Laporan Praktikum Proses Unit Operasi Teknik I: Fluidisasi

7/22/2019 Laporan Praktikum Proses Unit Operasi Teknik I: Fluidisasi

1/34

Xfmtd Ifhrdfmmc (66)

Xdzqd Rfm`u [u`frefwfm (242933


2/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

@FIPFX D[D

Hfh 6. Rcm`fnujufm

Hfh 8. Pdmofufm Rustfgf Hfh ;. Fjft & Rrasc`ur Rcrkahffm

Hfh 0. @ftf Rcrndtumlfm & Lrfidg

Hfh 3. Fmfjdsf & Gcsdepujfm

@fitfr Rustfgf


3/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

HFH D

6.6 Rcm`fnujufm

Ijud`dsfsd f`fjfn suftu icmaecmf hcruhfnmyf sdift suftu pf`ftfm (hc`) `fjfe suftu

rcfgtar ecmof`d hcrsdift scpcrtd ijud`f `dgfrcmfgfm f`fmyf fjdr ijud`f gc `fjfemyf hfdg hcrupfjdqud` efupum lfs. Ijud`dsfsd fgfm `fpft tcrof`d fpfhdjf lfyf àraml ijud`f jchdn hcsfr `frd lfyf

hcrft umllum. [cecmtfrf dtu ijud`dsfsd edmdeue tcrof`d fpfhdjf lfyf àraml ftfu lfyf scrct

ijud`f sfef `cmlfm lfyf hcrft umllum.

Ijud`dsfsd hcrnuhumlfm `cmlfm prascs dmùstrd gdedf yfml kugup vdtfj, edsfjmyf `fjfe

prascs gftfjdsfsd efupum `fjfe prascs pceurmdfm lfs. @fm hdfsfmyf fpjdgfsdmyf f`fjfn umtug

prascs yfml ecmllumfgfm idxc` hc`, ijud`dzc` hc` sfepfd prascs trfmspart. Rrascs ijud`dsfsd dmd

ecedjdgd hchcrfpf nfj pcmtdml yfml pftut `dpcrnftdgfm, scpcrtd ocmds `fm tdpc ijud`dsfsd `fm

fpjdgfsdmyf `fjfe dmùstrd scrtf spcsdvdgfsd `fm kfrf gcrof fjftmyf.

Fpjdgfsd ijud`dsfsd `fjfe prascs dmùstrd sfmlft hfmyfg `fm `deujfd pf`f tfnum 6489

umtug Lfsdidcr \dmgjcr hcrsgfjf hcsfr. @ddgutd ajcn Ijud`dzc`-hc` Kftfjytdk Krfkgdml (IKK)

kru`c adj ecmof`d hcmsdm pf`f tfnum 6408. Fpjdgfsd tcrschut scefgdm hcrgcehfml `fm pf`f

tfnum 6442 `fpft `dgjfsdidgfsdgfm ecmof`d prascs-prascs gdedf gftfjdtdg (scpcrtd IKK `fm sdmtcsds

Idskncr-Prapskn), prascs-prascs gdedf mamgftfjdtdg (scpcrtd tncrefj krfkgdml `fm lfsdidgfsd

hftuhfrf), `fm prascs-prascs idsdg (scpcrtd pcmlcrdmlfm `fm fhsarpsd). [cecmtfrf ijud`dsfsd

gamtdmyu hfmyfg `defmifftgfm umtug ecedm`fngfm pf`ftfm `frd sftu tcepft gc tcepft jfdm

`fjfe schufn pfhrdg pcmlajfnfm.

[fjfn sftu fjfsfm umllum tcrijud`dsfsd ecedjdgd fpjdgfsd yfml jufs f`fjfn gfrfgtcrdstdg

trfmsicr pfmfsmyf yfml sfmlft hfdg. Nfj dmd `dùguml guft ajcn hcruhfnmyf sdift `frd umllum

tcrschut ecmof`d scpcrtd ijud`f scndmllf trfmsicr pfmfs yfml tcrof`d f`fjfn trfmsicr pfmfs

gamvcgsd. @cmlfm `cedgdfm pfrtdgcj yfml ecefsugd umllum tcrijud`dsfsd sclcrf ecmkfpfd

tcepcrftur umllum `fm pfrtdgcj `fjfe umllum hcrsdift dsatncrefj pf`f sceuf sdtufsd. Lfs yfml

ecefsugd umllum oulf fgfm sclcrf ecmkfpfd tcepcrftur umllum. Nfepdr td`fg f`fmyf vfrdfsd

tcepcrftur `fjfe umllum yfml tcrijud`dsfsd `dgfrcmfgfm pcmkfepurfm ecrftf `fm frcf gamtfg

yfml jufs fmtfrf lfs `fm pfrtdgcj.

Of`d gdtf schflfd efnfsdswf `cpfrtcecm tcgmdg gdedf ecrfsf pcrju umtug ecepcjfofrd

ijud`dsfsd `fm fspcg fpjdgfsdmyf `fjfe dmùstrd. Gfrcmf pf`f prascs yfml hcrnuhumlfm `cmlfm


4/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

gftfjdsfsd ftfupum nfj yfml crft gfdtfmyf `cmlfm pcrjfgufm lfs-sajd`, jdqud`-sajd`, ijud`dsfsd

hcrpcrfm pcmtdml `fjfe prascs tcrschut.

6.8 Puoufm RcrkahffmRcrkahffm dmd `djfgugfm `cmlfm tuoufm shh.?

6. Ecmlfeftd pcrdjfgu pfrtdgcj umllum (hc`) yfml ecmlfjfed ijud`dsfsd.8. Ecmycjd`dgd nuhumlfm fmtfrf gctdmlldfm umllum `cmlfm jfou fjdr ftfu gckcpftfm

supcridsdfj.

;. Ecmycjd`dgd nuhumlfm fmtfrf gckcpftfm supcridsdfj `cmlfm prascs ijud`dsfsd `fmpcrpdm`fnfm pfmfs.

0. Ecmycjd`dgd nuhumlfm fmtfrf prascs pcrpdm`fnfm pfmfs `fm pasdsd ncftcr.3. Ecmycjd`dgd pcmlfrun gckcpftfm supcridsdfj tcrnf`fp tcepcrftur `d `fjfe umllum

`fm tcepcrftur `d ftfs umllum.

9. Ecmlfmfjdsf rcprcscmtfsd nuhumlfm fmtfrf hdjfmlfm Xcymaj` `fm hdjfmlfm Musscjttcrnf`fp gckcpftfm supcridsdfj `fm prascs pcrpdm`fnfm pfmfs yfml tcrof`d.

6.; Rrdmsdp Gcrof

Ecmlfjdrgfm ijud`f u`frf tcrgaeprcsd pf`f hc` `cmlfm jfou fjdr, sunu, `fm pasdsd ncftcr

yfml `dvfrdfsdgfm umtug ecjdnft pcmlfrunmyf pf`f pcrdstdwf ijud`dsfsd `fm pcrpdm`fnfm

pfmfs yfml tcrof`d.


5/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

HFH DDPDMOFSFM RS[PFGF

8.6 Gamscp Ijud`dsfsd

Fpfhdjf tcr`fpft suftu fjdrfm ijud`f hfdg kfdr efupum lfs yfml ecjcwftd pfrtdgcj umllum

yfml hcrf`f `fjfe suftu tfhuml, efgf fjdrfm tcrschut fgfm ecehcrdgfm suftu lfyf `araml ftfu

lfyf scrct (`rfl iarkc) pf`f pfrtdgcj, scndmllf pfrtdgcj tcrschut fgfm tcrfmlgft `fm ecmychfhgfm

nfehftfm tcrnf`fp fjdrfm u`frf scefgdm ecmlckdj scndmllf ecmdehujgfm gcndjfmlfm tcgfmfm

(prcssurc `rap) scpfmofml pfrtdgcj umllum, `defmf pcrdstdwf dmd hdfsf `dschut `cmlfm pcrdstdwf

ijud`dsfsd.

