Latar belakang (Background) Lembaga Amanah (Board of Trustees) Arahan untuk Penulis (Instructions to Aouthors) Abstrak (Abstract) Kata kunci (Key words)

Jadual (Tables) Ilustrasi dan Bilangan (Illustrations and figures) Rujukan (Referencess) Borang Langganan (Subscription Form) Kandungan (Contents)

THE MALAYSIAN FORESTER

‘The Malaysian Forester’ adalah jurnal antarabangsa yang diterbitkan setengah tahunan oleh Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia untuk menggalakkan pengetahuan mengenai semua aspek hutan dan Perhutanan Malaysia sejak 1931 (sebelum ini dikenali sebagai Malayan Forester sehingga tahun 1973). Ia bukan sebuah penerbitan kerajaan, walaupun ia diterbitkan dengan kelulusan Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia. Artikel oleh penyumbang di negara-negara selain daripada Malaysia adalah dialu-alukan, dengan syarat perkara berkenaan terpakai ke Malaysia atau perhutanan tropika secara umum dan tidak kepentingan semata-mata tempatan. Jurnal tidak bertanggungjawab untuk penyata dan pendapat yang dinyatakan oleh penyumbang. ‘The Malaysian Forester’ pada masa ini diindeks / cabutan dalam pangkalan data Elsevier (SCOPUS, EMBASE, Compendex, GEOBASE, EMBiology, Elsevier BIOBASE, FLUIDEX, Dunia Tekstil dan ILLUMIN8) dan pangkalan data CABI (CAB Abstracts dan CABI Global Health) ---------------------------------------------------- The Malaysian Forester is an international journal published half yearly by the Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia to promote knowledge on all aspects of Malaysian forests and forestry since 1931 (previously known as Malayan Forester until 1973). It is not a government publication, although it is published with the approval of Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia. Articles by contributors in countries other than Malaysia are welcomed, provided the subject matter is applicable to Malaysia or to tropical forestry in general and not of purely local interest. The journal assumes no responsibility for the statements and opinions expressed by contributors. The Malaysian Forester is currently indexed/abstracted in the Elsevier databases (SCOPUS, EMBASE, Compendex, GEOBASE, EMBiology, Elsevier BIOBASE, FLUIDEX , World Textiles and ILLUMIN8) and CABI databases (CAB Abstracts and CABI Global Health). ---------------------------------------------------

LEMBAGA AMANAH (BOARD OF TRUSTEES)

Pengerusi (Chairman)

Dato' Zoal Azha Bin Yusof. Naib Pengerusi Ahli (Vice Chairman) (Members) Datuk Aziyah Binti Mohamed Dato’ Prof. Dr. Hj. Abd Rahman bin Hj. Abd. Rahim Dato’ Masran bin Md Salleh Pengurus Pemasaran Hj. Suhaimi bin Mamat (Business Manager) Professor Datin Dr. Faridah Hanum Ibrahim Dato’ Masran bin Md Salleh Dr. Jalaluddin bin Harun Dato’ Dr. Latif bin Mohmod Ibrahim bin Ismail Ketua Editor (Editor-in-Chief ) Professor Datin Dr. Faridah Hanum Ibrahim, Universiti Putra Malaysia Arahan Untuk Penulis (Instructions to Authors) Manuskrip perlu mengikut arahan: Tajuk manuskrip dengan pengarang (s) dan alamat, abstrak, kata kunci, pengenalan, bahan dan kaedah, keputusan, perbincangan (atau keputusan dan perbincangan), pengakuan (jika ada) dan rujukan. Jenis kertas A4 ditaip dengan jarak dua kali (double spaced) dan tidak boleh melebihi 15 muka surat tidak termasuk jadual, ilustrasi dan angka, dengan margin 2.5 sm pada setiap sisi. Penulis diminta untuk mengemukakan salinan dalam bentuk cetakan (3 salinan) dan satu salinan cd yang disimpan di dalam fail ms-word dan dihantar kepada Ketua Editor, The Malaysian Forester, c/o Fakulti Perhutanan, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Upm Serdang, Selangor , Malaysia. Surat-menyurat mengenai perkara-perkara terbitan perlu dibuat ke alamat di atas atau email i.faridahhanum@ gmail.com. ---------------------------------------------- Manuscripts should follow the order: Title of manuscript with author(s) and address, Abstract, Key words, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion (or Results and Discussion), Acknowledgement (if any) and References. The number of double spaced typed A4 paper should not exceed 15 pages excluding tables, illustrations and figures, with 2.5 cm margin on each side. Authors are requested to submit both hard copies (3) and a soft copy saved in MS-Word files on CD to Editor-in-Chief, The Malaysian Forester, c/o Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Correspondence on editorial matters should be made to the above address or emailed to i.faridahhanum@gmail.com.

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Abstrak Abstrak tidak perlu melebih 250 perkataan

(Abstract) The abstract should not exceed 250 words.

Kata Kunci Maksimum 5 kata kunci perlu diberikan.

(Key words) A maximum of 5 key words should be given.

Jadual Nombor jadual hendaklah disimpan minimum. Jadual perlu dinomborkan sebagai jadual 1, jadual 2, .... Dan sebagainya. Dengan mengikut tajuk yang betul.

(Tables) The number of tables should be kept to the minimum. Tables must be numbered as

Table 1, Table 2, ....etc. with proper headings.

Gambar Dan Rajah (Illustrations and figures)

Semua ilustrasi (gambar-gambar, lukisan garisan, peta, atau graf) adalah direka sebagai angka dan perlu dinomborkan sebagai. Rajah 1, ..... .... Dan sebagainya. dengan keterangan yang betul. Surat harus cukup besar untuk menghadapi pengurangan. Gambar-gambar mesti berkualiti tinggi dengan kontrast yang baik dan tidak boleh kurang daripada 10 sm x 10 sm. ------------------------------------------------ All illustrations (photographs, line drawings, maps, or graphs) are designed as figures and should be numbered as. Figure 1, .....….etc. with proper captions. Letters should be sufficiently large to withstand reduction. Photographs must be of the highest quality with good contrast and should not be less than 10 cm x 10 cm.

