N.Mohamad *,** , A. Muchtar * , M. J. Ghazali * , Dahlan H.M. *** , C.H. Azhari *
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The Effects of Filler Loading and 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane in Epoxidised Natural Rubber-Alumina Nanoparticles Composites (ENRAN) N.Mohamad *,** , A. Muchtar * , M. J. Ghazali * , Dahlan H.M. *** , C.H. Azhari * * Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. ** Faculty of Manufacturing, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 75450 Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. E-mail: [email protected] *** Malaysian Nuclear Agency 43000 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. ENRAN is predicted to exhibit combined properties of its constituents: epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) and alumina nanoparticles. ENR shows unique properties such as good oil resistance, low gas permeability, higher wet grip, rolling resistance, and a high strength (1) . Alumina is a structural material with an extremely high melting point (2050C), high hardness, and capable to take on diverse shapes and functions (2) . The ENRAN is proposed as a potential material for impact absorber in body armour. The alumina nanoparticles showed good compatibility with ENR since it increased the tensile modulus, hardness and glass transition temperature as their amount is increased in the composites (3) . Silane coupling agent is added into the composites to increase the adhesion and INTRODUCTION TYPICAL FORMULATION INGREDIENTS LOADINGS (phr) a ENR 50 100 Zinc oxide 2.0 Sulphur 1.6 Stearic acid 1.5 CBS b 1.9 TMTD c 0.9 6PPD d 2.0 SCA e 2.0 Alumina 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 a Parts per hundred rubber b N-cyclohexylbenthiazyl sulphonamide c Tetramethylthiuram disulfide d N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p- phenylenediamine e 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane COMPOUNDING & TESTING RESULTS Alum ina nanoparticles (phr) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 W eightoftoluene uptake pergram ofrubber,Q (g) 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 untreated E N RAN treated E N RAN Alum ina nanoparticles (phr) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 G lass Transition Tem perature,Tg (degC ) -19.0 -18.5 -18.0 -17.5 -17.0 -16.5 -16.0 -15.5 -15.0 untreated E N RAN treated E N RAN ENRAN 30 phr (untreated) ENRAN 30 phr (treated) ENRAN 60 phr (untreated) ENRAN 60 phr (treated) Alum ina nanoparticles (phr) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Torque (dN m) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 M L (untreated E N RAN) M L (treated E N RAN) M H (untreated E N RAN) M H (treated E N RAN) Alum ina nanoparticles (phr) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 M ax.Torque -M in.Torque,M H -M L (dN m) 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 untreated E N RAN treated E N RAN Alum ina nanoparticles (phr) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Tim e (m in) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 t2 (untreated E N RAN) t2 (treated E N RAN) t90 (untreated E N RAN) t90 (treated E N RAN) Cure Characteristics Analysis RAMM & ASMP 2009, Bayview Beach Resort , Batu Feringhi, Penang, MALAYSIA The cure characteristics were affected by crosslink density, adhesion between filler and matrix and filler dispersion. The alumina nanoparticles show a good compatibility with ENR matrix since it improve the cure characteristics and increase the glass transition temperature. The SCA has interrupted the compatibility between alumina and ENR and decreased the T as well as CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia & Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) for granting the FRGS(UKM-RS- 02-FRGS0003-2007), MINT for equipments and UTeM for study leave (N. Mohamad). REFERENCES (1) Ismail, H. and Chia, H.H., Euro Poly J, 34, 12, 1998, pp. 1857-1863 (2) Noboru, I., Introduction to Fine Ceramics (Application in Engineering), John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1987. (3) Mohamad N., Muchtar A., Ghazali M.J., Dahlan, H.M., Azhari, C.H., Euro J. of Sci Res 24(4), 2008, pp. 538-547. OTHER INGREDIENTS TWO ROLL MILL ENR ALUMINA NANOPARTICLES MONSANTO RHEOMETER HAAKE ENRAN SWELL MEASUREMENT DSC ENRAN HOT PRESS SEM
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The Effects of Filler Loading and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane in Epoxidised Natural Rubber-Alumina Nanoparticles Composites (ENRAN). N.Mohamad *,** , A. Muchtar * , M. J. Ghazali * , Dahlan H.M. *** , C.H. Azhari * - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of N.Mohamad *,** , A. Muchtar * , M. J. Ghazali * , Dahlan H.M. *** , C.H. Azhari *
The Effects of Filler Loading and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane in Epoxidised Natural
Rubber-Alumina Nanoparticles Composites (ENRAN)N.Mohamad*,**, A. Muchtar*, M. J. Ghazali*, Dahlan H.M.***, C.H. Azhari*
* Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.**Faculty of Manufacturing, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 75450 Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia.
