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    Pengantar Sistem OperasiKomputer

    Plus Ilustrasi Kernel Linux

    Masyarakat Digital Gotong Royong (MDGR)

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    Pengantar Sistem Operasi Komputer: Plus Ilustrasi KernelLinuxoleh Masyarakat Digital Gotong Royong (MDGR)

    Diterbitkan $Date: 2006-08-29 11:12:03 $Hak Cipta 2003-2006 Masyarakat Digital Gotong Royong (MDGR).

    Silakan menyalin, mengedarkan, dan/atau, memodifikasi bagian dari dokumen $Revision:4.2 $ yang dikarang oleh Masyarakat Digital Gotong Royong (MDGR), sesuai denganketentuan "GNU Free Documentation License versi 1.2" atau versi selanjutnya dari FSF(Free Software Foundation); tanpa bagian "Invariant", tanpa teks "Front-Cover", dan tanpateks "Back-Cover". Lampiran A ini berisi salinan lengkap dari lisensi tersebut. BUKU INIHASIL KERINGAT DARI RATUSAN JEMAAH MDGR (BUKAN KARYAINDIVIDUAL). JANGAN MENGUBAH/MENGHILANGKAN LISENSI BUKU INI.SIAPA SAJA DIPERSILAKAN UNTUK MENCETAK/MENGEDARKAN BUKUINI! Seluruh ketentuan di atas TIDAK berlaku untuk bagian dan/atau kutipan yang bukandikarang oleh Masyarakat Digital Gotong Royong (MDGR). Versi digital terakhir daribuku ini dapat diambil dari http://bebas.vlsm.org/ v06/ Kuliah/ SistemOperasi/ BUKU/.

    Catatan RevisiRevisi 4.1 29-Agustus-2006 RMS46Memulai mempersiapkan revisi 5.0 (Agustus 2007).Revisi 4.00 28-Agustus-2006 RMS46Menganggap selesai revisi 4.0.Revisi 3.64 14-Agustus-2006 RMS46Mei-Agustus 2006: PemolesanRevisi 3.42 04-Mei-2006 RMS46April-Mei 2006: Mengosongkan Appendix C: (UPDATE).Revisi 3.37 06-April-2006 RMS46Start Feb2006: Gusur Appendix B: Soal Latihan.Revisi 3.27 22-Februari-2006 RMS46Full XML (was SGML), start update kelompok hingga bab 47.

    Revisi 3.00 26-Agustus-2005 RMS46Selesai tidak selesai, ini revisi 3.00!Revisi 2.34 26-Agustus-2005 RMS46Memperbaiki sana-sini.Revisi 2.24 5-Agustus-2005 RMS46Mempersiapkan seadanya versi 3.0Revisi 2.17 27-Juli-2005 RMS46Mengubah dari SGML DocBook ke XML DocBook.Revisi 2.10 03-Mar-2005 RMS46Membereskan dan memilah 52 bab.Revisi 2.4 02-Dec-2004 RMS46Update 2.0+. Ubah sub-bab menjadi bab.Revisi 2.0 09-09-2004 RMS46Menganggap selesai revisi 2.0.

    Revisi 1.10 09-09-2004 RMS46Pesiapan ke revisi 2.0Revisi 1.9.2.10 24-08-2004 RMS46Ambil alih kelompok 51, perbaikan isi buku.Revisi 1.9.1.2 15-03-2004 RMS46Revisi lanjutan: perbaikan sana-sini, ejaan, indeks, dst.Revisi 1.9.1.0 11-03-2004 RMS46Revisi ini diedit ulang serta perbaikan sana-sini.Revisi 1.9 24-12-2003 Kelompok 49Versi rilis final buku OS.Revisi 1.8 08-12-2003 Kelompok 49Versi rilis beta buku OS.Revisi 1.7 17-11-2003 Kelompok 49

    Versi rilis alfa buku OS.Revisi 1.5 17-11-2003 Kelompok 49Penggabungan pertama (kel 41-49), tanpa indeks dan rujukan utama. ada.

    http://bebas.vlsm.org/v06/Kuliah/SistemOperasi/BUKU/http://bebas.vlsm.org/v06/Kuliah/SistemOperasi/BUKU/
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    Revisi 1.4 08-11-2003 Kelompok 49Pengubahan template versi 1.3 dengan template yang baru yang akan digunakan dalam versi 1.4-2.0Revisi 1.3.0.5 12-11-2003 RMS46Dipilah sesuai dengan sub-pokok bahasan yang ada.Revisi 1.3 30-09-2003 RMS46

    Melanjutkan perbaikan tata letak dan pengindeksan.Revisi 1.2 17-09-2003 RMS46Melakukan perbaikan struktur SGML, tanpa banyak mengubah isi buku.Revisi 1.1 01-09-2003 RMS46Kompilasi ulang, serta melakukan sedikit perapihan.Revisi 1.0 27-05-2003 RMS46Revisi ini diedit oleh Rahmat M. Samik-Ibrahim (RMS46).Revisi 0.21.4 05-05-2003 Kelompok 21Perapihan berkas dan penambahan entity.Revisi 0.21.3 29-04-2003 Kelompok 21Perubahan dengan menyempurnakan nama file.Revisi 0.21.2 24-04-2003 Kelompok 21Merubah Kata Pengantar.

    Revisi 0.21.1 21-04-2003 Kelompok 21Menambahkan Daftar Pustaka dan Index.Revisi 0.21.0 26-03-2003 Kelompok 21Memulai membuat tugas kelompok kuliah Sistem Operasi.

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    Kelompok 24 (2003). Kelompok ini merancang bagian (bab 3 versi 1.0) yang menjelaskankomunikasi antar proses dan deadlock. Anggota dari kelompok ini ialah: Adzan Wahyu Jatmiko(Ketua), Agung Pratomo, Dedy Kurniawan, Samiaji Adisasmito, Zidni Agni.

    Kelompok 25 (2003). Kelompok ini merancang bagian (bab 4 versi 1.0) yang menjelaskan segalahal yang berhubungan dengan memori komputer. Anggota dari kelompok ini ialah: Nasrullah

    (Ketua), Amy S. Indrasari, Ihsan Wahyu, Inge Evita Putri, Muhammad Faizal Ardhi, MuhammadZaki Rahman, N. Rifka N. Liputo, Nelly, Nur Indah, R. Ayu P., Sita A.R.

    Kelompok 26 (2003). Kelompok ini merancang bagian (bab 5 versi 1.0) yang menjelaskan segalahal yang berhubungan dengan managemen sistem berkas. Anggota dari kelompok ini ialah:Rakhmad Azhari (Ketua), Adhe Aries P., Adityo Pratomo, Aldiantoro Nugroho, Framadhan A.,Pelangi, Satrio Baskoro Y.