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Rujukan (References)

Apabila dirujuk di dalam teks: (Kobayashi 2005) atau Faisal (1993). Apabila disebut dalam rujukan-rujukan seperti berikut: Wyatt-Smith, J. 1961. Nota di paya air tawar, jenis hutan tanah rendah dan hutan bukit Malaya. Malayan Forester 24:110-121. Dressler, R.L. 1993. Phylogeny dan Klasifikasi Keluarga Orchid. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 301 ms. Dahlan, T. & Puat, D.M. 2000. Masalah perhutanan di Asia Tenggara. In: Innes, J.L. & Haron, A.H. (Eds.). Pencemaran Udara dan Hutan Membangun dan pesat perindustrian Negara. IUFRO Penyelidikan Siri 4. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. ms 143-164. Norhisyam, TM, Sabri, M. & Kobayashi, S. 2001. Komposisi Spesies-spesies pokok dan Above Ground Biomass 15 tahun selepas pembalakan di Hutan Pasoh, Negeri Sembilan. In: Kobayashi, S., Turnbull, JW, Toma, T., Mori, T. & Majid, NMNA (Eds.). Prosiding Bengkel Antarabangsa mengenai Pemulihan Ekosistem Hutan Tropika miskin. CIFOR, Bogor. ms 81-86. ------------------------------------------------- When cited in text: (Kobayashi 2005) or Faisal (1993). When cited in references as follows: Wyatt-Smith, J. 1961. A note on the fresh-water swamp, lowland and hill forest types of Malaya. Malayan Forester 24:110-121. Dressler, R.L. 1993. Phylogeny and Classification of the Orchid Family. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 301 pp. Dahlan, T. & Puat, D.M. 2000. Forestry Problems in South-east Asia. In: Innes, J.L. & Haron, A.H. (Eds.). Air Pollution and the Forests of Developing and Rapidly Industrializing Countries. IUFRO Research Series 4. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. pp. 143-164. Norhisyam, T.M., Sabri, M. & Kobayashi, S. 2001. Tree Species Composition and Above Ground Biomass of a 15-year old logged-over Forest at Pasoh, Negeri Sembilan. In: Kobayashi,S., Turnbull, J.W., Toma, T., Mori, T. & Majid, N.M.N.A. (Eds.). Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Rehabilitation of Degraded Tropical Forest Ecosystems. CIFOR, Bogor. pp. 81-86.

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THE MALAYSIAN FORESTER Volume 74 Number 1 (January) 2011

Contents

MOUNTAIN TRAILS IN Sabah: CURRENT MANAGEMENT EFFORTS

– Sam Shor Nahar Yaakob, Shukri Mohamed and Saidon Amri FEEDING BEHAVIOUR, FOOD CONSUMPTION INDICES AND

INFESTATION OF THE TIGER MOTH, ATTEVA SCIODOXA, ON EURYCOMA LONGIFOLIA JACK (TONGKAT ALI) – F. Abood, G. A. Bajwa, Y. B. Ibrahim, A.G. Ab. Rasip and A.S. Sajap

NOTES ON TWO SPECIES OF PALAQUIUM BLANCO

(SAPOTACEAE) IN PENINSULAR Sabah – A. M. Richard and A. Latiff

CORRELATION OF FOREST CANOPY AND FOREST ECOLOGICAL

STRUCTURES IN A LOGGED OVER FOREST – S. A. Tan, Razman Salim, Khali Aziz Hamzah and Mohd Rizuwan Mamat

MAPPING ISSUES IN MALAYSIAN WOOD-BASED INDUSTRY

USING COGNITIVE MAPPING APPROACH – N.A. Ainuddin, M. O. Shahwahidand and A. G. Awang Noor

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT PROCESSES OF FOREST OPERATIONS IN PENINSULAR Sabah – H. O. Mohd Shahwahid and M.S. Farah

MALAYSIAN CONSUMERS’ PERCEIVED IMPORTANCE AND

KNOWLEDGE OF HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE MATERIALS – M. Shukri, Y. Sam Shor Nahar, B. Mohd Khairon, A. Ashriq Fahmy, A.R. Bazilah and Ahmad H. Aizuddin

MODELLING SURVIVAL AND GROWTH PREDICTION OF

SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA KING (MAHOGANY) PLANTATION AT KOLAPIS, Sabah – Kamziah Abd Kudus, Z. Mohd Zulfadli, F.R. Chia, J. Lapongan and K. N. K. Pang

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THE MALAYSIAN FORESTER Volume 74 Number 2 (July) 2011

Contents

EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST HARVESTING IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA - Norizah Kamarudin, Mohd Hasmadi Ismail, Kamaruzaman Jusoff and Alias Mohd Sood

COST, SALES AND PROFIT STRUCTURE OF WILD ORNAMENTAL

PLANT COLLECTION AT CAMERON HIGHLANDS - Mohd Shahwahid Haji Othman and Zulnaidah Manan

FRUIT CALYX OF VATICA L. (DIPTEROCARPACEAE) IN

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA AND ITS TAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE - Houssein M. Ali El-Taguri and A. Latiff

PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LOW QUALITY

CULTIVATED CANES MODIFIED WITH VINYL THERMOPLASTICS - Norul Hisham Hamid

FORMATION AND ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF

TENSION WOOD IN PLANTATION-GROWN HEVEA BRASILIENSIS (WILLD.) MUELL.-ARG. - Tadashi Nobuchi, Daneetha Muniandy and Mohd. Hamami Sahri

DEVELOPING CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR RESPONSIBLE

RURAL TOURISM IN TAMAN NEGARA NATIONAL PARK (TNNP), MALAYSIA - Siow May Ling, Zaaba Zainol Abidin, Vikneswaran Nair, Sridar Ramachandran and Ahmad Shuib.

ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS OF MANGIFERA L.

(ANACARDIACEAE) IN A MALAYSIAN LOWLAND RAINFOREST - A.C. Linatoc, I. Faridah- Hanum and A. Latiff

TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY OF LOGGED OVER FOREST AT TEKAI

TEMBELING FOREST RESERVE, JERANTUT, PAHANG, MALAYSIA - Kamziah Abd Kudus, Norhajar Eswani, M. Nazre, Awang Noor, A.G. and M.Ali

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THE MALAYSIAN FORESTER Volume 75 Number 1 (January) 2012

Contents

REVIEW ON WILDLIFE VALUE ORIENTATION FOR ECOTOURISM

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT – M. Manohar, E.A.L. Lim, A. G. Arni, S.J. Badariah, N.I. Fatihah, M.Z. Fauzi, J.J. Libes, S. Noordiana, A. Nursyadiq, R. Munieleswar, and C. L. Puan

ATTITUDES OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES TOWARDS

CONSERVATION OF THE MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN KUCHING, SARAWAK - Ahmad Shuib, Lee Sook Yee and Salbiah Edman

CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS OF COMMUNITY BASED

ECOTOURISM: CASE STUDY OF MISO WALAIHOMESTAY, KINABATANGAN, SABAH - Amran Hamzah and Nor Haniza Mohamad

WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR CONSERVATION FEE AT PENANG

NATIONAL PARK – S. Zaiton, M.A. Syamsul Herman, R. Alias and Y. Mohd Rusli

LOCAL COMMUNITY ECOTOURISM BUSINESS EXPERIENCES IN

KUALA TAHAN, MALAYSIA - Azlizam Aziz, Mohd Aswad Ramlan, Asli D. A. Tasci and Shazali Johari

CONSERVATION OF DELTAIC MANGROVE FOREST RESOURCES

IN KUCHING, SARAWAK: LOCAL COMMUNITIES’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY - Ahmad Shuib, Anna Bon Sin Yii and Salbiah Edman

THE NEED FOR RECREATIONAL ECONOMIC VALUATION AT

PERLIS STATE PARK – M.A. Syamsul Herman, Ahmad Shuib, S. Ramachandran, Y. Mohd Rusli, and Aldrich Richards

EFFECTS OF TOURISM ACTIVITIES AND DEVELOPMENT ON

THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF KILIM RIVER, LANGKAWI, MALAYSIA - Badaruddin Mohamed

POTENTIAL OF CANOPY TOURISM IN MALAYSIA - Mohd Aswad

Ramlan, Azlizam Aziz, Noor Azlin Yahya, Azyyati Abdul Kadir and Mohd Rusli Yacob

PROFILES OF ECOTOURISTS’ AT MULU NATIONAL PARK BASED

ON MARKET SEGMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS – S. Zaiton, K. Norfaryanti , N.M. Nawi And N.K. Kamarulzaman

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THE MALAYSIAN FORESTER Volume 74 Number 2 (July) 2011

Abstract

MOUNTAIN TRAILS IN MALAYSIA: CURRENT MANAGEMENT EFFORTS

SAM SHOR NAHAR YAAKOB1, SHUKRI MOHAMED1*

AND SAIDON AMRI2

Abstract: In the early days, mountain trails in Malaysia were used for various purposes such as for gathering of forest resources, communication networks for earlier communities and wildlife paths. Today, these trails are used for mountain trekking and jungle exploration. As mountaineering is becoming a popular recreational activity in Malaysia, mountain trails need to be managed so that the fragile tropical mountain ecosystem is conserved. The objective of this paper is to review efforts undertaken to manage mountain trails found in the country and propose some improvement to better manage these recreation resources. Currently, there are no legal provisions that encourage the management of mountain trails in Malaysia. These trails are mainly managed as they form the main mountaineering routes to mountain peaks in the country. Conscious and serious efforts have to be undertaken if these trails are to serve other purposes than just as routes for mountaineering activities. Identification and documentation as well implementing appropriate management guidelines would help to conserve these trails and their unique surrounding. Research inputs to future management of mountain trails in Malaysia include characterising and documenting these trails as well as other studies in recreation ecology. Key words: mountain trails, management, Malaysia

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FEEDING BEHAVIOUR, FOOD CONSUMPTION INDICES AND INFESTATION OF THE TIGER MOTH, ATTEVA SCIODOXA, ON

EURYCOMA LONGIFOLIA JACK (TONGKAT ALI)

F. ABOOD1, G. A. BAJWA2, Y. B. IBRAHIM3, A.G. AB. RASIP4 , AND A.S. SAJAP1

Abstract: The tiger moth Atteva sciodoxa is a serious pest of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali ) plants in Malaysia. The larvae feed gregariously by building communal webs on terminal shoots. Observations in this study showed infestation levels between 65.0±2.03 and 92.6±1.13% with a population intensity of 2.4±0.28 and 9.5±0.77 larvae per leaf on a plantation plot in Setiu, Terengganu. The infestation was observed from 0.5 to 9.0 year old E. longifolia plantation with plant height of 45.2±1.25 to 151.2±5.44 cm. The highest food ingestibility and efficiency of conversion of digested food was 75.2±0.32% and 67.8±0.74% respectively, in the fifth instar larvae while the highest efficiency of conversion of ingested food and approximate digestibility was 37.0±1.21% and 63.1±0.73%, respectively in the third instar larvae. The food ingestibility and efficiency of conversion of digested food increased with increasing age of larva, while the efficiency of conversion of ingested food and approximate digestibility decreased. The highest food consumption index of 0.51 mg dry leaf mg-1 larval body weight day-1 was recorded in the fourth instar larva and the highest relative growth rate was 0.16 mg larval body weight gain mg-1 larval body weight day-1 in the third instar. The overall consumption index of 0.23 and growth rate of 0.08 indicates A. sciodoxa has high food consumption and assimilation on the host plant, E. longifolia. This reflects the extent and speed of attack the insect is capable of on tongkat Ali plants. Key words: Atteva sciodoxa, tiger moth, feeding behaviour, Eurycoma longifolia, Tongkat Ali