Gctdmlldfm umllum fgfm hcruhfn scdrdml `cmlfm pcruhfnfm jfou fjdr u`frf. [cefgdm

hcsffr jfou fjdr u`frf, efgf fgfm scefgdm hcsfr gctdmlldfm umllum. Rf`f jfou fjdr u`frf yfml

rcm`fn, pcruhfnfm gctdmlldfm umllum td`fg hcldtu hcrfrtd hfnfm fgfm kcm`cruml gamstfm

wfjfupum jfou fjdr u`frf hcrtfehfn.

Gamscp `fsfr `frd suftu pfrtdgcj umllum yfml tcrijud`dsfsd `fpft `ddjustrfsdgfm `cmlfm

icmaecmf yfml tcrof`d odgf f`fmyf pcruhfnfm jfou fjdr lfs scpcrtd pf`f lfehfr `d hfwfn dmd.

Lfehfr 6. Icmaecmf ijud`dsfsd `cmlfm vfrdfsd jfou fjdr lfs


6/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

Icmaecmf ijud`dsfsd pf`f sdstce lfs-pf`ft oulf `fpft `ddjustrfsdgfm pf`f lfehfr hcrdgut

dmd.

Icmaecmf `d ftfs `fpft `docjfsgfm ecjfjud pcrsfeffm Hcrmaujjd `cmlfm fjdrfm jfedmcr

schflfd hcrdgut, yfdtu?

;8

8

)(

)6(632

p

s

@

xYI

`fm R lzI

Rf`f lfehfr `d ftfs tcrjdnft hfnwf pcrhc`ffm tcgfmfm scpfmofml umllum sckfrf jdmcfr

hcrhfm`dml jurus `cmlfm jfou fjdr vajuectrdg scjfef ijud`dsfsd hcjue tcrkfpfd.

Odgf pf`ftfm hcrupf pfrtdgcj scpcrtd pfsdr, gctfnfmfm pfrtdgcj tcrschut tcrnf`fp fjdrfm

ijud`f fgfm ecmurum `cmlfm ecmdmlgftmyf parasdtfs pfrtdgcj tcrschut. Rcmlugurfm R pf`f

scpfmofml umllum `fpft `dmyftfgfm `cmlfm pcrsfeffm shh.

;8

8

)(

)6(632

p

s

@

xYR

Efgf hdjf Ys ecmdmlgft, ecmdmlgft `fm R `doflf flfr gamstfm. @fjfe nfj dmd xoulf

fgfm ecmdmlgft, fgfm tctfpd pcmlfrun `frd gcmfdgfm x dmd jchdn gckdj `dhfm`dmlgfm pcmlfrun

yfml `dtdehujgfm ajcn pcruhfnfm F`fpum nuhumlfm x, R `fm gckcpftfm fjdrfm ijud`f `fpft

`djdnft pf`f lfehfr ;.


7/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

Smtug gckcpftfm yfml gurfml `frd gckcpftfm ijud`dsfsd edmdeue (Sei) efgf umllum

fgfm hcrprdjfgu schflfd pfkgc` hc`. Mfeum, odgf gckcpftfm fjdrfm ijud`f `dmfdggfm ecjchdnd

Sei, efgf td`fg nfmyf umllum yfml tcrfmlgft, tctfpd pfrtdgcj fgfm hcrlcrfg `fm fgfm sfjdml

hcrhcmturfm sftu sfef jfdm `fm fgndrmyf gcscjurunfm efssf pfrtdgcj fgfm ecmof`d ijud`f.

Lfehfr ;. Prfmsdsd `frd pfkgc` hc` gc ijud`dzc` hc`

8.8. Ocmds-ocmds Ijud`dsfsd

8.8.6. Ijud`dsfsd Rfrtdgujft

F`fjfn suftu prascs ijud`dsfsd `d efmf pfrtdgcj-pfrtdgcj hcrlcrfg ecmofun sftu sfef jfdm

`fm lcrcgfmmyf hcrtfehfn nchft `cmlfm hcrtfehfnmyf gckcpftfm. Pctfpd, `cmsdtfs nfepfrfm

rftf-rftf pf`f suftu gckcpftfm tcrtcmtu f`fjfn sfef `d sclfjf frfn nfepfrfm. Kdrd `frd prascs dmd

f`fjfn f`fmyf cgspfmsd nfepfrfm yfml kugup hcsfr tctfpd scrflfe pf`f gckcpftfm yfml kugup

tdmlld. [cdrdml `cmlfm hcrtfehfnmyf gckcpftfm ijud`f `fm pcmurumfm tcgfmfm, efgf umllum

fgfm tcrcgspfmsd `fm pcrlcrfgfm pfrtdgcj scefgdm kcpft. Ofjfm hchfs rftf-rftf suftu pfrtdgcj `d

fmtfrf tuehugfm-tuehugfm `cmlfm pfrtdgcj jfdmmyf fgfm hcrtfehfn hcsfr `cmlfm ecmdmlgftmyf

gckcpftfm ijud`f. Fgdhftmyf parasdtfs umllum fgfm ecmdmlgft.


8/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

8.8.8. Ijud`dsfsd Flrclft/ Ijud`dsfsd Lcjcehuml

Nfepfrfm zft pf`ft yfml tcrijud`dsfsd `fjfe u`frf hdfsfmyf ecmumouggfm pcrdstdwf yfml

`dgcmfj `cmlfm iju`dsfsd flrclft ftfu lcjcehuml. Ijud`dsfsd dmd tcrof`d odgf gckcpftfm lfs `d ftfs

gckcpftfm ijud`dsfsd edmdeue. Rf`f gam`dsd dmd umllumfgfm ecmlfjfed huhhjdml `fm ramllf-ramllf scpcrtd lcjcehumlufp fgfm ecehfmlgdtgfm sdrgujfsd pfrtdgcj umllum.

@fjfe ijud`dsfsd lcjcehuml pcmlcehfmlfm vajuec nfepfrfm tcrutfef `dschfhgfm ajcn

vajuec yfml `dpfgfd ajcn lcjcehuml lfs gfrcmf ifsf rfpft pf`f ueuemyf td`fg hcrcgspfmsd

`cmlfm pcdmlgftfm fjdrfm. Fgfm tctfpd odgf gckcpftfm `dtfehfn efgf nfepfrfm fgfm

ecmlcehfml sckfrf scrflfe scndmllf fgndrmyf lcjcehuml eujfd tcrhcmtug. @fm odgf gckcpftfm

`dtdmlgftgfm jfld sfepfd ecjcwftd tdtdg lcjcehuml, nfepfrfm dtu fgfm hcrfmlsur-fmlsur

ecmlcepds gcehfjd, tctfpd fgfm ecmlcehuml jfld.

@fjfe ijud`dsfsd flrclft ijud`f fgfm ecehuft lcjcehuml pf`f pf`ftfm umllum `fjfe

tdmlgfn jfgu yfml gnusus. Lcjcehuml ijud`f fgfm ecmdmlgft ecjfjud umllum `fm pckfn pf`f

pcreugffm umllum `fm fgfm tcrof`d spjfsndml `d efmf pfrtdgcj umllum fgfm hcrlcrfg ftfs.

[cdrdml `cmlfm ecmdmlgftmyf gckcpftfm ijud`f, pcrdjfgu lcjcehuml fgfm hcrtfehfn hcsfr.