    Kelompok 27 (2003). Kelompok ini merancang bagian (bab 6 versi 1.0) yang menjelaskan segalahal yang berhubungan dengan managemen M/K dan Disk. Anggota dari kelompok ini ialah: TeukuAmir F.K. (Ketua), Alex Hendra Nilam, Anggraini Widjanarti, Ardini Ridhatillah, R. Ferdy Ferdian,Ripta Ramelan, Suluh Legowo, Zulkifli.

    Kelompok 28 (2003). Kelompok ini merancang bagian (bab 7 versi 1.0) yang menjelaskan segalahal yang berhubungan dengan Studi Kasus GNU/Linux. Anggota dari kelompok ini ialah:Christiono H3ndra (Ketua), Arief Purnama L.K., Arman Rahmanto, Fajar, Muhammad Ichsan,Rama P. Tardan, Unedo Sanro Simon.

    Kelompok 41 (2003). Kelompok ini menulis ulang bagian (bab 1 versi 2.0) yang merupakanpecahan bab 1 versi sebelumnya. Anggota dari kelompok ini ialah: Aristo (Ketua), Ahmad Furqan SK., Obeth M S.

    Kelompok 42 (2003). Kelompok ini menulis ulang bagian (bab 2 versi 2.0) yang merupakan bagianakhir dari bab 1 versi sebelumnya. Anggota dari kelompok ini ialah: Puspita Kencana Sari (Ketua),Retno Amelia, Susi Rahmawati, Sutia Handayani.

    Kelompok 43 (2003). Kelompok ini menulis ulang/memperbaiki bagian (bab 3 versi 2.0, ex bab 2

    versi 1.0) yang membahas managemen proses, thread, dan penjadwalan. Anggota dari kelompok iniialah: Agus Setiawan (Ketua), Adhita Amanda, Afaf M, Alisa Dewayanti, Andung J Wicaksono,Dian Wulandari L, Gunawan, Jefri Abdullah, M Gantino, Prita I.

    Kelompok 44 (2003). Kelompok ini menulis ulang/memperbaiki bagian (bab 4 versi 2.0, ex bab 3versi 1.0) yang membahas komunikasi antar proses dan deadlock. Anggota dari kelompok ini ialah:Arnold W (Ketua), Antonius H, Irene, Theresia B, Ilham W K, Imelda T, Dessy N, Alex C.

    Kelompok 45 (2003). Kelompok ini menulis ulang/memperbaiki bagian (bab 5 versi 2.0, ex bab 4versi 1.0) yang membahas segala hal yang berhubungan dengan memori komputer. Anggota darikelompok ini ialah: Bima Satria T (Ketua), Adrian Dwitomo, Alfa Rega M, Boby, Diah Astuti W,Dian Kartika P, Pratiwi W, S Budianti S, Satria Graha, Siti Mawaddah, Vita Amanda.

    Kelompok 46 (2003). Kelompok ini menulis ulang/memperbaiki bagian (bab 6 versi 2.0, ex bab 5

    versi 1.0) yang membahas segala hal yang berhubungan dengan managemen sistem berkas. Anggotadari kelompok ini ialah: Josef (Ketua), Arief Aziz, Bimo Widhi Nugroho, Chrysta C P, Dian MayaL, Monica Lestari P, Muhammad Alaydrus, Syntia Wijaya Dharma, Wilmar Y Ignesjz, Yenni R.

    Kelompok 47 (2003). Kelompok ini menulis ulang/memperbaiki bagian (bab 7 versi 2.0, ex bab 6versi 1.0) yang membahas segala hal yang berhubungan dengan managemen M/K dan Disk.Anggota dari kelompok ini ialah: Bayu Putera (Ketua), Enrico, Ferry Haris, Franky, HadyanAndika, Ryan Loanda, Satriadi, Setiawan A, Siti P Wulandari, Tommy Khoerniawan, WadiyonoValens, William Hutama.

    Kelompok 48 (2003). Kelompok ini menulis ulang/memperbaiki bagian (bab 8 versi 2.0, ex bab 7versi 1.0) yang membahas segala hal yang berhubungan dengan Studi Kasus GNU/Linux. Anggotadari kelompok ini ialah: Amir Murtako (Ketua), Dwi Astuti A, M Abdushshomad E, Mauldy Laya,Novarina Azli, Raja Komkom S.

    Kelompok 49 (2003). Kelompok ini merupakan koordinator kelompok 41-48 pada tahap kedua

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    pengembangan buku ini. Kelompok ini selain kompak, juga sangat kreatif dan inovatif. Anggotadari kelompok ini ialah: Fajran Iman Rusadi (Ketua), Carroline D Puspa.

    Kelompok 51 (2004). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk memperbaiki bab 4 (versi 2.0) yang membahaskomunikasi antar proses dan deadlock. Anggota dari kelompok ini ialah: V.A. Pragantha (Ketua),Irsyad F.N., Jaka N.I., Maharmon, Ricky, Sylvia S.

    Kelompok 53 (2004). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk me-review bagian 3 versi 3.0 yang berupakangabungan bab 3 dan bab 8 versi 2.0, yang dipecah ke beberapa bab baru. Bagian 3 ini berisi pokokbahasan Proses/Penjadwalan serta Konsep Perangkat Lunak Bebas. Anggota dari kelompok iniialah: Endang Retno Nugroho, Indah Agustin, Annisa, Hanson, Jimmy, Ade A. Arifin, Shinta TEffendy, Fredy RTS, Respati, Hafidz Budi, Markus, Prayana Galih PP, Albert Kurniawan, MochRidwan J, Sukma Mahendra, Nasikhin, Sapii, Muhammad Rizalul Hak, Salman Azis Alsyafdi, AdeMelani, Amir Muhammad, Lusiana Darmawan, Anthony Steven, Anwar Chandra.

    Kelompok 54 (2004). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk me-review bagian 4 versi 3.0 yang berupakangabungan bab 4 dan bab 8 versi 2.0, yang dipecah ke beberapa bab baru. Bagian 4 ini berisi pokokbahasan Sinkronisasi dan Deadlock. Anggota dari kelompok ini ialah: I Christine Angelina, FaraniaGama AR, Angga Bariesta H, M.Bayu TS, Muhammad Irfan, Nasrullah, Reza Lesmana, SuryamitaH, Fitria Rahma Sari, Api Perdana, Maharmon Arnaldo, Sergio, Tedi Kurniadi, Ferry Sulistiyanto,

    Ibnu Mubarok, Muhammad Azani HS, Priadhana EK.

    Kelompok 55 (2004). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk me-review bagian 5 versi 3.0 yang berupakangabungan bab 5 dan bab 8 versi 2.0, yang dipecah ke beberapa bab baru. Bagian 5 ini berisi pokokbahasan Managemen Memori. Anggota dari kelompok ini ialah: Nilam Fitriah, Nurmaya, Nova EkaDiana, Okky HTF, Tirza Varananda, Yoanna W, Aria WN, Yudi Ariawan, Hendrik Gandawijaya,Johanes, Dania Tigarani S, Desiana NM, Annas Firdausi, Hario Adit W, Kartika Anindya P. FajarMuharandy, Yudhi M Hamzah K, Binsar Tampahan HS, Risvan Ardiansyah, Budi Irawan, DenyMartan, Prastudy Mungkas F, Abdurrasyid Mujahid, Adri Octavianus, Rahmatri Mardiko.

