Marine Sediment2
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Transcript of Marine Sediment2
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SMS (SAINS KIMIA)AHLI KUMPULAN :
NURUL SHAFIKAH MUHAMMAD - UK19685
SITI FASIHAH RAMELI - UK21478
NOR ELLA SYAKILLA MAT ARIS - UK21597
NUR NAJIHAH MARZUKI - UK21708NURUL HIDAYAH ABD RAHIM - UK21709
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MARINE SEDIMENT
HYDROGENOUS VS
BIOGENOUS SEDIMENT
KIM 3701
KIMIA ALAMSEKITAR
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unconsolidated organicand inorganic particlesthat accumulate on theocean floororiginate from numerous
sourcesweathering anderosion of thecontinentsvolcanic eruptionsbiological activitychemical processes
within the oceaniccrust and seawaterimpacts of extra-terrestrial objects
SEDIMENT
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HOW TO CLASSIFIED MARINE
SEDIMENTS?Marine sediments can be classified by its grain size and itscomposition.
Size classification divides sediment by grain size into
gravel, sand and clay.- Mud is a mixture of silt and clay.
composition of sediment can be measured in terms of:
- parent rock lithology
- mineral composition- chemical make-up.
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Classification of marine sediments based on its constituents.
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TYPES OF SEDIMENTS
HYDROGENOU
S SEDIMENTSBIOGENOUS
SEDIMENTS
LITHOGENOUSSEDIMENTS
COSMOGENOU
S SEDIMENTS
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HYDROGENOUS
SEDIMENT
formed by
precipitation of
minerals from theoceans water or can
be formed as a new
mineral as a result of
chemical reactions
between the water ofthe ocean and
sediments that already
exist on the ocean
floor.
formed from the
.
formed from the
insoluble remains of
past life forms and
parts such as bones
and teeth.
made from the
microscopic shells that
are deposited by tiny
plants, animals, andplankton that live on
the waters surface
and eventually make
their way down to the
ocean floor.
BIOGENOUS
SEDIMENTSVS
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BIOGENOUS SEDIMENTS
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BIOGENOUS SEDIMENTConsists of 3 major groups based on chemical
composition:
Calcareous sediment
Siliceous sediment
Phosphatic sediment
Come from plants
called coccolithophores
(phytoplankton) and
animals (zooplankton)
called foraminifera andpteropods.
Come from plats
called diatoms and
animals called
radiolarians.
Come from bones,
teeth and scales of
fishes and other marine
vetebrates.
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEA WATER
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V
E
R
S
U
S
HYDROGENOUS
SEDIMENTS
BIOGENOUS
SEDIMENTS
hydro means water ; generaremeans to produce.
Origin :Forms when dissolved materialscome out of solution (precipitate).
Precipitation is caused by achange in conditions including:-Changes in temperature-Changes in pressure-Addition of chemically active
fluids
Mode of transport :Not transported, precipitates inplace
bio means life ; generaremeans to produce.
Origin : Forms when organisms thatproduce hard parts die.
Material rains down on the oceanfloor and accumulates as:*Macroscopic shells, bones, teeth*Microscopic tests (shells)-If comprised of at least 30% test
material, called biogenous ooze
Mode of transport :Settles from top of water column
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V
E
R
S
U
S
HYDROGENOU
S SEDIMENTS
BIOGENOUS
SEDIMENTS
General occurrence :In deep ocean basins where input
of other sediments is minimal
Usual constituents:Highly variable; major examples
are manganese nodules,
phosphorite nodules, and
evaporites
Relative abundance: < 1%
Sources :
precipitation of dissolved
minerals from water, often by
bacteria
General occurrence :Intermediate depths at all latitudeswhere lithogenous sediments arenot important (e.g., f lanks ofoceanic ridges); upwelling regions
Usual constituents:Calcium carbonate (coccoliths andforaminifera) and silica (diatomsand radiolaria)
Relative abundance:
~50%
Sources : organic ; accumulation of hardparts(bones,teeth,etc) of somemarine organism.
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V
E
R
S
U
S
HYDROGENOUS
SEDIMENTS
BIOGENOUS
SEDIMENTS
Composition :Manganese nodulesPhosphatesCarbonatesMetal sulfidesEvaporite salts
Distribution : present with other, more
dominants sediments.
Example : manganese nodules andphosphorite deposits.
Composition :Silica (SiO2) including opal
(SiO2 nH2O)*Diatoms (algae)*Radiolarians (protozoan)
Calcium carbonate or calcite
(CaCO3)*Coccolithophores (algae)*Foraminifers (protozoan)
Distribution: dominant on deep ocean floor
(siliceous ooze below 5km)
Example : calcareous ooze and siliceousooze.
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Total sediment thickness of the ocean floor, with the thinnest
deposits in dark blue and the thickest in red.
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General patterns of sediments on the ocean floor
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Calcareous ooze
general term for layers of muddy,calcium carbonate (CaCO3) bearingsoft rock sediment on the seafloor.
Only a small proportion isprecipitated inorganically.
distinguished by its mainbiogenic component intoforaminiferal ooze, coccolithophoreooze, or pteropod ooze,respectively.
However, coccolithophorids andplanktic foraminifera form thelargest part of the pelagiccalcareous ooze with lesscontribution due to pteropods,calcareous dinoflagellates, and
lithothamnium.
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( ri arily iatzes) c ver 15 f
t e cea fl r
istri ti
irr rs re i s f i r ctivity
c at ilatit es, az es f
elli
ra i lariazes re
c ieq at rial re i s
siliceous oozes
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Manganese
nodules
surficial deposits ofmanganese, iron, copper,cobalt, and nickel
accumulate only in areas oflow sedimentation rate (e.g.,the Pacific)
develop extremely slowly(1 to 10 mm/million years)
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SUMMARYLayers of sediments cover most places of the ocean floor. The sediments comprises
particles from land, from biological activity in the ocean, from chemical processes within
water,, and even from space.
The blanket of marine sediments is thickest at the continental margins and thinnest over
the active oceanic ridges.
Sediments may be classified by particle size, source, location or color.
Biogeneous sediments are compose of the remains of once-living organism.
Hydrogenous sediments are precipitated directly from sea water.
The position and nature of sediments provide important clues to earths recent history
and valuable resources can sometimes be recovered from them.
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REFERENCES
Ernst, W. G., and J. G. Morin, eds. The Environment of the Deep Sea. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall.
Morse, J.W., and F. T. Mackenzie. Geochemistry of Sedementary Carbonates. Amsterdam,
Netherlands : Elsevier, 1990.
www.tulane.edu/~bianchi/Courses/Oceanography
www.experiencefestival,com/biogenoussediments
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TERIMAKASIH
SELAMAT
BERPUASA~
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QUESTION??
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