Grdtcrdf umtug ijud`dsfsd pfrtdgujft `fm flrclft `fpft `dtcmtugfm `cmlfm hdjmlfm Irau`c ?

v8/(l@p) yfml `dpfgfd umtug ecmcmtugfm fpfgfn suftu sdstce fgfm tcrijud`dsfsd pfrtdgujft ftfu

tcrijud`dsfsd flrclft.

8.8.;. Ijud`dsfsd Gamtdmu

Hdjf gckcpftfm ijud`f ecjfjud nfepfrfm zft pf`ft kugup hcsfr, efgf sceuf pfrtdgcj

`fjfe nfepfrfm dtu fgfm tcrhfwf dgut ajcn ijud`f ndmllf ecehcrdgfm suftu ijud`dsfsd gamtdmu.

Rrdmsdp ijud`dsfsd dmd tcrutfef `dtcrfpgfm `fjfe pcmlfmlgutfm zft pf`ft `frd suftu tdtdg gc tdtdg

jfdm `fjfe suftu pfhrdg pcmlajfnfm `d sfepdml f`f hchcrfpf rcfgtar lfs zft pf`ft jfef yfml

hcgcrof `cmlfm prdmsdp dmd. Kamtanmyf f`fjfn `fjfe trfmpartfsd juepur `fm trfmpartfsd

pmcueftdk.


9/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

8.; [dift `fm Gfrfgtcrdstdg Rfrtdgcj Smllum

f. Sgurfm pfrtdgcj

Rf`ftfm `fjfe umllum yfml tcrijud`dsfsd tfg pcrmfn sfef `fjfe ugurfm `fm

ecmlfku pf`f `dstrdhusd ugurfm pfrtdgcj tcrschut. Smtug ecmlndtuml ugurfm pfrtdgcjrftf-rftf `cmlfm ecmllumfgfm `dfectcr rftf-rftf pcreugffm (`sv).

pd

d

sv

`

x`

6

`d efmf7 `p 5 `dfectcr pfrtdgcj rftf-rftf yfml sckfrf ueue `dlumfgfm umtug `csfdm

`sv 5 `dfectcr `frd suftu hd`fml

h. @cmsdtfs pf`ftfm

Rf`ftfm `fpft `dhc`fgfm ecmof`d ; hfldfm hcr`fsfrgfm `cmsdtfsmyf yfdtu hujg,

sgcjctcj, `fm pfrtdkjc. @cmsdtfs hujg ecrupfgfm pcmlugurfm hcrft `frd gcscjurunfm

pfrtdgcj `dhfld `cmlfm vajuec pfrtdgcj. Rcmlugurfm dmd ecmycrtfgfm ifgtar

gcgasamlfm `fjfe pard-pard pfrtdgcj. [gcjctcj f`fjfn `cmsdtfs suftu pf`ftfm odgf

parasdtfsmyf maj. F`fpum `cmsdtfs pfrtdgcj f`fjfn hcrft `frd suftu pfrtdgcj `dhfld

`cmlfm vajuecmyf `cmlfm ecmycrtfgfm pard-pard. Odgf td`fg f`f mdjfd umtug `cmsdtfs

pfrtdgcj, efgf pcm`cgftfm umtug `cmsdtfs pfrtdgcj `fpft `dpcrajcn `cmlfm ecehfld

`uf `cmsdtfs hujg.k. [pncrdkdty

[pncrdkdty ecrupfgfm ifgtar hcmtug yfml `dmyftfgfm schflfd rfsda `frd frcf

pcreugffm vajuec pfrtdgcj hujft yfml sfef `cmlfm pfrtdgcj dtu `dhfld `cmlfm frcf

pcreugffm pfrtdgcj.

v

sv

`

`

Eftcrdfj yfml ecjdmlgfr scpcrtd gftfjds `fm pfsdr hujft ecedjdgd mdjfd spncrdkdty

schcsfr 2.4 ftfu jchdn.


10/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

`. Gckcpftfm tcredmfj

Gckcpftfm tcredmfj suftu pfrtdgcj (St) ecrupfgfm gckcpftfm lfs yfml `dhutungfm

umtug ecmlftur pfrtdgcj tumllfj yfml tcrsuspcmsd `fjfe fjdrfm lfs. Gckcpftfm tcredmfj

suftu pfrtdgcj `dmyftfgfm `fjfe pcrsfeffm?8/6

;

)(0

`l

lpp

tK

l`S

@fjfe fjdrfm jfedmcr `fm ecmldgutd Nugue [tagcs?

p

`KXc

80

lpp

S`Xc

Of`d, gckcpftfm tcredmfj umtug pfrtdgcj tumllfj hcrhcmtug hujft f`fjfn

6>

)( 8

plp

t

`lS

umtug Xcp : 2.0

@fm umtug pfrtdgcj hcsfr `cmlfm K` 5 2.0;

8/6

)(6,;

l

plp

t

l`S

umtug Xcp = 322

Rcrsfeffm dmd ecmldm`dgfsdgfm hfnwf umtug pfrtdgcj yfml hcrugurfm gckdj

vdsgasdtfs ecrupfgfm ifgtar `aedmfm sctdfp lfs `fm umtug pfrtdgcj hcrugurfm hcsfr

`cmsdtfs ecrupfgfm ifgtar yfml tcrpcmtdml. Gc`uf pcrsfeffm `d ftfs ecmlfhfdgfm

lfyf fmtfr pfrtdgcj. [ckfrf ueue gckcpftfm scjdp (Sscjdp) ftfu gckcpftfm cicgtdi

tcredmfj umtug pfrtdgcj `fjfe suspcmsd (S*t) f`fjfn?

Sscjdp5 S*t5 St. i()

Gcgasamlfm i() `frd umllum yfml tcrijud`dsfsd f`fjfn irfgsd eaj yfml tcrof`d

ajcn lfs. Iumlsd t `fpft `dmyftfgfm `cmlfm pcm`cgftfm Gazcmy-Knfrefm hcrdgut.i() 5 2.6

8/(6-

Rcm`cgftfm jfdm yfml `dlumfgfm umtug sdstce hfmyfg ifsf yfdtu garcjfsd

Xdknfr`sam-_fgd umtug pfrtdgcj tumllfj `fjfe suspcmsd, yfdtu?

S/St5m

m ecrupfgfm iumlsd `frd p/@ `fm hdjfmlfm Xc yfml `dvfrdfsdgfm.


11/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

c. Gckcpftfm Ijud`dsfsd Edmdeue (Sei)

F`fjfn gckcpftfm supcridkdfj tcrcm`fn yfml `dhutungfm umtug tcrof`dmyf

ijud`dsfsd. Sei `fpft `dtcmtugfm ecjfjud pjat _cmz `cmlfm ecmlfsuesdgfm ifgtar

gcgasamlfm pf`f ijud`dsfsd edmdeue 2.3. [cjfdm dtu, Sei oulf `fpft `dkfrd `cmlfmecmllumfgfm pcrsfeffm

Sei 5 W(66;3.Fr)2.3

-;;.