NOTES ON TWO SPECIES OF PALAQUIUM BLANCO (SAPOTACEAE) IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

A. M. RICHARD1 AND A. LATIFF2*

Abstract : Notes on Palaquium leiocarpum Boerlage and Palaquium ottolanderi King & Gamble are herein given for Peninsular Malaysia.

Key words : Palaquium leiocarpum, Palaquium ottolanderi, Sapotaceae.

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CORRELATION OF FOREST CANOPY AND FOREST ECOLOGICAL STRUCTURES IN A LOGGED OVER FOREST

S. A. TAN*, RAZMAN SALIM, KHALI AZIZ HAMZAH

AND MOHD RIZUWAN MAMAT

Abstract: In this study, forest canopy openness and Leaf Area Index (LAI) were measured using hemispherical photographs taken in one of the sampling plots in a logged over lowland forest. Analysis was carried out to explore the relationship of canopy openness and LAI on forest structure. Results from the study showed that highly fragmented stem distributions and large canopy openness have a significant influence on the forest ecological structures. Key words: forest structure, Leaf Area Index, forest openness

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MAPPING ISSUES IN MALAYSIAN WOOD-BASED INDUSTRY USING COGNITIVE MAPPING APPROACH

AINUDDIN1*, N. A, SHAHWAHID1, M.O, AND AWANG NOOR2, A.G.

Abstract: Wood-based sector is one of the important sectors in the country earning a total of RM22.5 billion in 2008, making it the fifth largest industry contributing to export earnings. It is envisaged that the wood-based sector will grow to RM53 billion by 2020 (MTIB, 2009). In order to achieve the projected growth, the wood-based industry needs to map out its strategy and action plan. The objectives of this study were to identify the opportunities and obstacles present in the wood-based industry in Malaysia and to formulate recommended actions for the industry. A study was conducted where interviews and a workshop with stakeholders were held using the cognitive mapping approach where a network of concepts and issues were linked to form chains of argumentation. The concepts and issues were aggregated, linked and prioritized to form strategy statements. From the strategy statements, recommended actions were proposed. The recommended actions can be used to help chart future direction of the wood-based industry in Malaysia. Key words: cognitive mapping, forest products, Malaysia

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESSES OF FOREST OPERATIONS IN

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

MOHD SHAHWAHID H.O.1 AND FARAH M.S. 2

Abstract: This paper elaborates on the benefits of public participation in environmental impact assessment (EIA) processes. The legal requirement of public participation in EIA processes in Malaysia was investigated. Detailed EIA (DEIA) of forest operations has engaged (i) the general public during the formulation of the terms of reference of the DEIA, and when displaying the final report of the DEIA and (ii) the local communities and relevant affected stakeholders during the survey interviewing with village leaders and other affected parties. While public participation in the macro as well as preliminary EIA for forest plantation operations occurred during the interviewing of village heads and local community surveys. The results of local community surveys have highlighted significant roles of the natural forest to households living close to forests and the perceptions of the impacts of forest operations on the environment. There are positive outcomes of public participation in the EIA processes whereby the feedbacks of local community concerns are seen to be incorporated into the licensing contract of the forest operations. Key words: Public participation, environmental impact assessment, local community.

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MALAYSIAN CONSUMERS’ PERCEIVED IMPORTANCE AND KNOWLEDGE OF HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE MATERIALS

SHUKRI, M.*, SAM SHOR NAHAR, Y., MOHD KHAIRON, B.,

ASHRIQ FAHMY, A., BAZILAH, A.R., AND AHMAD AIZUDDIN, H.

Abstract: Furniture is one of the common items found in a household. Consumers deciding on a household

furniture purchase are usually overwhelmed with a range of shape, size, style colour and material choice. The

objective of this paper is to investigate consumers’ perceived importance and knowledge of materials used to

manufacture household furniture. The type of materials preferred by the consumers was also identified. A self-

administered questionnaire was used to collect the data for the study. The respondents were recruited at four

different sites in Peninsular Malaysia, two in urban and rural areas each, with the aim of obtaining a broad

representation of the consumers. Results indicated that respondents rated the type of material a household

furniture item is made of as an important purchase decision attribute. Female respondents generally rate material

more importantly than males. Knowledge of the consumers, and subsequently their preference, of the material

used to manufacture household furniture is mostly limited to wood and rattan.

Key words: furniture, purchase attributes, material, knowledge, preference

MODELLING SURVIVAL AND GROWTH PREDICTION OF SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA KING (MAHOGANY) PLANTATION

AT KOLAPIS, SABAH

KAMZIAH ABD KUDUS1*, MOHD ZULFADLI, Z.2, CHIA, F.R.3, LAPONGAN, J.3 AND PANG, K.N.K.3

Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the appropriate growth model for Swietenia macrophylla plantation at Luang Manis, Kolapis, Sabah. It included exploratory data analysis, development of survival and growth prediction models, basal area estimation and model comparison to determine the most appropriate model to predict the optimum age for harvesting. The growth prediction models were evaluated using Proc Reg and Proc Nlin in SAS and Kaplan Meier estimation was adapted for survival estimation. The models were compared on the basis of bias, root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). The results were supported by the findings from the basal area prediction. Results showed that the most suitable diameter prediction models

were; with RMSE (0.40), bias (1.43) and R2 (0.56) and

with RMSE (0.40), bias (1.45) and R2 (0.55). While the recommended height

prediction model was with RMSE (0.22), bias (-2.01) and R2

(0.86). The growth prediction models recommended that the optimum age that give maximum yield per hectare is at 25 years.