    Kelompok 56 (2004). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk me-review bagian 6 versi 3.0 yang berupakangabungan bab 6 dan bab 8 versi 2.0, yang dipecah ke beberapa bab baru. Bagian 6 ini berisi pokokbahasan Sistem Berkas. Anggota dari kelompok ini ialah: Hipasdo Abrianto, Muhammad Fahrian,Dini Addiati, Titin Farida, Edwin Richardo, Yanuar Widjaja, Biduri Kumala, Deborah YN, Hidayat

    Febiansyah, M Nizar Kharis, Catur Adi N, M. Faizal Reza,

    Kelompok 57 (2004). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk me-review bagian 7 versi 3.0 yang berupakangabungan bab 7 dan bab 8 versi 2.0, yang dipecah ke beberapa bab baru. Bagian 7 ini berisi pokokbahasan M/K. Anggota dari kelompok ini ialah: Dominikus R, Randu Aditara, DirgantoroMuhammad, Fuady Rosma Hidayat, M Mahdi, Septian Adiwibowo, Muhammad Hasrul M, RiyadiAkbar, A Taufiqurrakhman, Johanes Andria, Irfan Hilmy, Aziiz Surahman.

    Kelompok 58 (2004). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk me-review yang sebelumnya menjadi bagiandari bab 8 versi 2.0, yang digabungkan ke bagian-bagian lain buku ini. Bagian ini berisi pokokbahasan GNU/Linux dan Perangkat Lunak Bebas. Anggota dari kelompok ini ialah: M Eka Suryana,Rachmad Laksana, Anjar Widianto, Annas, Arie Murdianto, Ranni K, Septina Dian L, Hera Irawati,Renza Azhary.

    Kelompok 81 (2005). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk menulis Bab 27 (Masalah Dining Philosophers)serta Bab 7.6, 16.6, 20.2 versi 3.0. Kelompok ini hanya beranggotakan: Andreas Febrian danPriadhana E. K.

    Kelompok 82 (2005). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk menulis Bab 2 (Konsep Perangkat LunakBebas) serta Bab 3.5, 10.6, 16.10, 47.6 versi 3.0. Kelompok ini hanya beranggotakan: Agus Anang.

    Kelompok 83 (2005). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk menulis Bab 50 (Sistem Terdistribusi) sertaBab 4.2, 14.5, 20.4 versi 3.0. Kelompok ini hanya beranggotakan: Salman Azis Alsyafdi danMuhamad Rizalul Hak.

    Kelompok 84 (2005). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk menulis Bab 49 (Sistem Waktu Nyata danMultimedia) serta Bab 4.1, 12.3, 17.9, 45.10 versi 3.0. Kelompok ini hanya beranggotakan: IndahWulansari, Sari W.S, dan Samiaji.

    Kelompok 85 (2005). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk menulis Bab 25 (Masalah Bounded Buffer)

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    serta Bab 10.2, 16.7, 22.2, 47.5 versi 3.0. Kelompok ini hanya beranggotakan: Fahrurrozi Rahmandan Randy S.P.

    Kelompok 86 (2005). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk menulis Bab 51 (Keamanan Sistem) serta Bab10.3, 15.7, 21.11, 46.7 versi 3.0. Kelompok ini hanya beranggotakan: Pamela Indrajati dan DeviTriska Kustiana.

    Kelompok 87 (2005). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk menulis Bab 52 (Perancangan danPemeliharaan) serta Bab 6.4, 16.8, 29.2 versi 3.0. Kelompok ini hanya beranggotakan: Sri AgustienM. dan Ahlijati N.

    Kelompok 88 (2005). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk menulis Bab 26 (Masalah Readers/Writers)serta Bab 4.3, 12.4, 20.3 versi 3.0. Kelompok ini hanya beranggotakan: Muhammad Azani H.S. danM. Faisal Reza.

    Kelompok 89 (2005). Kelompok ini bertugas untuk menulis Bab 8 (Mesin Virtual Java) serta Bab9.10, 16.9, 17.8, 44.11 versi 3.0. Kelompok ini hanya beranggotakan: Novrizki Primananda danZulkifli.

    Kelompok 111 (2005). Sub-kelompok 111-10 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 10 (Konsep Proses) versi4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Richard Lokasamita, Rado Yanu, Phyllisia Angelia.Sub-kelompok 111-11 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 11 (Konsep Thread) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok iniberanggotakan: Ario Santoso, Wahyu Mirza, Daniel Cahyadi. Sub-kelompok 111-12 bertugasmenulis ulang Bab 12 (Thread Java) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Moh. Ibrahim,Hafiz Arraja, Sutanto Sugii Joji. Sub-kelompok 111-13 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 13 (KonsepPenjadwalan) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Kresna D.S., Rama Rizki, Wisnu LW.

    Kelompok 112 (2005). Sub-kelompok 112-14 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 14 (Penjadwal CPU)versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Ananda Budi P, Maulana Iman T, Suharjono.Sub-kelompok 112-15 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 15 (Algoritma Penjadwalan I) versi 4.0.Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Daniel Albert Ya, Desmond D. Putra, Rizky A. Sub-kelompok112-16 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 16 (Algoritma Penjadwalan II) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok iniberanggotakan: Anthony Steven, Eliza Margaretha, Fandi. Sub-kelompok 112-17 bertugas menulisulang Bab 17 (Managemen Proses Linux) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Abdul Arfan,

    Akhmad Syaikhul Hadi, Hadaiq Rolis S.

    Kelompok 113 (2005). Sub-kelompok 113-18 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 18 (Konsep Interaksi)versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Adrianus W K, Aziz Yudi Prasetyo, Gregorio Cybill.Sub-kelompok 113-19 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 19 (Sinkronisasi) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok iniberanggotakan: Candra Adhi, Triastuti C. Sub-kelompok 113-20 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 20(Pemecahan Masalah Critical Section) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: AdolfPandapotan, Ikhsan Putra Kurniawan, Muhammad Edwin Dwi P. Sub-kelompok 113-21 bertugasmenulis ulang Bab 21 (Perangkat Sinkronisasi I) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: DwiPutro HP, Jeremia Hutabarat, Rangga M Jati. Sub-kelompok 113-22 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 22(Perangkat Sinkronisasi II) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Femphy Pisceldo, HendraDwi Hadmanto, Zoni Yuki Haryanda.

    Kelompok 114 (2005). Sub-kelompok 114-23 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 23 (Deadlock) versi 4.0.

    Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Aurora Marsye, Mellawaty, Vidyanita Kumalasari.Sub-kelompok 114-24 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 24 (Diagram Graf) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok iniberanggotakan: Arief Ristanto, Edwin Kurniawan. Sub-kelompok 114-25 bertugas menulis ulangBab 25 (Bounded Buffer) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Nurilla R I, Vidya Dwi A.Sub-kelompok 114-26 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 26 (Readers/Writers) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompokini beranggotakan: Astria Kurniawan S, Franova Herdiyanto, Ilham Aji Pratomo. Sub-kelompok114-27 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 27 (Sinkronisasi Dua Arah) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok iniberanggotakan: Aprilia, Thoha, Amalia Zahra.

    Kelompok 115 (2005). Sub-kelompok 115-28 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 28 (ManagemenMemori) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Agung Widiyarto, Fahrurrozi, Reynaldo Putra.Sub-kelompok 115-29 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 29 (Alokasi Memori) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompokini beranggotakan: Rakhmat Adhi Pratama, Akhda Afif Rasyidi, Muhamad Ilyas. Sub-kelompok

    115-30 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 30 (Pemberian Halaman) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok iniberanggotakan: Ardi Darmawan, Iwan Prihartono, Michael B.M. Sub-kelompok 115-31 bertugasmenulis ulang Bab 31 (Segmentasi) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Andi Nur Mafsah

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    M, Danang Jaya.

    Kelompok 116 (2005). Sub-kelompok 116-32 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 32 (Memori Virtual)versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Franky, Sadar B S, Yemima Aprilia Sub-kelompok116-33 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 33 (Permintaan Halaman Pembuatan Proses) versi 4.0.Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Arief Fatchul Huda, Cahyana. Sub-kelompok 116-34 bertugasmenulis ulang Bab 34 (Algoritma Pergantian Halaman) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan:Hera Irawati, Renza Azhary, Jaka Ramdani. Sub-kelompok 116-35 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 35(Strategi Alokasi Frame) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Arief Nurrachman, RiskaAprian. Sub-kelompok 116-36 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 36 (Memori Linux) versi 4.0.Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Jani R.R. Siregar, Martin LT, Muhamad Mulki A.

    Kelompok 117 (2005). Sub-kelompok 117-37 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 37 (Sistem Berkas) versi4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Alida W, Ratih Amalia. Sub-kelompok 117-38 bertugasmenulis ulang Bab 38 (Struktur Direktori) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: MuhamadRizalul Hak, Mega Puspita. Sub-kelompok 117-39 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 39 (Sistem BerkasJaringan) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Rahmad Mahendra, Rendra Rahmatullah,Rivki Hendriyan.

    Kelompok 118 (2005). Sub-kelompok 118-40 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 40 (Implementasi Sistem

    Berkas) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Gita Lystia, Rahmawati. Sub-kelompok 118-41bertugas menulis ulang Bab 41 (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok iniberanggotakan: Susy Violina, M Rabindra S, Siti Fatihatul Aliyah. Sub-kelompok 118-42 bertugasmenulis ulang Bab 42 (Konsep Alokasi Blok Sistem Berkas) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok iniberanggotakan: Haris Sahlan.

    Kelompok 119 (2005). Sub-kelompok 119-43 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 43 (Perangkat KerasMasukan/Keluaran) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Intan Sari H H Z, Verra Mukty.Sub-kelompok 119-44 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 44 (Subsistem M/K Kernel) versi 4.0.Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Randy S P, Tunggul Fardiaz. Sub-kelompok 119-45 bertugasmenulis ulang Bab 45 (Managemen Disk I) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Isnina EvaHidayati, Sari Dwi Handiny, Rissa Dwi Oktavianty. Sub-kelompok 119-46 bertugas menulis ulangBab 46 (Managemen Disk II) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Ditya Nugraha, DaniSupriyadi, Wahyu Sulistio.

    Kelompok 120 (2005). Sub-kelompok 120-47 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 47 (PerangkatPenyimpanan Tersier) versi 4.0. Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: Bahtiar, Suharto Anggono.Sub-kelompok 120-48 bertugas menulis ulang Bab 48 (Masukan/Keluaran Linux) versi 4.0.Sub-kelompok ini beranggotakan: M. Danang Pramudya.

    Kelompok 150 (2006). Kelompok ini berdiskusi merampungkan versi 4.0. Kelompok iniberanggotakan: Haris Sahlan, Hera Irawati, M. Reza Benaji, Rimphy Darmanegara, V.A. Pragantha.

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    Daftar Isi

    Kata Pengantar .................................................................................................. xxv

    1. Calon Revisi 5.0 (Agustus 2007) ................................................................xxv2. Revisi 4.0 (Agustus 2006) ........................................................................ xxv3. Kata Pengantar Revisi 1.0 ........................................................................ xxvi

    I. Konsep Dasar Perangkat Komputer .......................................................................291. Hari Gini Belajar SO? ................................................................................31

    1.1. Pendahuluan ..................................................................................311.2. Mengapa Mempelajari Sistem Operasi? ..............................................311.3. Definisi Sementara .........................................................................311.4. Sejarah Perkembangan ....................................................................331.5. Bahan Pembahasan .........................................................................361.6. Prasyarat ......................................................................................361.7. Sasaran Pembelajaran .....................................................................361.8. Rangkuman ...................................................................................37

    2. HaKI Perangkat Lunak ..............................................................................392.1. Pendahuluan ..................................................................................392.2. Hak Kekayaan Intelektual ................................................................392.3. HaKI Perangkat Lunak ....................................................................412.4. Komersialisasi Perangkat Lunak........................................................432.5. Ancaman dan Tantangan ..................................................................442.6. Rangkuman ...................................................................................44

    3. Perangkat Keras Komputer .........................................................................473.1. Pendahuluan ..................................................................................473.2. Prosesor .......................................................................................483.3. Media Penyimpanan Utama ..............................................................483.4. Penyimpanan Sekunder ...................................................................493.5. Memori Tersier ..............................................................................503.6. Struktur Keluaran/Masukan (M/K) ....................................................50

    3.7. Bus ..............................................................................................513.8. Interupsi .......................................................................................513.9. Local Area Network ........................................................................523.10. Wide Area Network .......................................................................523.11. Rangkuman .................................................................................52

    4. Proteksi Perangkat Keras ............................................................................554.1. Pendahuluan ..................................................................................554.2. Proteksi Fisik ................................................................................554.3. Proteksi Media ...............................................................................554.4. Konsep Mode Operasi Ganda ...........................................................554.5. Proteksi Masukan/Keluaran ..............................................................564.6. Proteksi Memori ............................................................................564.7. Proteksi CPU .................................................................................57

    4.8. Rangkuman ...................................................................................57II. Konsep Dasar Sistem Operasi .............................................................................595. Komponen Sistem Operasi .........................................................................61

    5.1. Pendahuluan ..................................................................................615.2. Manajemen Proses ..........................................................................615.3. Manajemen Memori Utama ..............................................................615.4. Manajemen Sistem Berkas ...............................................................615.5. Manajemen Sistem Masukan/Keluaran ...............................................625.6. Manajemen Penyimpanan Sekunder ...................................................625.7. Sistem Proteksi ..............................................................................625.8. Jaringan ........................................................................................625.9. Command-Interpreter System ...........................................................625.10. Rangkuman .................................................................................63