12/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

n. @fcrfn hftfs ijud`dsfsd (ijud`dzftdam rcldecs)

Rf`f gckcpftfm lfs rcm`fn, suftu pf`ftfm `fjfe tfhuml umllum fgfm hcrf`f pf`f

gam`dsd gamstfm scdrdml `cmlfm hcrtfehfnmyf gckcpftfm lfs, lfyf scrct, `fm lfyf

huayfmt ecmlfjfngfm hcrft pfrtdgcj scrtf lfyf fmtfr pfrtdgcj tcrschut. Rf`f ijud`dsfsdedmdeue pfrtdgcj ecepcrjdnftgfm pcrlcrfgfm yfml edmdefj `fm sckfrf jfmlsuml umllum

fgfm sc`dgdt tcrfmlgft.

d. Rcmurumfm tcgfmfm

Rcmurumfm tcgfmfm yfml tcrof`d pf`f kfepurfm `uf ifsf `dmyftfgfm `fjfe

hcrflfe hcmtug, scpcrtd stftdk ncf`, fgscjcrfsd `fm gcndjfmlfm irdgsd umtug lfs `fm

pf`ftfm. Smtug fpjdgfsd ijud`dsfsd umllum `d jufr gam`dsd gctdgf fgscjcrfsd pcmurumfm

tcgfmfm `fpft `dtcrdef, pcmurumfm tcgfmfm fgfm `dnfsdjgfm `frd stftdk ncf` pf`ftfm.

Smtug dtu, hcrft suftu pfrtdgcj umllum odgf `dhfld `cmlfm tdmlld pf`ftfm fgfm

ecmlnfsdjgfm `cmsdtfs scsumllunmyf `frd umllum yfml tcrijud`dsfsd. Iareujfmyf

`drueusgfm schflfd hcrdgut ?

RJp llk

8.0 Rcrdjfgu Lcjcehuml pf`f Gctdmlldfm umllum

f. Rcrdjfgu Lcjcehuml

Lcjcehuml yfml jchdn hcsfr kcm`cruml mfdg jchdn kcpft `dhfm`dml lcjcehuml

yfml gckdj scndmllf fmtfr lcjcehuml fgfm tcrof`d tuehugfm `fm hcrlfhuml (kafjcskcmkc)

`fm lcjcehuml scefgdm hcrtfehfn hcsfr. @dm`dml tfhuml oulf ecepcmlfrund lcrcgfm

lcjcehuml scndmllf lcjcehuml kcm`cruml hcrlcrfg gc frfn `fjfe umllum.

Lcjcehuml tcrof`d `fjfe gchfmyfgfm umllum yfml tcrijud`dsfsd `fm pcrfmfmmyf

sfmlft pcmtdml gfrcmf fgdhft jfou `frd pcruhfnfm efssf ftfu cmcrld `d fmtfrf lfs `fm

pf`ftfm `fjfe umllum. Lcjcehuml tcrhcmtug `fjfe umllum yfml tcrijud`dsfsd `frd

gctd`fgstfhdjfm sdstce 8 ifsf. Rcmlamtrajfm ugurfm lcjcehuml `fpft `dpcrajcn `cmlfmecmlamtraj `dstrdhusd ugurfm pfrtdgcj ftfu `cmlfm ecmdmlgftgfm gckcpftfm lfs.

Ecmlfku pf`f tcard lcjcehuml `uf ifsf `fm ijud`dsfsd, sceuf lfs yfml

`dhutungfm umtug ijud`dsfsd edmdeue ecjcwftd umllum `fjfe prascs pcehcmtugfm

lcjcehuml. Lcjcehuml ecmdmlgft ecjfjud umllum `fjfe 8 gam`dsd yfml hcrhc`f.

Lcjcehuml yfml ecmdmlgft sckfrf pf`ft `fpft tcrof`d pf`f gckcpftfm lfs gurfml `frd


13/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

Sei `fm nfj dmd ecehcrdgfm gcscepftfm umtug lfs ecjcwftd pfrtdgcj umllum `fm sdrgudt

pcm`cg ecjfjud lcjcehuml ecmuou gc pcreugffm umllum.

Gckcpftfm suftu lcjcehuml yfml hcrtfehfn hcsfr ecjfjud ijud`f umllum

`dmyftfgfm `fjfe rueus?Snr5 2.


14/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

`fjfe sdstce rcfgsd gdedf. Gfrcmf pcrtdgcj-pfrtdgcj sfjdml hcr`cgftfm `frd lfs yfml

ecmlcjdjdmld pfrtdgjc tcrschut, efgf gacidsdcm pcrpdm`fnfm efssf scjfju jchdn gckdj `frd

suftu pcrtdgcj tumllfj yfml hcrlcrfg `fjfe u`frf hchfs.

8.< [dift-sdift Rcrpdm`fnfm Rfmfs Smllum Pcrijud`dsfsdSmllum yfml tcrijud`dsfsd ajcn lcjcehuml-lcjcehuml tcrkfepur `cmlfm sfmtlft

hfdg gfrcmf pcrtdgcj-pfrtdgcj umllum tcrsdrgujfsd ajcn lcjehuml u`frf yfml mfdg.

Fgdhftmyf sunu umllu sfmlft scrflfe, wfjfupum tcr`fpft rcfgsd yfml sfmlft cgsatcre.

Odgf jufs pcreugffm trfmicr pfmfs fmtfrf lfs `fm umllum kugup tdmlld scndmllf lfs `fm

pcrtdgcj kcpft ecmkfpfd sunu yfml sfef. Jfou trfmsicr pfmfs yfml tdmlld eulf `fpft

`dpcrajcn fmtfrf pcreugffm pfmfs yfml tcrkcjup `d `fjfe umllum `cmlfm umllummyf dtu

scm`drd. Pdlf ecgfmdsec yfml ecmyuehfmlgfm trfmsicr pfmfs fmtfrf umllum tcrijud`dsfsd

`fm pcreugffm f`fjfn ?

f. Smtug pfrtdgcj umllum `cmlfm `dfectcr : 322 `fm `cmsdtfs : 0222 gl/e; (gckufjd

pfcrtdgcj nfjus yfml sfmlft gancsdi), ecgfmdsec utfef f`fjfn f`fmyf sdrgujfsd

fmtfrf hujgumllum `fm pfrtdgcj yfml hcr`cgftfm `cmlnfm pcreugffm pfmfs (Rfrtdkjc

Kamvcktdvc Ecknfmdse).

Rfrtdgcj efepu ecmtrfmsicr hfmyfg pfmfs gfrcmf ecepumyfd gfpfsdtfs pfmfs pf`f

sfft fwfj pfrtdgcj hcr`cgftfm `cmlfm pcreugffm pfmfs, tcr`fpft lrf`dcm sunu jagfj

yfml hcsfr yfdtu f`fmyf pcrhc`ffm sunu yfml hcsfr fmtfrf hujg umllum `cmlfm

pcreugffm scndmllf jfou pcrpdm`fnfm pfmfs sfmlft hcsfr. Pfpd, scefgdm jfef sunu

umllum scefgdm ecm`cgftd sunu pcreugffm. Of`d umtug scjfml wfgtu tcrtcmtu jfou

trfmsicr pfmfs scefgdm tdmlld odgf pcrtdgcj hcrsdmllumlfm `cmlfm pcreudgffm pfmfs

`fjfe rckd`cmt tdec yfml sdmlgft yfml `fpft `dpcrajcn `cmlfm ecmlftur gam`dsd

apcrfsd. Pctfpd nfrus `ddmlft hfnwf rckd`cmt tdec yfml cgstrde gckdj umtug

ececrajcn gacidsdcm pcrpdm`fnfm pfmfs yfml pfjdml tdmlld `dhftfsd ajcn

gamùgtdvdtfs pfmfs lfs `fm ofrfg ofjur trfmsicr pfmfs tcrpcm`cg `d efmf pfmfs

ecmlfjdr sckfrf gamùgsd fmtfrf pfrtdgcj umllum `fm pcreugffm pfmfs.

