWAI RELATIF

RELATIVE STANDARD ERROR TABLES

Pekerjaan

Bilangan penduduk

bekerja dalam sektor

informal

Occupation Number of employed

person in the informal

sector

Nilai relatif

Relative value

Nilai mutlak

Absolute value

(%)

Pengurus 16,424 13.88 2,280 11,955 - 20,893

Managers

Profesional 22,890 14.00 3,204 16,609 - 29,171

Professionals

Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu 41,996 9.22 3,870 34,411 - 49,582


Pekerja sokongan perkeranian 5,166 24.59 1,270 2,677 - 7,656

Clerical support workers

Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan 371,638 3.35 12,466 347,205 - 396,071

Service and sales workers

Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang

berkaitan

378,709 3.34 12,641 353,931 - 403,486

Craft and related trades workers

Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang 56,965 9.51 5,417 46,347 - 67,583

Plant and machine-operators and assemblers

Pekerjaan asas 150,191 6.33 9,512 131,548 - 168,834

Elementary occupations

Jumlah 1,043,979 2.23 23,321 998,269 - 1,089,689

Total

41

Jadual S1: Ralat piawai relatif bagi anggaran penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012

Table S1: Relative standard error of estimate for employed person in the informal sector by occupation, Malaysia, 2012

Ralat piawai bagi anggaran

Standard error of estimate

Bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam

sektor informal pada 95 peratus selang

keyakinan

Number of employed person in the

informal sector at 95 per cent

confidence interval

Industri

Bilangan penduduk


informal

Industry Number of employed


sector

Nilai relatif

Relative value

Nilai mutlak

Absolute value

(%)

Pembuatan 161,723 5.47 8,843 144,391 - 179,055Manufacturing

Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan

aktiviti pemulihan

7,998 23.14 1,851 4,371 - 11,625

Water supply; sewerage, waste management and

remediation activities

Pembinaan 261,666 4.69 12,273 237,610 - 285,722Construction

Perdagangan borong dan runcit, pembaikan

kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal

195,497 5.45 10,657 174,608-

216,386

Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicle

and motorcycles

Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan 39,622 9.61 3,809 32,156 - 47,088Transportation and storage

Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan

dan minuman

134,631 5.60 7,544 119,844 - 149,418

Accommodation and food services activities

Maklumat dan komunikasi 4,705 28.99 1,364 2,031 - 7,379Information and communication

42

Jadual S2: Ralat piawai relatif bagi anggaran penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012





keyakinan


informal sector at 95 per cent

confidence interval

Table S2: Relative standard error of estimate for employed person in the informal sector by industry, Malaysia, 2012

Industri

Bilangan penduduk


informal

Industry Number of employed


sector

Nilai relatif

Relative value

Nilai mutlak

Absolute value

(%)

Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful 7,889 20.81 1,642 4,671 - 11,107Financial and insurance/takaful activities

Aktiviti hartanah 5,700 24.34 1,387 2,981 - 8,419Real estate activities

Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal 11,898 18.81 2,238 7,512 - 16,284Professional, scientific and technical activities

Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan 53,971 6.99 3,773 46,576 - 61,366Administrative and support service activities

Pendidikan 17,038 14.79 2,519 12,100 - 21,976Education

Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial 105,965 5.64 5,976 94,252 - 117,678Human health and social work activities

Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi 5,145 26.64 1,370 2,459 - 7,831Arts, entertainment and recreation

Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain 30,533 10.68 3,260 24,144 - 36,922Other services activities

Jumlah 1,043,979 2.23 23,321 998,269 - 1,089,689Total

43

Jadual S2: Ralat piawai relatif bagi anggaran penduduk bekerja dalam sektor informal mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)

Table S2: Relative standard error of estimate for employed person in the informal sector by industry, Malaysia, 2012





keyakinan


Laporan Penyiasatan Guna Tenaga Sektor Informal 2012

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