    6. Sudut Pandang Alternatif ...........................................................................65

    6.1. Pendahuluan ..................................................................................656.2. System Program .............................................................................65

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    6.3. System Calls ..................................................................................666.4. System Calls Manajemen Proses ........................................................676.5. System Calls Manajemen Berkas .......................................................676.6. System Calls Manajemen Peranti .......................................................676.7. System Calls Informasi/Pemeliharaan .................................................686.8. System Calls Komunikasi .................................................................686.9. Rangkuman ...................................................................................69

    7. Struktur Sistem Operasi .............................................................................717.1. Pendahuluan ..................................................................................717.2. Struktur Sederhana .........................................................................717.3. Pendekatan Berlapis ........................................................................717.4. Kernel-mikro .................................................................................747.5. Boot .............................................................................................747.6. Kompilasi Kernel ...........................................................................757.7. Komputer Meja ..............................................................................767.8. Sistem Prosesor Jamak ....................................................................767.9. Sistem Terdistribusi dan Terkluster ....................................................777.10. Sistem Waktu Nyata ......................................................................797.11. Aspek Lain ..................................................................................797.12. Rangkuman .................................................................................81

    8. Mesin Virtual Java ....................................................................................838.1. Pendahuluan ..................................................................................838.2. Konsep Mesin Virtual .....................................................................838.3. Konsep Bahasa Java .......................................................................848.4. Mesin Virtual Java .........................................................................878.5. Sistem Operasi Java ........................................................................888.6. Rangkuman ...................................................................................90

    9. Sistem GNU/Linux ...................................................................................939.1. Pendahuluan ..................................................................................939.2. Sistem dan Distribusi GNU/Linux .....................................................949.3. Lisensi Linux ................................................................................959.4. Linux Saat Ini ................................................................................959.5. Prinsip Rancangan Linux .................................................................969.6. Modul Kernel Linux .......................................................................989.7. Rangkuman ...................................................................................99

    III. Proses dan Penjadwalan ................................................................................. 10110. Konsep Proses ......................................................................................103

    10.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 10310.2. Pembentukan Proses ...................................................................10310.3. Terminasi Proses ........................................................................ 10410.4. Status Proses ............................................................................. 10410.5. Process Control Block .................................................................10510.6. Hirarki Proses ............................................................................ 10610.7. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 107

    11. Konsep Thread .....................................................................................10911.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 10911.2. Keuntungan Thread ....................................................................110

    11.3. ThreadPengguna dan Kernel ........................................................ 11011.4. Model Multithreading .................................................................11011.5. Forkdan Exec System Call ........................................................... 11211.6. Cancellation .............................................................................. 11211.7. Penanganan Sinyal ...................................................................... 11311.8. Thread Pools ............................................................................. 11411.9. Thread Specific Data ...................................................................11411.10. Pthreads ................................................................................. 11411.11. Rangkuman ............................................................................. 114

    12. ThreadJava .........................................................................................11712.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 11712.2. Pembuatan Thread ...................................................................... 11712.3. Status Thread ............................................................................. 11912.4. Penggabungan Thread .................................................................12012.5. Terminasi Thread ....................................................................... 12112.6. JVM dan Host Operating System ................................................... 121

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    12.7. Solusi Multi-Threading ................................................................12112.8. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 122

    13. Konsep Penjadwalan .............................................................................. 12313.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 12313.2. Penjadwalan Antrian ...................................................................12313.3. Penjadwal ................................................................................. 12513.4. Context Switch ........................................................................... 12613.5. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 127

    14. Penjadwal CPU ....................................................................................12914.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 12914.2. Siklus BurstCPU-M/K ................................................................12914.3. Dispatcher ................................................................................ 13014.4. Penjadwalan CPU ....................................................................... 13014.5. Kriteria Penjadwalan ...................................................................13214.6. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 133

    15. Algoritma Penjadwalan I ........................................................................ 13515.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 13515.2. FCFS: First-Come, First-Served ....................................................13515.3. SJF: Shortest-Job First ................................................................13515.4. Prioritas ....................................................................................136

    15.5. Round-Robin ............................................................................. 13715.6. Multilevel Queue ........................................................................ 13715.7. Multilevel Feedback Queue ..........................................................13815.8. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 139

    16. Algoritma Penjadwalan II ....................................................................... 14116.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 14116.2. Prosesor Jamak .......................................................................... 14116.3. Sistem Waktu Nyata ....................................................................14116.4. Sistem Hard Real-Time ................................................................14216.5. Sistem Soft Real-Time .................................................................14216.6. Penjadwalan Thread ....................................................................14416.7. Penjadwalan Java ....................................................................... 14516.8. Kinerja .....................................................................................14816.9. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 150

    17. Manajemen Proses Linux ........................................................................ 15117.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 15117.2. Deskriptor Proses ....................................................................... 15117.3. Proses dan Thread ......................................................................15417.4. Penjadwalan .............................................................................. 15817.5. Symmetric Multiprocessing ...........................................................15917.6. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 159

    IV. Proses dan Sinkronisasi ..................................................................................16118. Konsep Interaksi ...................................................................................163

    18.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 16318.2. Proses yang Kooperatif ................................................................16318.3. Hubungan Antara Proses ..............................................................16318.4. Komunikasi Proses Dalam Sistem ..................................................165

    18.5. Komunikasi Langsung .................................................................16518.6. Komunikasi Tidak Langsung ........................................................16618.7. Sinkronisasi ............................................................................... 16718.8. Buffering ..................................................................................16718.9. Mailbox ....................................................................................16718.10. Socket Client/Server System ........................................................16818.11. Serverdan Thread .....................................................................16818.12. Rangkuman ............................................................................. 171

    19. Sinkronisasi .........................................................................................17319.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 17319.2. Race Condition .......................................................................... 17319.3. Problem Critical Section ..............................................................17419.4. Persyaratan ................................................................................ 17519.5. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 175

    20. Masalah Critical Section ......................................................................... 17720.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 177

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    20.2. Algoritma I ................................................................................ 17720.3. Algoritma 2 ............................................................................... 17820.4. Algoritma 3 ............................................................................... 17920.5. Algoritma Tukang Roti ................................................................18020.6. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 181

    21. Perangkat Sinkronisasi I ......................................................................... 18321.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 18321.2. Instruksi Atomik ........................................................................ 18421.3. Semafor .................................................................................... 18621.4. Waitdan Signal .......................................................................... 18721.5. Jenis Semafor ............................................................................ 18921.6. Critical Section Dan Semafor ........................................................ 18921.7. Solusi Masalah Sinkronisasi Antar Proses Dengan Semafor ................19021.8. Modifikasi Binary Semaphore ....................................................... 19021.9. Pemrograman Windows ...............................................................19121.10. Rangkuman ............................................................................. 191

    22. Perangkat Sinkronisasi II ........................................................................ 19322.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 19322.2. Transaksi Atomik ....................................................................... 19322.3. Critical Region ........................................................................... 194