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THE MALAYSIAN FORESTER Volume 74 Number 2 (July) 2011

Abstract

EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST

HARVESTING IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

NORIZAH KAMARUDIN, MOHD HASMADI ISMAIL*, KAMARUZAMAN JUSOFF AND ALIAS MOHD SOOD

Abstract: Since its inception in 1978, Malaysian forest is now managed under sustainable forest management by adopting Selective Management System practices which consider reduced impact logging and Malaysian Criteria and Indicator to meet international requirements and forest certification. With regards to sustainable forest management, evolution can be seen in forest operation activities, where the high impact of conventional logging especially to the forest ecosystem has been transformed into reduced impact logging practices and the geoinformatics technology application. This paper attempts to review and discuss the evolution and development phases in forest harvesting, and how they will shape the future forest operation in Peninsular Malaysia. All forest engineering activities such as forest resource surveying and harvest planning, forest road planning and construction should synchronise with the environmental protection as practised by the Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia towards sustainable forest management. Thus, the environmentally sound, low cost and high efficient techniques of forest engineering and operation will be the key points of research in the future. Key words: Forest harvest operation, sustainable forest management, geoinformatics technology

COST, SALES AND PROFIT STRUCTURE OF WILD ORNAMENTAL PLANT COLLECTION AT CAMERON HIGHLANDS

MOHD SHAHWAHID HAJI OTHMAN 1*,

AND ZULNAIDAH MANAN 2 Abstract: The ornamental plant collecting activity in Malaysia is not widely understood owing to a lack of published information concerning its operations. This paper investigates the cost and earning structure of ornamental plant collections in hill forests at Cameron Highlands, Pahang. In general, the fixed and variable cost components were distributed about equally among the total production cost. Fixed costs contribution was mainly for vehicle since simple instruments were used in the collection operations. The main variable costs were in fuel to transport collectors to and from the forest and on cigarettes. Labour cost was minimal since the collector is proprietor and no direct payment of wages was made. The average monthly and per trip profit margin were lucrative with RM297.60 and RM126.27, respectively and the profit over sales ratio was about 95%. Apart from describing the profitability of the industry, information on the cost and sales structure is useful in appraising the ornamental plant stocks in the tropical forests, and could be used as a basis of determining state government revenues from commercial collectors should this be warranted. Key words: Ornamental plant collection, Cameron Highlands, cost, earning structure, profit rates.

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FRUIT CALYX OF VATICA L. (DIPTEROCARPACEAE) IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA AND ITS TAXONOMIC

SIGNIFICANCE

HOUSSEIN M. ALI EL-TAGURI AND A. LATIFF *

Abstract: A total of thirty three different characters of fruit calyx of twenty five species of the genus Vatica in Peninsular Malaysia were used to investigate the phenetic relationship. The morphology of fruit calyx was studied with stereo-microscopy and the species relationship is shown through phenetic data analysis. Two major groups namely Group I and II were recognized using the fruit calyx which conformed to the two sections in the genus. Within these two major groups, the Group I and II were again subdivided into subgroups namely IA, IB, IIA, IIB and IIC. The description of fruit calyx and the key to the species based on fruit calyx are given. Key words : Vatica, fruit calyx, Dipterocarpaceae

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PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LOW QUALITY CULTIVATED CANES MODIFIED WITH VINYL THERMOPLASTICS

NORUL HISHAM HAMID

Abstract: Physical and mechanical properties of vinyl thermoplastic-modified calamus manan aged 10 and 13 years grown under rubber tree canopy were investigated. Canes from diameters of 25-29mm, 35-39mm and 40-44 mm were selected and impregnated with polystyrene (ps) and polymethyl methacrylate (pmma) solution. Three different concentrations of 5%, 15% and 25% solutions were prepared by dilution process with methyl ethyl ketone (mek). Impregnation by vacuum and pressure was applied. Modified canes with ps had greater polymer loading, thicker coat and higher water resistance but showed lower dimensional stability than those of pmma. Canes modified with 25% concentration had greater coats, density, water resistance, dimensional stability but had lower water absorption and diameter swelling than those from lower concentrations. Mechanical properties of modified canes of either age or thermoplastic were improved over the untreated control, where the compression strength increased with increasing polymer concentration. Overall, all the mechanical properties of modified cane at 5% concentration were found to be higher than untreated cultivated canes and commercial canes of unknown age. Key words: modification, impregnation, cultivated cane, thermoplastic, properties

FORMATION AND ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF

TENSION WOOD IN PLANTATION-GROWN HEVEA BRASILIENSIS (WILLD.) MUELL.-ARG.