h. Smtug umllum `fjfe ugurfm ftfu `cmsdtfs yfml jchdn hcsfr, gckcpftfm dmtcrstdsdfj

f`fjfn turhujcm yfml hcrfrtd hfnwf trfmsicr pfmfs gamvcgsd ecjfjud lfs ecmof`d

pcmtdml. Odgf trfmsicr pfmfs ea`c dmd ecmof`d àedmfm efgf trfmsicr pfmfs fgfm


15/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

mfdg `cmlfm mfdgmyf `dfectcr pfrtdgcj (gfrcmf efgdm hcsfr pfrtdgcj efgf efgdm

hcsfr turhujcmsd gckcpftfm dmtcrstdsdfj).

k. Smtug sunu yfml jchdn tdmlld fgfm tcr`fpft pcrhc`ffm sunu yfml sfmlft hcsfr fmtfrf

umllum `fm pcreugffm pfmfs scndmllf trfmsicr pfmfs sckfrf rf`dfsd ecmof`d pcmtdml.Rcrpdm`fnfm gfjar gc pcreugffm `fjfe sdstce pf`ft-lfs gacidsdcm pcrpdm`fnfm

pfmfs gc pcreugffmmyf sfmlft tcrlfmtuml pf`f gufjdtfs ijud`dsfsd yfml tcrof`d

(Kaujsam, 649>?863). Smtug ecmlndtuml gacidsdcm pcrpdm`fnfm pfmfs tcrschut `fpft

`dlumfgfm pcrsfeffm @aw `fm Ofkah hcrdgut.

@d efmf? n 5 gacidsdcm pcrpdm`fnfm pfmfs

g 5 gam`ugtdvdtfs tcrefj lfs

@ 5 `dfectcr pfrtdgcj

@t 5 `dfectcr tuhc

J 5 pfmofml umllum

5 gcgasamlfm umllum

s `cmsdtfs pf`ftfm

`cmsdtfs lfs

Ks 5 gfpfsdtfs pfmfs pf`ftfm

Kp 5 gfpfsdtfs pfmfs lfs pf`f tcgfmfm gamstfm

vdsgasdtfs lfs

Sk5 gckcpftfm supcridkdfj `fjfe tuhc gasaml

tk

p

ssttt `S

Kc

Kc

`

`

J

`

g

n`83,26


16/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

HFH DDD

FJFP&RXA[C@SX RCXKAHFFM

;.6 Gaepamcm Fjft Rf`f Rcrkahffm Ijud`dsfsd

Hc` KnfehcrRf`f pcrkahffm ijud`dsfsd dmd, pfrtdgcj umllum (hc`) yfml `dlumfgfm f`fjfn fjuedmf yfml

`djctfggfm `d `fjfe tfhuml vcrtdgfj yfml tcrhuft `frd gfkf `cmlfm ugurfm `dfectcr 623

ee `fm tdmlld 882 ee. Pfhuml tcrschut oulf `djcmlgfpd `cmlfm fjft scefkfe edstfr

yfml tcrjctfg pf`f hfldfm `dm`dmlmyf yfml hcriumlsd umtug ecmlugur gctdmlldfm hc`

pf`f sfft tcrof`d ijud`dsfsd. Rf`f hfldfm hfwfn tfhuml tcrschut, tcr`fpft rufml `dstrdhusd

(`dstrdhutdam knfehcr) `fm pcmyupjfd u`frf (fdr `dstrdhutar) yfml hcriumlsd umtug

ecmfnfmpfrtdgcj umllum pf`f sfft td`fg tcrof`d ijud`dsfsd. Hfldfm dmd su`fn `drfmkfml

sc`cedgdfm rupf scndmllf u`frf yfml ecmlfjdr ecjcwftd hc`fgfm sfef `d sctdfp tcepft

tfmpf ecmychfhgfm pcmurumfm tcgfmfm hcrjchdnfm. [c`fmlgfm hfldfm ftfs tfhuml tcr`drd

ftfs pcmyfrdml u`frf, scndmllf hc` td`fg fgfm tcrhfwf gcjufr ajcn u`frf gctdgf tcrof`d

ijud`dsfsd.

Kyjd m`cr eaumtdmlHfldfm dmd tcr`drd `frd cjcecm pcefmfs (ncftcr), tcreagapcj, `fm pcmlugur tcgfmfm.

Gctdlf fjft tcrschut `fpft `dlcrfgfm sckfrf vcrtdgfj umtug `dscsufdgfm `cmlfm gctdmlldfm

hc``d `fjfe hc` knfehcr.

NcftcrNcftcr yfml `dpcrlumfgfm pf`f pcrkahffm dmd hcrhcmtug sdjdm`cr `cmlfm jufs pcreugffm

scgdtfr 69 ke8.

Yfrd fhjc trfmsiarecrYfrdfhcj trfmsiarecr ecrupfgfm fjft umtug ecmlamtraj jfou pcrpdm`fnfm pfmfs `frd

ncftcr. Yajtfsc `fm oulf guft frus `frd ncftcr tcrschut gceu`dfm fgfm `dtfepdjgfm pf`f

pfmcj `dspjfy. Rf`f pcregffm ncftcr, tcr`fpft ùf hufn tcreagapcj yfml hcriumlsd umtug

ecmlugur tcepcrftur pcreugffm ncftcr `fm yfml sftumyf jfld hcriumlsd umtug ecjdmùmld

`frd mdjfd scttdml yfml hcrjchdn. Pcepcrftur `frd pcreugffm ncftcr, hc`, scrtf u`frf efsug

yfml ecmlfjdr fgfm `dtfepdjgfm pf`f pfmcj `dspjfy jfdmmyf. Rf`f hfldfm jfdm tcr`fpft ùf


17/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

hufn efmaectcr yfml hcrdsd ijud`f umtug ecmlugur pcmurumfm tcgfmfm u`frf yfml

ecmlfjdr schcjue `fm scsu`fn ecjcwftd hc` knfehcr.

Hc`Rfrtdgcj umllum (hc`) yfml `dlumfgfm `fjfe pcrkahffm dmd f`fjfn fjuedmf `cmlfm `ftf-`ftf schflfd hcrdgut ?

Rf`f `fsfrmyf, ocmds hc` yfml `dlumfgfm `fpft `dlfmtd-lfmtd scsufd `cmlfm gchutunfm.

Mfeum, gfrcmf gctcrhftfsfm ( edsfjmyf nfrus ecjcpfs hchcrfpf gaepamcm fjft), efgf

`fjfe pcrkahffm dmd vfrdfsd hc`td`fg `djfgugfm.

Lfehfr 0. Ijud`dzftdam fm` Ncft Prfmsicr Smdt Apcrftdam


18/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

;.8. Rrasc`ur Rcrkahffm

;.8.6.Rcrkahffm 6

@ckrcfsdml ijaw rftc

6. Ecmlftur jfou fjdr u`frf (V 5 6.< J/s) `cmlfm ecmlftur gmap fjdrfm u`frf.8. Ecmkftft gctdmlldfm hc` (Nh) yfml tcrijud`dsfsd.;. Ecmkftft tcgfmfm `cmlfm ecehfkf efmaectcr.0. Ecjfgugfm jfmlgfn-jfmlgfn `d ftfs umtug vfrdfsd jfou fjdr u`frf 6.9 J/s 7 6.0 J/s 7 6.8 J/s 7

6.2 J/s 7 2.> J/s 7 2. 9 J/s 7 2.0J/s7 `fm 2. 8 J/s.

Dmkrcfsdml ijaw rftc

6. Ecmlftur jfou fjdr u`frf (V 5 2.8 J/s) `cmlfm ecmlftur gmap fjdrfm u`frf.

8. Ecmkftft gctdmlldfm hc` (Nh) yfml tcrijud`dsfsd.

;. Ecmkftft tcgfmfm cmlfm ecehfkf efmaectcr.0. Ecjfgugfm jfmlgfn-jfmlgfn `d ftfs umtug vfrdfsd jfou fjdr u`frf 2.0 J/s 7 2.9 J/s 7 2.> J/s 7