    22.4. Monitor .................................................................................... 19422.5. Pemrograman Javatm ...................................................................19522.6. Masalah Umum Sinkronisasi ........................................................ 19522.7. Sinkronisasi Kernel Linux ............................................................ 19522.8. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 197

    23. Deadlock ............................................................................................. 19923.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 19923.2. Daur Ulang Sumber Daya ............................................................ 20023.3. Sumber Daya Sekali Pakai ............................................................ 20123.4. Kondisi untuk Terjadinya Deadlock ............................................... 20223.5. Mengabaikan Masalah Deadlock ................................................... 20223.6. Mendeteksi dan Memperbaiki ....................................................... 20223.7. Menghindari Deadlock ................................................................20323.8. Pencegahan Deadlock ..................................................................20523.9. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 206

    24. Diagram Graf .......................................................................................20724.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 20724.2. Komponen Graf Alokasi Sumber Daya ...........................................20724.3. Pendeteksian Deadlock ................................................................20824.4. Pencegahan Deadlock ..................................................................21024.5. Pendeteksian dengan Graf Tunggu ................................................. 21124.6. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 212

    25. Bounded Buffer .....................................................................................21325.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 21325.2. Penggunaan Semafor ...................................................................21625.3. Penjelasan Program .....................................................................21625.4. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 219

    26. Readers/Writers .................................................................................... 22126.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 22126.2. Program Java ............................................................................. 22126.3. Penjelasan Program .....................................................................22426.4. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 225

    27. Sinkronisasi Dua Arah ........................................................................... 22727.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 22727.2. Program Java ............................................................................. 22727.3. Alur Program ............................................................................. 22927.4. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 230

    V. Memori ........................................................................................................ 23128. Manajemen Memori .............................................................................. 233

    28.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 23328.2. Address Binding ......................................................................... 23328.3. Ruang Alamat Logika dan Fisik .................................................... 23328.4. Pemanggilan Dinamis ..................................................................234

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    28.5. Link Dinamis dan Pustaka Bersama ...............................................23428.6. Overlays ...................................................................................23528.7. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 236

    29. Alokasi Memori ....................................................................................23929.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 23929.2. Proteksi Memori ......................................................................... 24029.3. Alokasi Memori Berkesinambungan ...............................................24129.4. Fragmentasi ............................................................................... 24329.5. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 244

    30. Pemberian Halaman ............................................................................... 24730.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 24730.2. Metoda Dasar ............................................................................ 24730.3. Dukungan Perangkat Keras ...........................................................24830.4. Proteksi Memori ......................................................................... 24830.5. Untung/Rugi Pemberian Halaman ..................................................24930.6. Tabel Halaman ........................................................................... 24930.7. Pemberian Halaman Secara Bertingkat ...........................................25030.8. Tabel Halaman secara Hashed .......................................................25130.9. Tabel Halaman secara Inverted ......................................................25230.10. Berbagi Halaman (Share) ...........................................................253

    30.11. Rangkuman ............................................................................. 25431. Segmentasi ..........................................................................................257

    31.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 25731.2. Segmentasi Perangkat Keras .........................................................25731.3. Keuntungan Segmentasi ...............................................................25931.4. Penggunaan Segmentasi Pentium ...................................................26031.5. Segmentasi Linux ....................................................................... 26131.6. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 261

    32. Memori Virtual .....................................................................................26332.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 26332.2. Demand Paging ......................................................................... 26432.3. Skema Bit Valid Tidak Valid ......................................................26532.4. Penanganan Kesalahan Halaman ...................................................26532.5. Kelebihan/Kekurangan Demand Paging ..........................................26632.6. Kinerja Demand Paging ...............................................................26732.7. Persyaratan Perangkat Keras .........................................................26832.8. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 269

    33. Permintaan Halaman Proses ....................................................................27133.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 27133.2. Copy-On-Write .......................................................................... 27133.3. Memory-Mapped Files .................................................................27233.4. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 274

    34. Algoritma Ganti Halaman ....................................................................... 27734.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 27734.2. Algoritma First In First Out .........................................................27834.3. Algoritma Optimal ......................................................................27934.4. Algoritma Least Recently Used(LRU) ............................................279

    34.5. Algoritma Perkiraan LRU ............................................................28034.6. Algoritma Counting ....................................................................28234.7. Algoritma NRU (Not Recently Used) .............................................28234.8. Algoritma Page Buffering ............................................................28234.9. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 282

    35. Strategi Alokasi Frame ........................................................................... 28535.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 28535.2. Thrashing ................................................................................. 28735.3. Membatasi EfekThrashing ...........................................................28835.4. Prepaging ................................................................................. 29035.5. Ukuran Halaman ........................................................................ 29035.6. Jangkauan TLB ........................................................................... 29135.7. Tabel Halaman yang Dibalik.........................................................29135.8. Struktur Program ........................................................................ 29235.9. InterlockM/K ............................................................................ 29235.10. Pemrosesan Waktu Nyata ...........................................................292

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    35.11. Keluarga Windows NT ..............................................................29235.12. Solaris 2 .................................................................................. 29335.13. Rangkuman ............................................................................. 293

    36. Memori Linux ......................................................................................29536.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 29536.2. Manajemen Memori Fisik ............................................................ 29536.3. Memori Virtual .......................................................................... 29736.4. Demand Paging ......................................................................... 29936.5. Swaping .................................................................................... 29936.6. Pengaksesan Memori Virtual Bersama ............................................30136.7. Efisiensi .................................................................................... 30136.8. Load dan Eksekusi Program ......................................................... 30136.9. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 302

    VI. Penyimpanan Sekunder .................................................................................. 30537. Sistem Berkas .......................................................................................307

    37.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 30737.2. Konsep Berkas ........................................................................... 30737.3. Atribut berkas ............................................................................ 30737.4. Jenis Berkas .............................................................................. 30737.5. Operasi Berkas ........................................................................... 308

    37.6. Struktur Berkas .......................................................................... 30937.7. Metode Akses ............................................................................ 30937.8. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 310

    38. Struktur Direktori .................................................................................. 31138.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 31138.2. Atribut Direktori ........................................................................ 31138.3. Operasi Direktori ........................................................................ 31238.4. Direktori Satu Tingkat .................................................................31238.5. Direktori Dua Tingkat .................................................................31338.6. Direktori dengan Struktur Pohon ................................................... 31338.7. Direktori dengan Struktur Graf Asiklik ...........................................31438.8. Direktori dengan Struktur Graf Umum ............................................31438.9. Mounting .................................................................................. 31638.10. Rangkuman ............................................................................. 318

    39. Aspek Jaringan dan Keamanan ................................................................32139.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 32139.2. Remote File System .....................................................................32239.3. Model Client-Server ....................................................................32239.4. Consistency Semantics ................................................................32339.5. Proteksi .................................................................................... 32339.6. Tipe Akses ................................................................................ 32339.7. Kontrol Akses ............................................................................ 32439.8. File Permission dalam UNIX ........................................................ 32539.9. Pendekatan Pengamanan Lainnya .................................................. 32639.10. Rangkuman ............................................................................. 326