TADASHI NOBUCHI, DANEETHA MUNIANDY

AND MOHD. HAMAMI SAHRI

Abstract: Hevea brasiliensis wood is now widely utilized for wood industry. A problem of low yield or recovery has been pointed out. Tension wood is considered to be one of the possible causes for the low recovery. The characteristics of tension wood formation of three plantation-grown H. brasiliensis trees with different leaning angles were investigated. In a tree with strongly leaning stem, eccentric growth which is one of the typical characteristics of tension wood occurred in the upper (tension) side of the leaning stem. In the eccentric growth portion, almost all fibers except growth ring boundary showed gelatinous fibers with gelatinous layer. In a tree with weakly leaning stem, the eccentric growth did not occur. However, the upper side wood had gelatinous fibers. The opposite wood had partially gelatinous fibers. Three distribution patterns of gelatinous fibers were indicated. In a tree whose stem was in the upright position, the gelatinous fibers were distributed not in a fixed-direction but along the circumference of the disk. Their amount was not much compared to those of the upper side wood of leaning stems. The fibers in upright stems showed similar structure with gelatinous layer in leaning stems. The occurrence of gelatinous fibers in a weakly leaning stem or in the upright stem suggests the possibility of uneven distribution of plant hormones necessary and sufficient for the formation of gelatinous fibers. Key words: Tension wood, Hevea brasiliensis, gelatinous fiber, gelatinous layer, latex timber clone.

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DEVELOPING CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR RESPONSIBLE RURAL TOURISM IN TAMAN NEGARA NATIONAL PARK (TNNP),

MALAYSIA

SIOW MAY LING1&4, ZAABA ZAINOL ABIDIN2, VIKNESWARAN NAIR3, SRIDAR RAMACHANDRAN1&4* AND AHMAD SHUIB4&5

Abstract: The tourism industry in Malaysia is being transformed from low yield to high yield income. With the launch of the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP), Malaysia is set to achieve high income nation status by the end of the decade. Rural tourism and ecotourism is growing at a phenomenal rate in Malaysia and is expected to be a major contributor to the nation’s tourism receipt. Nonetheless, in the last decade, the concept of ecotourism and rural tourism has melded with mainstream tourism to lose its distinctness. Consequently, the tourism industry's growth through-out the years has created an increasing amount of stress economically, socially and environmentally. For a sustainable development of the rural tourism sector, the benefits must be equitably distributed among the private interests, public sector, tourists and local population. Criteria and indicators of sustainability that reflect the costs and benefits must be precise yet simple enough to be understood and easily implemented by field staff. The objective of this study is to develop criteria and indicators of sustainability for Taman Negara. The study uses Delphi technique to identify and develop a set of priority criteria and indicators, which is used to determine the sustainability of the development of Taman Negara National Park. The results of the study produced a set of 15 criteria and 58 indicators of sustainability which are comparable to the lists adopted by international, regional and national programs in the development of criteria and indicators. The indicators encompass the components of economic, social and environmental values associated with responsible development. These indicators will then be used in the development of a tourism barometer that will act as a national integrated tourism management system. This fundamental study plays an important role in innovating new approaches by developing indicators to holistically measure the multi-dimensional relationships between different tourism models and the linkages to local economies and environment in key natural and rural destinations in Malaysia.

Key words: responsible tourism indicators, rural tourism, Delphi technique, Taman Negara National Park

(TNNP).

ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS OF MANGIFERA L. (ANACARDIACEAE)

IN A MALAYSIAN LOWLAND RAIN FOREST

A.C. LINATOC1, I. FARIDAH_HANUM2* AND A. LATIFF3

Abstract: The study was carried out in the 50-ha forest dynamics plot of Pasoh Forest Reserve to obtain a quantitative evaluation of the abundance and diversity of the genus Mangifera in the Malaysian lowland rain forest. Twelve species including 1 variety of Mangifera accounting to a total of 1,202 stems were identified. M. quadrifida var. quadrifida obtained the highest count of 275 stems, followed by M. foetida with 208 stems, while M. swintonioides is the most rare represented by only two trees. The majority (70%) of the population is confined in the swampy area. M. quadrifida var. quadrifida obtained the highest biomass (0.51 tha-1) while it was M. griffithii that recorded the highest volume and basal area of 0.63 m3ha-1 and 0.045 m2ha-1, respectively. The relatively high density observed on small trees (seedlings and saplings) in the plot is likely related to the low density of larger trees. Key words: Mangifera, Pasoh Forest Reserve, species distribution, biomass, growth, mortality

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TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY OF LOGGED OVER FOREST AT TEKAI TEMBELING FOREST RESERVE, JERANTUT, PAHANG, MALAYSIA

KAMZIAH ABD KUDUS1*, NORHAJAR ESWANI1, M. NAZRE1, AWANG NOOR, A.G.1

AND M.ALI2

Abstract: The quantitative assessment of the hill logged-over forest at Tekai Tembeling Forest Reserve (TTFR), Jerantut, Pahang, Malaysia has never been investigated by the Forestry Department in the State of Pahang. This study investigated tree species diversity at 340 – 520 m asl.. A one-ha (100m x 100m) study plot was established and trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) of 5.0 cm and above were measured. Results showed that a total of 1307 trees from 241 species were recorded from this 1-ha plot. Shorea curtisii had the highest relative abundance (0.039) followed by Swintonia floribunda (0.038) and Knema sp.1 (0.034). Jackknife method for species richness estimated that 324.2 species present in the 100 quadrats. The regression equation to estimate species richness was

with r2=0.99%. Simpson’s index of diversity was 0.99 and Shannon-Weiner diversity (H’) was 6.99. Results also showed that Simpson’s measure of evenness was 0.35 and Smith and Wilson’s index of evenness was 0.50. These results suggested that species richness and diversity in logged-over forest of TTFR was high but the evenness was low. This was mainly because the species abundance within this plot comprised a variety of species and less species overlapping. Key words: Species diversity, evenness, richness, hill forest, logged-over forest

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THE MALAYSIAN FORESTER Volume 75 Number 1 (January) 2012

Abstract

REVIEW ON WILDLIFE VALUE ORIENTATION FOR

ECOTOURISM RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

MANOHAR, M.1,3* , LIM, E.A.L.1, ARNI, A.G.2, BADARIAH, S.J.3, FATIHAH, N.I.3, FAUZI, M.Z.1, LIBES, J.J.3, NOORDIANA, S.1, NURSYADIQ, A.1,