6.2 J/s 7 6.8 J/s 7 6. 0 J/s 7 6.9 J/s7 `fm 6. < J/s.

;.8.8. Rcrkahffm 8

6. Ecmsct sunu ncftcr (P6) pf`f sunu


19/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

HFH DY

@FPF RCXNDPSMLFM & LXFIDG


20/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

HFH Y

FMFJD[F & GC[DERSJFM

3.6. Fmfjdsf RcrkahffmRf`f pcrkahffm dmd, gfed ecmllumfgfm Fj8A; schflfd hc` (pfrtdgcj umllum) `fm u`frf

schflfd ijud`fmyf. Rf`f gcf`ffm `dfe (td`fg `dfjdrd u`frf), pfrtdgcj hc` `dfe, rfpft `fm ecedjdgd

lfyf tfrdg yfml hcsfr fmtfr pfrtdgcjmyf. [fft pfrtdgcj hc` tcrschut `dfjdrd u`frf, pfrtdgcj hc`

tcrschut hcrlcrfg ecehcmtug lcjaehfml scpcrtd umllum. Fjdrfm u`frf tcrschut ecmdehujgfm

lfyf scrct (`rfl iarkc) yfml hcsfr fmtfrf pfrtdgcj hc` scndmllf lfyf fmtfr pfrtdgcj tcrschut

ecmlndjfml `fm ecmychfhgfm pfrtdgcj hc` hcrlcrfg-lcrfg.

Rf`f suftu ijud`f, hdfsfmyf odgf `dfjdrd u`frf efgf fgfm ecehcmtug lcjcehuml-lcjcehuml

u`frf yfml tcrschfr ecrftf pf`f iud`f tcrschut. Fgfm tctfpd, gctdgf pfrtdgcj hc` (umllum) `dfjdrd

u`frf, lcjcehuml nfmyf tcrof`d pf`f hfldfm ftfs umllum. Nfj dmd tcrof`d gfrcmf pfrtdgcj hc`

ecedjdgd ugurfm yfml hcrhc`f-hc`f, `defmf pfrtdgcj `cmlfm ugurfm yfml jchdn gckdj ecedjdgd

gckcm`crumlfm umtug tcrscrct ajcn fjdrfm u`frf `fm ecehcmtug lcjcehuml. [cefgdm hcsfr fjdrfm

u`frf efgf lcjcehuml yfml tcrhcmtug fgfm scefgdm hcsfr gfrcmf scefgdm hfmyfg u`frf yfml

ecmycrct pfrtdgcj hc` umtug ecehcmtug lcjcehuml. @frd tcrhcmtugmyf lcjcehuml yfml td`fg

ecrftf `d sctdfp hfldfm ijud`f, efgf `fpft `dgftfgfm hfnwf ijud`dsfsd yfml tcrof`d td`fg

scepurmf. Rf`f pckahffm dmd gdtf ecjfgugfm `uf pcrkahffm umtug `fpft ecmcrfmlgfm ecmlcmfd

icmaecmf ijud`dsfsd yfml f`f.

Rcrkahffm 6Rckahffm 6 dmd `djfgugfm umtug ececmund tuoufm pcrkahffm, yfdtu ecmlfeftd pcrdjfgu

umllum `cmlfm u`frf ecmlfjdr gc ftfs `fm ecmlctfnud nuhumlfm fmtfrf gctdmlldfm hc` `cmlfm

prcssurc `rap`fm nuhumlfm fmtfrf gckcpftfm supcridsdfj `cmlfm prcssurc `rap. Rf`f pcrkahffm

dmd yfml `dugur dfjfn gctdmlldfm hc` `fmprcssurc `rap(R6`fm R8) `fjfe hcrhflfd jfou fjdr u`frf

yfml hcsfrmyf hcrhc`f-hc`f. Gctdmlldfm hc` yfml `dugur dfjfn gctdmlldfm hc` rftf-rftf `fjfe

hc` knfehcr. Nfj dmd `dgfrcmfgfm gctdmlldfm hc` pf`f sctdfp tdtdg (gctdgf umllum su`fn

tcrijud`dsfsd) pf`f hc` knfehcr td`fg scjfju sfef. @cmlfm `cedgdfm, gctdmlldfm hc` yfml `dugur

dfjfn gctdmlldfm hc` rftf-rftf `fjfe hc` knfehcr. Rf`f pcrkahffm 6 dmd td`fg `dpcrjugfm ncftcr

gfrcmf nfmyf dmldm eclctfnud pcrdjfgu ijud`f sfft `dfjdrgfm u`frf.


21/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

Rcrtfef-tfef, kaeprcssar `dmyfjfgfm `fm `d`dfegfm hchcrfpf sfft. Kaeprcssar

hcriumlsd schflfd fjft yfml ecmlfjdrgfm u`frf gc pcrfjftfm pcrkahffm. Kaeprcssar sctcjfn

`dmyfjfgfm td`fg hajcn jfmlsuml `dlumfgfm ftfu ecjfgugfm pcrkahffm (nfrus `d`dfegfm

hchcrfpf sfft) gfrcmf `dhutungfm wfgtu ajcn kaeprcssar sfepfd gcf`ffmmyf stfhdj `fjfeeceaepfgfm u`frf (jfou fjdrmyf stfhdj) ftfu `fpft `dgftfgfm schflfd wfgtu pcefmfsfm. [ctcjfn

`d`dfegfm hchcrfpf sfft (sfepfd humyd yfml `dgcjufrgfm kaeprcssar jchdn nfjus `dhfm`dmlgfm

`cmlfm sfft pcrtfef gfjd `dmyfjfgfm), pcrkahffm `fpft `deujfd.

Puoufm `frd pcrkahffm 6 dmd dfjfn ecmlctfnud pcrdjfgu umllum gctdgf `dfjdrgfm u`frf `frd

hfwfn, efgf hcsfr jfou fdr u`frf yfml `dfjdrgfm gc umllum nfrus hcrhc`f-hc`f scndmllf

mfmtdmyf pcruhfnfm pcrdjfgu umllum `fpft tcrjdnft. Gckcpftfm u`frf yfml tcrugur dfjfn

gckcpftfm supcridsdfj (gckcpftfm u`frf sfft tfhuml gasaml). Nfj dmd `dgfrcmfgfm gckcpftfm u`frf

`dugur sfft u`frf hcjue ecmlfjdr pf`f tfhuml yfml tcr`fpft umllum (pf`f tfhuml gasaml)

scndmllf `fpft `dschut gckcpftfm supcridsdfj. [ftufm ugur umtug gckcpftfm u`frf yfml tcr`fpft

pf`f fjft dfjfn J/s. Rf`f pcrkahffm dmd, pcrtfef-tfef ecmlfjdrgfm u`frf `cmlfm gckcpftfm

efgsdeue (6,< J/s) tcrjchdn `fnuju gceu`dfm `dkftft nfsdj prcssurc `rap (R6 `fm R8) `fm

gctdmlldfm hc`. [ctcjfn dtu, pcelugurfm scjfmoutmyf `djfgugfm `cmlfm gckcpftfm u`frf yfml

efgdm gckdj (6,0 J/s7 6,8 J/s7 6 J/s7 2,> J/s7 2,9 J/s7 2,0 J/s7 2,8 J/s, 2). Rcmlfeftfm `djfgugfm

eujfd `frd gckcpftfm supcridsdfj efgsdeue gceu`dfm `dturumgfm `cmlfm tuoufm flfr pfrtdgcj

yfml tf`dmyf rfpft `fm ecedjdgd lfyf gancsd pfrtdgcj yfml hcsfr `fpft sfjdml hcrpdsfn gfrcmf

jfou fjdr yfml hcsfr fgfm ecehcrdgfm lfyf scrct yfml hcsfr scndmllf lfyf gancsd pfrtdgcj

tcrschut `fpft `dndjfmlgfm. [cjfdm dtu, gckcpftfm yfml `dlumfgfm `deujfd `frd gckcpftfm

efgsdeue gfrcmf gctdgf `dhcrdgfm gckcpftfm efgsdeue, efgf `fpft `dpfstdgfm hfnwf hc`

tcrijud`dsfsd. @cmlfm `cedgdfm, gctdgf su`fn td`fg tcrof`d ijud`dsfsd jfld (gckcpftfm u`frf yfml