    40. Implementasi Sistem Berkas ....................................................................32940.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 329

    40.2. Implementasi Sistem Berkas ......................................................... 33140.3. Partisi dan Mounting ...................................................................33240.4. Sistem Berkas Virtual ..................................................................33340.5. Implementasi Direktori ................................................................33440.6. Algoritma Linear List ..................................................................33440.7. Algoritma Hash Table .................................................................33440.8. Direktori pada CP/M ...................................................................33540.9. Direktori pada MS-DOS ..............................................................33540.10. Direktori pada Unix ...................................................................33640.11. Rangkuman ............................................................................. 337

    41. FHS .................................................................................................... 33941.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 33941.2. Sistem Berkas ............................................................................ 33941.3. Sistem Berkas Root .....................................................................34041.4. Hirarki ''/usr'' ............................................................................. 34241.5. Hirarki ''/var'' ............................................................................. 344

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    41.6. Tambahan untuk Linux ................................................................34741.7. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 347

    42. Alokasi Blok Sistem Berkas ....................................................................34942.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 34942.2. Metode Alokasi .......................................................................... 34942.3. Manajemen Ruang Kosong ...........................................................35842.4. Pengimplementasian Direktori ......................................................36042.5. Efisiensi dan Kinerja ...................................................................36042.6. Recovery ...................................................................................36242.7. Log-Structured File System ...........................................................36442.8. Sistem Berkas Linux Virtual .........................................................36442.9. Operasi-operasi Dalam Inode ........................................................36442.10. Sistem Berkas Linux ..................................................................36542.11. Pembagian Sistem Berkas Ortogonal ............................................36742.12. Rangkuman ............................................................................. 368

    VII. Masukan/Keluaran (M/K) .............................................................................. 37143. Perangkat Keras M/K ............................................................................. 373

    43.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 37343.2. Komponen M/K ......................................................................... 37443.3. Penanganan M/K ........................................................................ 374

    43.4. Polling ......................................................................................37543.5. Interupsi ...................................................................................37643.6. Direct Memory Access (DMA) ......................................................37843.7. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 380

    44. Subsistem M/K Kernel ........................................................................... 38344.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 38344.2. Aplikasi Antarmuka M/K .............................................................38344.3. Penjadwalan M/K ....................................................................... 38544.4. Buffering ...................................................................................38644.5. Caching ....................................................................................38644.6. Spooling dan Reservasi Perangkat ..................................................38744.7. Penanganan Kesalahan (Error Handling) ........................................38844.8. Struktur Data Kernel ...................................................................38844.9. Penanganan Permintaan M/K ........................................................38944.10. Arus M/K ................................................................................ 39044.11. Kinerja M/K ............................................................................ 39144.12. Rangkuman ............................................................................. 393

    45. Manajemen Disk I ................................................................................. 39545.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 39545.2. Penjadwalan Disk ....................................................................... 39545.3. Penjadwalan FCFS ......................................................................39645.4. Penjadwalan SSTF ......................................................................39745.5. Penjadwalan SCAN ....................................................................39845.6. Penjadwalan C-SCAN .................................................................39945.7. Penjadwalan LOOK ....................................................................40145.8. Penjadwalan C-LOOK .................................................................40145.9. Pemilihan Algoritma Penjadwalan Disk ..........................................403

    45.10. Rangkuman ............................................................................. 40346. Manajemen Disk II ................................................................................ 405

    46.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 40546.2. Komponen Disk ......................................................................... 40546.3. Manajemen Ruang Swap ..............................................................40746.4. Struktur RAID ........................................................................... 40846.5. Host-Attached Storage .................................................................41146.6. NAS: Network-Attached Storage ...................................................41246.7. SAN: Storage-Area Network .........................................................41346.8. Implementasi Penyimpanan Stabil .................................................41446.9. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 415

    47. Penyimpanan Tersier ............................................................................. 41747.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 41747.2. Jenis Struktur Penyimpanan Tersier ...............................................41747.3. Future Technology ......................................................................42247.4. Aplikasi Antarmuka ....................................................................422

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    47.5. Masalah Kinerja ......................................................................... 42447.6. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 425

    48. Keluaran/Masukan Linux ........................................................................ 42748.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 42748.2. Device Karakter ......................................................................... 42748.3. Device Blok............................................................................... 42848.4. Device Jaringan .......................................................................... 42948.5. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 431

    VIII. Topik Lanjutan ...........................................................................................43349. Waktu Nyata dan Multimedia ..................................................................435

    49.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 43549.2. Kernel Waktu Nyata ....................................................................43549.3. Penjadwalan Berdasarkan Prioritas ................................................. 43549.4. Kernel Preemptif ........................................................................ 43649.5. Mengurangi Latency ...................................................................43649.6. Penjadual Proses ........................................................................ 43749.7. Penjadual Disk ........................................................................... 43949.8. Manajemen Berkas .....................................................................44049.9. Manajemen Jaringan ...................................................................44149.10. Unicasting dan Multicasting ........................................................ 441

    49.11. Real-Time Streaming Protocol ..................................................... 44149.12. Kompresi ................................................................................ 44249.13. Rangkuman ............................................................................. 443

    50. Sistem Terdistribusi ............................................................................... 44550.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 44550.2. Topologi Jaringan ....................................................................... 44650.3. Isu Lainnya ............................................................................... 44650.4. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 446

    51. Keamanan Sistem .................................................................................. 44951.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 44951.2. Manusia dan Etika ...................................................................... 44951.3. Kebijaksanaan Pengamanan .......................................................... 45051.4. Keamanan Fisik ......................................................................... 45051.5. Keamanan Perangkat Lunak ......................................................... 45051.6. Keamanan Jaringan .....................................................................45051.7. Kriptografi ................................................................................ 45151.8. Operasional ............................................................................... 45151.9. BCP/DRP ................................................................................. 45251.10. Proses Audit ............................................................................ 45251.11. Rangkuman ............................................................................. 453

    52. Perancangan dan Pemeliharaan ................................................................45552.1. Pendahuluan .............................................................................. 45552.2. Perancangan Antarmuka ..............................................................45652.3. Implementasi ............................................................................. 45652.4. Kinerja .....................................................................................45752.5. Pemeliharaan Sistem ...................................................................45752.6. Tuning ......................................................................................458

    52.7. Trend .......................................................................................45852.8. Rangkuman ............................................................................... 458

    Daftar Rujukan Utama ........................................................................................461A. GNU Free Documentation License ....................................................................467

    A.1. PREAMBLE ......................................................................................467A.2. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS .................................................. 467A.3. VERBATIM COPYING ....................................................................... 468A.4. COPYING IN QUANTITY ...................................................................468A.5. MODIFICATIONS .............................................................................. 469A.6. COMBINING DOCUMENTS ...............................................................470A.7. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS ....................................................... 470A.8. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS ................................. 471A.9. TRANSLATION ................................................................................. 471A.10. TERMINATION ............................................................................... 471A.11. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE ...........................................471A.12. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents ......................471