E-mail: [email protected]*** Malaysian Nuclear Agency 43000 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
ENRAN is predicted to exhibit combined properties of its constituents: epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) and alumina nanoparticles. ENR shows unique properties such as good oil resistance, low gas permeability, higher wet grip, rolling resistance, and a high strength(1). Alumina is a structural material with an extremely high melting point (2050C), high hardness, and capable to take on diverse shapes and functions(2). The ENRAN is proposed as a potential material for impact absorber in body armour. The alumina nanoparticles showed good compatibility with ENR since it increased the tensile modulus, hardness and glass transition temperature as their amount is increased in the composites(3). Silane coupling agent is added into the composites to increase the adhesion and reinforcing capability of alumina nanoparticles.
INTRODUCTION
TYPICAL FORMULATIONINGREDIENT
S LOADINGS (phr)a
ENR 50 100Zinc oxide 2.0Sulphur 1.6
Stearic acid 1.5CBSb 1.9
TMTDc 0.96PPDd 2.0SCAe 2.0
Alumina 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60a Parts per hundred rubberb N-cyclohexylbenthiazyl sulphonamidec Tetramethylthiuram disulfided N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediaminee 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
COMPOUNDING & TESTING
RESULTS
Alumina nanoparticles (phr)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Wei
ght o
f tol
uene
upt
ake
per g
ram
of r
ubbe
r, Q
(g)
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
untreated ENRANtreated ENRAN
Alumina nanoparticles (phr)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Gla
ss T
rans
ition
Tem
pera
ture
, Tg
(deg
C)
-19.0
-18.5
-18.0
-17.5
-17.0
-16.5
-16.0
-15.5
-15.0
untreated ENRANtreated ENRAN
ENRAN 30 phr (untreated) ENRAN 30 phr (treated)
ENRAN 60 phr (untreated) ENRAN 60 phr (treated)
Alumina nanoparticles (phr)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Torq
ue (d
Nm
)
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
ML (untreated ENRAN)ML (treated ENRAN)MH (untreated ENRAN)MH (treated ENRAN)
Alumina nanoparticles (phr)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Max
. Tor
que
- Min
. Tor
que,
MH
-ML
(dN
m)
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
untreated ENRANtreated ENRAN
Alumina nanoparticles (phr)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Tim
e (m
in)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
t2 (untreated ENRAN)t2 (treated ENRAN)t90 (untreated ENRAN)t90 (treated ENRAN)
Cure
Cha
ract
erist
ics
Analysis
RAMM & ASMP 2009, Bayview Beach Resort , Batu Feringhi, Penang, MALAYSIA
The cure characteristics were affected by crosslink density, adhesion between filler and matrix and filler dispersion. The alumina nanoparticles show a good compatibility with ENR matrix since it improve the cure characteristics and increase the glass transition temperature. The SCA has interrupted the compatibility between alumina and ENR and decreased the Tg as well as reinforcing capability of fillers in the treated ENRAN.
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSMinistry of Higher Education Malaysia & Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) for granting the FRGS(UKM-RS-02-FRGS0003-2007), MINT for equipments and UTeM for study leave (N. Mohamad).
REFERENCES(1) Ismail, H. and Chia, H.H., Euro Poly J, 34, 12, 1998, pp. 1857-1863(2) Noboru, I., Introduction to Fine Ceramics (Application in Engineering), John
Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1987.(3) Mohamad N., Muchtar A., Ghazali M.J., Dahlan, H.M., Azhari, C.H., Euro J. of Sci
Res 24(4), 2008, pp. 538-547.
OTHER INGREDIENT
S
TWO ROLL MILL
ENR ALUMINA NANOPARTICLE
S
MONSANTO RHEOMETER
HAAKE
ENRAN
SWELL MEASUREME
NT DSC
ENRAN
HOT PRESS
SEM