`dhcrdgfm jchdn gckdj `frdpf`f gckcpftfm edmdeue ijud`dsfsd, Sei), gctdmlldfm hc` sfft dtu

ecrupfgfm gctdmlldfm fwfj hc` (f`f u`frf yfml tcrpcrfmlgfp `d fmtfrf hc`).

Rf`f gckcpftfm supcridsdfj efgsdeue, pfrtdgcj umllum tcrijud`dsfsd, gceu`dfm `dugur

prcssurc `rap`fm gctdmlldfm hc`-myf. Mfeum, pf`f gckcpftfm supcridsdfj rcm`fn, umllum nfmyf

`dfe (td`fg tcrijud`dsfsd). Nfj dmd `dschfhgfm gfrcmf lfyf `araml u`frf ofun jchdn gckdj `frdpf`f

lfyf hcrft pfrtdgcj umllum. Odgf gckcpftfm supcridsdfj `dmfdggfm, efgf pf`f suftu sfft lfyf scrct

ijud`f ecmychfhgfm umllum ecmlcehfml `fm ecmychfhgfm tfnfmfm tcrnf`fp fjdrfm u`frf

ecmlckdj, sfepfd fgndrmyf lfyf scrct tcrschut kugup umtug ecm`uguml lfyf hcrft pfrtdgcj


22/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

umllum. Rf`f sfft dmd tcrof`d gcscdehfmlfm fmtfrf lfyf àraml u`frf `cmlfm hcrft cicgtdi

pfrtdgcj pfrtdgcj umllum. Rf`f gcf`ffm dmd pfrtdgcjpfrtdgcj umllum tcpft fgfm hcrlcrfg `fm

gckcpftfm fjdrfm u`frfmyf `dschut gckcpftfm edmdeue ijud`dsfsd (Sei). Odgf gckcpftfm lfs `d

ftfs Sei, umllum fgfm eujfd ecehcmtug lcjcehuml lfs (huhhjdml). Gam`dsd dmd `dschutfllrclftdvc ijud`dzftdam `fm ramllframllf scpcrtd lcjcehuml ufp fgfm ecehfmlgdtgfm

sdrgujfsd umllum. Nfj dmd `dschfhgfm ajcn f`fmyf pcrlcrfgfm pfrtdgcjpfrtdgcj umllum gfrcmf

lfyf àraml u`frf scgfrfml `fpft ecjfepfud hcsfrmyf hcrft pfrtdgcj umllum. @cmlfm

`dgctfnudmyf pcrdjfgu umllum umtug sctdfp gckcpftfm u`frf yfml `dhcrdgfm, efgf `frd pcrkahffm

dmd, `fpft `dgctfnud hcrfpf gckcpftfm edmdeue supfyf tcrof`d ijud`dsfsd.

Rcrkahffm 8[csufd `cmlfm tuoufm pcrkahffm, pf`f pcrkahffm 8 dmd hcrtuoufm umtug ecmlctfnud

pcmlfrun gckcpftfm supcridsdfj `fm pasdsd ncftcr pf`f gacidsdcm trfmsicr pfmfs. Ajcn gfrcmf dtu,

pf`f pcrkahffm dmd, `ftf yfml `dfehdj dfjfn gctdmlldfm hc`, sunu ncftcr, sunu u`frf, sunu

umllum, `fm prcssurc `rap pf`f gam`dsd ncftcr tcrkcjup ftfu td`fg tcrkcjup `fm tncreakaupjc

tcrkcjup/td`fg tcrkcjup. [fef nfjmyf `cmlfm pcrkahffm 6, pf`f pcrkahffm 8 dmd gctdmlldfm hc`

yfml `dugur dfjfn gctdmlldfm hc` rftf-rftf pf`f hc` knfehcr yfml `dgfrcmfgfm gctdmlldfm hc`

pf`f tdfp tdtdg `fjfe hc` knfehcr td`fg scjfju sfef, gnususmyf gctdgf tcrof`d ijud`dfsd.

Ncftcr efupum tncreakaupjc tcrkcjup efgsu`myf dfjfn ncftcr ftfu tncreakaupjc tcrkcjup

`fjfe umllum, sc`fmlgfm td`fg tcrkcjup efgsu`myf dfjfn ncftcr efupum tncreakaupjc td`fg

tcrkcjup `fjfe umllum (hcrf`f `d ftfs umllum). Rcmlugurfm sunu `cmlfm tncreakaupjc tcrkcjup

ftfu td`fg tcrkcjup `djfgugfm umtug ecmlctfnud pcmychfrfm trfmsicr pfmfs yfml tcrof`d ecrftf

ftfu td`fg, sc`fmlgfm pcmlfeftfm `cmlfm ncftcr yfml tcrkcjup `fm td`fg tcrkcjup `djfgugfm

umtug ecmlctfnud pcrhc`ffm trfmsicr pfmfs pf`f gcùf gam`dsd `d ftfs.

[cjfdm dtu, pf`f pcrkahffm dmd, sunu ncftcr yfml `dhcrdgfm oulf `dvfrdfsd, yfdtu pf`f sunu


23/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

`fm td`fg cicgtdi `fjfe nfj wfgtu. Ajcn gfrcmf dtu, pcrkahffm pcrtfef yfml `djfgugfm dfjfn pf`f

sunu tcrcm`fn, yfdtu


24/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

Lrfidg nuhumlfm fmtfrf V vs nh

Lrfidg nuhumlfm fmtfrf V vs n

Smtug `fpft ecjdnft pcrhc`ffm pcrdjfgu umllum pf`f pcrhc`ffm gckcpftfm efgf gdtf

`fpft ecepjat lrfidg nuhumlfm fmtfrf Rrcssurc `rap `fm Jfou Fjdr, `fm Gctdmlldfm Hc` `fm

Jfou Fjdr.

Rf`f lrfidg pcrtfef pf`f nuhumlfm fmtfrf Gctdmlldfm hc` vs Jfou Fjdr `fpft `djdnft hfnwf

pf`f sfft schcjue ecmkfpfd gckcpftfm uei, efgf mdjfd `frd gctdmlldfm hc` fgfm scefgdm mfdg,

nfj dmd `dschfhgfm gfrcmf gcmfdgfm jfou fjdr ijud`f ecehuft pfrtdgcj `frd hc` ecmof`d tcrpdsfn

`fm tfnfmfm `frd pfrtdgcj umtug ecjfwfm jfou fjdr ijud`f of`d scefgdm gckdj scndmllf scefgdm

2.23

2.238

2.230

2.239

2.23>

2.29

2.298

2.290

2.299

2.29>

6.< 6.9 6.0 6.8 6 2.> 2.9 2.0 2.8

nh(e)

V (e;/s)

dmkrcfsc

`ckrcfsc

2

2.228

2.220

2.229

2.22>

2.26

2.268

2.260

2.8 2.0 2.9 2.> 6 6.8 6.0 6.9 6.

tdmlld umllum hcjue hcruhfn gfrcmf hcjue tcrof`d ijud`sfsd pf`f sfft jfou fjdr tcrschut.