MUNIELESWAR, R.3 AND PUAN, C.L1

Abstract: Wildlife value orientation (WVO) is important in the management of conflicts in ecotourism, particularly in human and wildlife concerns as human-wildlife conflict reported cases have increased in recent years. Therefore, this article systematically reviews literatures on WVO globally from the context of theoretical approach as well as the effect of modernization on values towards wildlife. The theoretical approach highlights the cognitive hierarchy model and the development of four theories that shapes the cultural thought towards wildlife relevant to ecotourism products. By understanding, through integrated empirical investigation, the values people hold towards wildlife, it enables the development of effective decision makings in handling the conflicts in the realm of ecotourism product or resource management. Key words: ecotourism, wildlife value orientation, conflicts, human wildlife relationships

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ATTITUDES OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES TOWARDS CONSERVATION OF THE MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN

KUCHING, SARAWAK

AHMAD SHUIB1, LEE SOOK YEE2 and SALBIAH EDMAN2

Abstract: The deltaic mangrove forest areas in the District of Kuching are being exploited at an alarming rate even though conservation programs are extended to the local communities. This study is carried out to determine the factors that influence the attitudes of the local communities towards conservation of the mangrove forest resources. 326 questionnaires have been collected from 15 villages in the mukim of Sematan, Lundu, Santubong and Matang in the District of Kuching. Data have been collected using face to face interviews of the households in the selected villages. Using exploratory factor analysis nine factors are identified that reflect the attitudes of villagers which include protection of fauna, payment for conservation, ecotourism, management and conservation programs, economic and commercial values, damage and losses, government responsibility, knowledge and physical impacts. Factors like socio-demographics, economic activities, location specific of the villages and managerial programs are tested to determine the influence on the attitudes. The results reveal that age, gender, occupation (student), and mangrove replanting have significant causal relationship with attitudes towards conservation. The study shows that the majority of the members of the communities who are living near the mangrove forest in the District of Kuching show positive attitudes toward conservation of mangrove forest resources. Awareness campaign and education for the younger generations should be extended to the local communities to enhance their participation in the conservation of the mangrove forest resources. Key words: non timber products, ecotourism, socio-demographics, awareness campaign, participation,

protection of fauna

CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS OF COMMUNITY BASED ECOTOURISM: CASE STUDY OF MISO WALAIHOMESTAY,

KINABATANGAN, SABAH

AMRAN HAMZAH 1 AND NOR HANIZA MOHAMAD 2

Abstract: Community Based Tourism or Community Based Ecotourism (CBT/CBET) is often regarded as a panacea by creating an alternative source of livelihood once protected areas are gazetted around or close to local communities who used to be dependent on the forest resources. Previous studies have shown that CBT projects are easy to start but difficult to sustain, especially those that were initiated by international donors. Without proper planning, management and monitoring, CBT initiatives are often not commercially viable and its initial promise as an alternative source of livelihood seldom fully materialise. Based on a longitudinal study from 2005 to 2010, the authors analysed the performance of Miso Walai Homestay in the Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah in relation to 3 other CBT projects in the same area. The researchers used the qualitative approach combining semi-structured interviews and participant observation etc. to model the critical success factors that ensured the success and sustainability of Miso Walai Homestay as it moves up the value chain. Dynamic leadership and organisation, the setting up of a tourism cooperative, partnerships with government agencies and tourism industry players and a strong commitment to biodiversity conservation have made Miso Walai Homestay into a model Community Based Ecotourism initiative. Key words: Community based tourism; Community based ecotourism, critical success factors, Miso Walai

Homestay

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WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR CONSERVATION FEE AT PENANG NATIONAL PARK

ZAITON, S.1,2*, SYAMSUL HERMAN, M.A.1,2 , ALIAS, R.3 AND MOHD RUSLI, Y.4

Abstract: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is one of the approaches that have helped to assign dollar values to non-use values for non-market goods. Most of ecotourism areas such as national parks exist as public facilities. Some national parks have implemented charges such as entrance permit to visitors but it still creates problems especially for the pricing system thus related to efficient pricing policy and the sustainability of ecotourism resources. The introduction of efficient pricing policy for the utilization of parks should be given special attention, especially in developing countries. This study used the CVM, with Willingness to Pay (WTP) as the elicitation method to measure non-use value for environmental resources in Penang National Park. A total of 509 respondents completed the survey. The finding of this study discovers that visitors are willing to pay for the conservation fee. Recently, there is no charge for conservation fee. Although using WTP for economic valuation cannot provide the exact answers on the valuation of these natural resources, it can still provide a guideline on pricing strategy and postulate extra information for park management decisions, especially on park pricing.

Key words: willingness to pay, contingent valuation method, national park, conservation fee, penang

national park

LOCAL COMMUNITY ECOTOURISM BUSINESS EXPERIENCES IN KUALA TAHAN, MALAYSIA

AZLIZAM AZIZ1, MOHD ASWAD RAMLAN1*,

ASLI D. A. TASCI2 AND SHAZALI JOHARI1

Abstract: Many ecotourism destinations were developed with the dual purpose of resource conservation and local economic well-being. In order to achieve these noble goals, there is a need to incorporate local community participation in ecotourism activity. The vital justification for such participation can be found in the form of linking the economic benefits and conservation. Interest in such linkage was the premise of the present study which was set in Kuala Tahan (Taman Negara National Park), a well known ecotourism destination in Malaysia. The study was designed to examine the experience of the locals in businesses and how they benefited from their participation in ecotourism activities. A census was conducted in Kuala Tahan in 2010 of 69 locals who were involved in businesses providing services to the ecotourists in the park. Results of the study demonstrate an encouraging business atmosphere in Kuala Tahan, and the locals are optimistic about the future of the area. Several changes in business profiles were identified and compared to a previous survey which was conducted in 1993. Although most of the locals are still operating businesses in a conventional manner, some had explored and are thriving in new ventures. A number of problems which could impede the local business growth were also noted and corrective measures suggested. Key words: Ecotourism, entrepreneurship, Kuala Tahan Malaysia