Gckcpftfm supcridkdfj tcrcm`fn sfft jfou fjdrmyf 6,2 e;/s yfdtu sfft umllum eujfd tcrijud`dsfsd.

@frd lrfidg tcr`fpft pcrhc`ffm mdjfd sfft pcrkahffm dmkrcfsc `fm `ckrcfsc `d jfgugfm, yfdtu sfftjfou fjdr 6,0 e

;/s nfj dmd gfrcmf gckcpftfm jfou fjdr `d pcmlfrund ajcn gaeprcsar `fm ofjfm

gaeprcsar td`fg stfhdj suftu sfft fgfm f`f pcmurumfm jfou tctfpd td`fg tcrjfju sdlmdidgfm.

Rf`f lrfidg gc`uf pf`f nuhumlfm fmtfrf Rrcssurc @rap vs Jfou Fjdr `fpft `djdnft hfnwf

pf`f sfft schcjue ecmkfpfd gckcpftfm uei, efgf mdjfd `frd prcssurc `rap fgfm scefgdm mfdg,

nfj dmd `dschfhgfm gfrcmf umllum `fjfe hc` hcjue tcrijud`dsfsd scndmllf nfehftfm jfou fjdr

u`frf fgfm scefgdm hcsfr ecjcwftd umllum `fm ecmychfhgfm Rrcssurc `rap yfml fgfm scefgdm

hcsfr. [fft gckcpftfm fgndr scgdtfr 6,0 6,< e;/s `d`fpftgfm prcssurc `rap yfml stfhdj, nfj dmd

`dgfrcmfgfm pfrtdgcj `frd hc` su`fn tcrijud`dsfsd efgsdefj ftfu su`fn tcrpdsfn sftu `cmlfm yfml

jfdmmyf scndmllf tfnfmfm pfrtdgcj umtug ecmfnfm jfou ijud`f ecmof`d 2 `fm hdsf `dgftfgfm su`fn

td`fg f`f jfld tfnfmfm scndmllf prcssurc `rapmyf stfhdj.

Rcrkahffm 8f. Nuhumlfm fmtfrf V `fm prcssurc rap

Puoufm?

Smtug ecmcmtugfm nuhumlfm fmtfrf Jfou Fjdr `cmlfmprcssurc `rap

Lrfidg nuhumlfm fmtfrf V vs R

2

2.23

2.6

2.63

2.8

2.83

2.9 2.< 2.> 2.4 6 6.6 6.8 6.; 6.0 6.3

R(M/e8)

V (e;/s)

"""B


26/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

Lrfidg `d ftfs ecmllfehfrgfm nuhumlfm fmtfrf nuhumlfm jfou fjdr (V) `cmlfm Rcruhfnfm

tcgfmfm ( R) scpfmofml umllum. @fjfe lrfidg `dtumouggfm hfnwf sfepfd mdjfd jfou fjdr scgdtfr 6

e;/s, `fm sctcjfn ecjcwftd jfou fjdr 6 e

;/s R kcm`cruml turum. Nfj dmd `dgfrcmfgfm f`fmyf

gctd`fg rfpftfm fmtfr sfehumlfm pdpf umllum `cmlfm pdpf yfml ecmlfjdrgfm ijud`f scndmllftcrof`d sc`dgdt gchakarfm scndmllf tcrof`d pcmurumfm tcgfmfm yfml kugup sdlmdidgfm. Odgf

ecmurut tcard scefgdm kcpft jfou fjdr efgf scefgdm hcsfr pujf mdjfd `frd pcrhc`ffm tcgfmfm yfml

tcrof`d. Pctfpd gfrcmf f`f suftu gcm`fjf, efgf nfsdj td`fg scsufd `cmlfm tcard.

h. Nuhumlfm fmtfrf Y vs nh

Puoufm?

Ecmctugfm nuhumlfm fmtfrf gckpftfm jfou fjdr tcrnf`fp gctdmlldfm umllum.

Nuhumlfm fmtfrf v vs Nh

Lrfidg `d ftfs ecmllfehfrgfm nuhumlfm fmtfrf nuhumlfm jfou fjdr (v) `cmlfm gctdmlldfm

umllum (nh). @fjfe lrfidg ecmumougfm hfnwf scefgdm kcpft jfou fjdr efgf scefgdm tdmlld pujf

gctdmlldfm umllum (nh) yfml `d`fpft, nfj dmd `dgfrcmfgfm pfrtdgcj yfml f`f `d `fjfe umllum

fgfm scefgdm tcrpdsfn odgf gckcpftfm jfou fjdrmyf scefgdm ecmdmlgft. Rcedsfnfm pfrtdgct sftu

`cmlfm yfml jfdmmyf `dgfrcmfgfm tfnfmfm pfrtdgcj fgfm scefgdm ndjfml odgf jfou fjdr yfml `d

fjdrgfm scefgdm gcmkfml. Rf`f lrfidg `d`fpftgfm nfsdj yfml td`fg scrflfe, nfj dmd `dgfrcmfgfm

sunu td`fg ecrftf pf`f sfft pcrkahffm, gfrcmf ncftcr `dlumfgfm `d`fjfe umllum of`d

pcrhdm`fnfm pfmfsmyf gurfml ecrftf `fm oulf wfgtu yfml `dlumfgfm `fjfe pcrkahffm sfmlft

kcpft.

2.233

2.239

2.23

2.234

2.29

2.296

2.298

2.29;

2.290

2.293

2.682;203 2.682;23 2.682;233 2.682;29 2.682;293 2.682;222

6222

6822

6022

6922

6>22

2 822222 022222 922222 >22222 6222222 6822222 6022222 6922222

Mu

Xc

tk`S

g

n`t

tkt `S

g

n`


28/34

Ijud`dsfsd 826;

6

`. Fmfjdsds Rcmlfrun Ijud`dsfsd tcrnf`fp Prfmsicr Rfmfs

Nuhumlfm n tcrnf`fp v sfft ncftcr `d kcjup gc `fjfe hc`

Nuhumlfm n tcrnf`fp v sfft ncftcr `d td`fg `d kcjup gc `fjfe hc`

Lrfidg `dftfs ecmyftfgfm pcmlfrun gckcpftfm u`frf tcrnf`fp gacidsdcm trfmsicr pfmfs

(hugfm pcmlfrun gacidsdcm n tcrnf`fp v, gfrcmf umtug mdjfd n yfml sfef, jfou fjdr oulf tctfp7

td`fg ecmumouggfm nuhumlfm fpfpum). Gc`uf lrfidg dmd tcrjdnft ecedjdgd gckcm`crumlfm yfml

sfef, yfdtu umtug mdjfd gckcpftfm u`frf yfml `dtdmlgftgfm, mdjfd gacidsdcm trfmsicr pfmfs oulf

dgut ecmdmlgft. Nfj dmd `fpft `docjfsgfm schflfd hcrdgut.

Hcr`fsfrgfm rueus pcrndtumlfm?

2.682;232.682;2382.682;2302.682;2392.682;23>

2.682;292.682;2982.682;2902.682;2992.682;29>

2.682;2

Laporan Praktikum Proses Unit Operasi Teknik I: Fluidisasi

Documents

Transcript of Laporan Praktikum Proses Unit Operasi Teknik I: Fluidisasi