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CONSERVATION OF DELTAIC MANGROVE FOREST RESOURCES IN KUCHING, SARAWAK:

LOCAL COMMUNITIES’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY

AHMAD SHUIB1, ANNA BON SIN YII2 AND SALBIAH EDMAN2

Abstract: The mangrove forest resources in the Kuching Delta are being exploited extensively for agricultural, industrial and other development purposes despite conservation efforts being carried out. This study was aimed at determining the willingness to pay by the local communities for the conservation of the mangrove resources. Data were collected from the local communities living near the mangrove forests and the WTP was obtained by using the contingency valuation technique. 316 respondents were interviewed and asked to indicate the maximum amount they were willing to pay for the conservation of mangrove forest resources. The majority of the local community members were willing to pay for the conservation of the resources, with a mean value of RM15.70 per year per person. Conservation of the resources was perceived positively by the residents with a mean value of 3.9 (out of 5 rating scale). Levels of education and income of the local communities have positive influence on the willingness to pay for conservation of the resources. Mangrove forest benefits could be obtained in perpetuity if conserved; the estimated gross present value of the benefits (WTP) is RM28.3 million, at the annual social discount rate of 4 %. Key words: mangrove ecosystem, non-use values, river delta, market value, attitudes, discrete choice

model, multistage sampling, gross present value

THE NEED FOR RECREATIONAL ECONOMIC VALUATION AT PERLIS STATE PARK

SYAMSUL HERMAN, M.A.1,2, AHMAD SHUIB2,3, RAMACHANDRAN, S.1,2, MOHD RUSLI, Y.4 AND ALDRICH RICHARDS5

Abstract: The uniqueness in limestone vegetation, harbouring the country’s only semi-deciduous forest has led to the gazettement of Perlis State Park as a protected area in Malaysia. Apart of its main function in conservation and research, the park also offers the opportunity for outdoor recreation and tourism for the public. Facilities are provided and carefully planned to ensure it brings only minimal impact to the environment. However, the economic value for the park is unknown. Due to its significant cost of development, there is a need to estimate the economic value generated from the recreational opportunity provided by the park. This paper describes the outdoor recreational experience for the park and the need for economic valuation of the recreational products.

Key words: Protected area, nature tourism, ecotourism, outdoor recreation, economic value

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EFFECTS OF TOURISM ACTIVITIES AND DEVELOPMENT ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF KILIM RIVER,

LANGKAWI, MALAYSIA

BADARUDDIN MOHAMED

Abstract: The legendary Langkawi Island is one of the most visited islands in Malaysia. Rapid coastal development and tourist activities in the island including in the area of Kilim River had restrained mangrove proliferation over the years. Mangrove areas have evolved from merely a conservation area, catchment area, flood plains - into more diversified uses. For the past 20 years, several mangrove areas in Kilim River were degraded. There are several causes that contributed to the mangrove deterioration such as mangrove clearing, trekking, canoeing, flora and fauna watching, and mangrove conversion to commercial areas resorts. Introduction of ecotourism industry not only spurred interests in mangrove areas, but also exposed many wetland areas to all types of visitors, engaging in many kinds of activities. At the same time, ecotourism activities at Kilim River have attracted various related industries such as fish farming, sports tourism, floating restaurants and recreational boating. These businesses while generally supporting the growth of tourism also create unwanted threats to existing fragile nature. This paper discusses tourism activities and development that impact the physical environment of Kilim River area, and suggests steps to undertake to prevent further deterioration of the physical environment. Key words: Langkawi, tourism, physical environment, Kilim, resource management

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POTENTIAL OF CANOPY TOURISM IN MALAYSIA

MOHD ASWAD RAMLAN 1, AZLIZAM AZIZ 1*, NOOR AZLIN YAHYA 2, AZYYATI ABDUL KADIR2 AND MOHD RUSLI YACOB3

.

Abstract: The canopy walkway, a structure for observing the upper part of forest canopy was

first built in Malaysia in the early 1960s. Initially, the structure was built purely for research, but

later opened to the public as an attraction in natural areas. This paper discusses the potential of

canopy tourism in Malaysia, its evolution, as a tool in conservation and strategies for the

sustainability of canopy tourism while serving as a recreational facility in our forests.

Key words: nature-based tourism, canopy walkway, ecotourism, forest conservation.

PROFILES OF ECOTOURISTS’ AT MULU NATIONAL PARK BASED ON MARKET SEGMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS

ZAITON, S.1,2*, NORFARYANTI , K.2 , NAWI, N. M 2,3 AND KAMARULZAMAN, N. K. 2,3

Abstract: Ecotourism is considered the fastest growing market in the tourism industry. Ecotourism is

becoming an option for generating more income from the tourism sector particularly for developing

countries especially Malaysia. One of the key elements to achieve a viable ecotourism is by tapping the

marketing of ecotourism into the right channels and segmenting the right market. This paper describes the

profile of ecotourists to Mulu National Park (MNP) based on types of market segmentation in ecotourism. It

was found that ecotourists are heterogeneous which denotes that ecotourists’ characteristics are diverse in

many aspects. Ecotourists are different in their tastes and preferences such as the purpose of visiting and

types of attractions offered by the MNP. These kind of information can help park managers to plan better

marketing strategies for the long-term sustainable development of the park.

Key words: Ecotourism, market segmentation, national park, Mulu National Park