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    B. Kumpulan Soal Ujian ......................................................................................473B.1. Pasangan Konsep (2003-2005) ...............................................................473B.2. GNU/Linux (2003) .............................................................................. 474B.3. Perangkat Lunak Bebas (2005) ...............................................................474B.4. Konsep Sistem Operasi (2005) ...............................................................475B.5. Kernel Linux 2.6.X (=KL26) (2004) ........................................................475B.6. Rancangan Sistem (2002) ......................................................................475B.7. Tabel Proses I (2003) ........................................................................... 476B.8. Tabel Proses II (2003) .......................................................................... 477B.9. Tabel Proses III (2004) ......................................................................... 477B.10. Status Proses I (2003) ......................................................................... 478B.11. Status Proses II (2005) ........................................................................ 478B.12. ForkProses I (2005) ........................................................................... 480B.13. ForkProses II (2005) .......................................................................... 481B.14. Penjadualan Proses I (2001) .................................................................481B.15. Penjadualan Proses II (2002) ................................................................482B.16. Penjadualan Proses III (2004) ...............................................................482B.17. DeadlockI (2003) .............................................................................. 482B.18. DeadlockII (2003) ............................................................................. 484B.19. DeadlockIII (2005) ............................................................................ 484

    B.20. Problem Reader/WriterI (2001) ............................................................485B.21. Problem Reader/WriterII (2002) ..........................................................487B.22. Problem Reader/WriterIII (2004) .........................................................488B.23. Bounded Buffer(2003) ........................................................................ 490B.24. Sinkronisasi I (2005) .......................................................................... 493B.25. Sinkronisasi II(2005) .......................................................................... 494B.26. IPC (2003) ........................................................................................497B.27. Status Memori I (2004) ....................................................................... 499B.28. Status Memori II (2005) ......................................................................500B.29. Managemen Memori dan Utilisasi CPU (2004) ........................................501B.30. Memori I (2002) ................................................................................ 501B.31. Memori II (2002) ............................................................................... 501B.32. Memori III (2003) .............................................................................. 502B.33. Memori Virtual (2005) ........................................................................ 502B.34. Multilevel Paging Memory I (2003) .......................................................503B.35. Multilevel Paging Memory II (2004) ......................................................504B.36. Multilevel Paging Memory III (2005) .....................................................505B.37. FHS (File Hierarchy Standards) (2002) .................................................505B.38. Sistem Berkas I (2002) ........................................................................ 506B.39. Sistem Berkas II (2003) ....................................................................... 506B.40. Sistem Berkas III (2004) ......................................................................506B.41. Sistem Berkas IV (2005) .....................................................................507B.42. Sistem Berkas ''ReiserFS'' (2003) ..........................................................507B.43. Sistem Berkas ''NTFS'' (2005) ...............................................................507B.44. RAID (Redudant Array of I* Disks) (2004) .............................................507B.45. Mass Storage System I (2002) ...............................................................508B.46. Mass Storage System II (2003) ..............................................................508

    B.47. Mass Storage System III (2003) ............................................................508B.48. I/O Interface (2003) ............................................................................ 509B.49. I/O dan USB (2004) ............................................................................ 509B.50. Struktur Keluaran/Masukan Kernel (I/O) (2004) ......................................510B.51. Masukan/Keluaran (2005) ....................................................................510B.52. CDROM(2005) ................................................................................. 510B.53. HardDiskI (2001) .............................................................................. 510B.54. HardDiskII (2003) ............................................................................. 511B.55. HardDiskIII (2004) ............................................................................ 511B.56. HardDiskIV (2005) ........................................................................... 512B.57. Waktu Nyata/Multimedia (2005) ...........................................................513B.58. Tugas Kelompok/Buku Sistem Operasi (2004) .........................................513

    C. UPDATE/WishList .........................................................................................515C.1. WishList .............................................................................................515

    Indeks ..............................................................................................................517

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    Daftar Gambar

    1.1. Abstraksi Komponen Sistem Komputer ..............................................................321.2. Arsitektur Komputer von-Neumann ...................................................................341.3. Bagan Sebuah Komputer Personal .....................................................................341.4. Bagan Memori Untuk Sistem Monitor Batch Sederhana .........................................351.5. Bagan Memori untuk Model Multiprogram System ...............................................353.1. Arsitektur Umum Komputer .............................................................................473.2. Arsitektur PC Modern .....................................................................................483.3. Penyimpanan Hirarkis .....................................................................................483.4. Struktur Harddisk ...........................................................................................493.5. Struktur Optical Drive .....................................................................................503.6. Struktur M/K .................................................................................................503.7. Local Area Network ........................................................................................523.8. Wide Area Network .........................................................................................524.1. Dual Mode Operation .....................................................................................564.2. Proteksi M/K .................................................................................................56

    4.3. Memory Protection .........................................................................................566.1. Memberikan parameter melalui tabel .................................................................666.2. Eksekusi MS-DOS .........................................................................................676.3. Multi program pada Unix .................................................................................686.4. Mekanisme komunikasi ...................................................................................697.1. Lapisan pada Sistem Operasi ............................................................................727.2. Tabel Level pada Sistem Operasi .......................................................................727.3. Lapisan Sistem Operasi secara umum .................................................................747.4. Sistem Terdistribusi I ......................................................................................777.5. Sistem Terdistribusi II .....................................................................................788.1. Struktur Mesin Virtual ....................................................................................838.2. JVM: Java Virtual Machine ..............................................................................878.3. Struktur sistem operasi JavaOS .........................................................................898.4. PL3 .............................................................................................................899.1. Logo Linux. ..................................................................................................9610.1. Status Utama Proses ....................................................................................10510.2. Process Control Block ................................................................................. 10510.3. Status Proses .............................................................................................10611.1. Thread ...................................................................................................... 10911.2. Many-To-One ............................................................................................11111.3. One-To-One .............................................................................................. 11111.4. Many-To-Many ..........................................................................................11212.1. Bagan Thread ............................................................................................11913.1. Device Queue ............................................................................................12313.2. Diagram Antrian ........................................................................................12413.3. Medium-term Scheduler ............................................................................... 12513.4. Context Switch ...........................................................................................126

    14.1. Siklus Burst ............................................................................................... 12914.2. Diagram Burst ...........................................................................................13014.3. Burst ........................................................................................................ 13014.4. Preemptive vs Non Preemptive ......................................................................13114.5. Dispatch Latency ........................................................................................13215.1. FCFS ....................................................................................................... 13515.2. SJF Preemptive ..........................................................................................13615.3. SJF Non Preemptive ....................................................................................13615.4. Round Robin .............................................................................................13715.5. Multilevel Queue ........................................................................................13815.6. Multilevel Feedback Queue .......................................................................... 13916.1. GrafikHard Real-Time ................................................................................ 14316.2. GrafikSoft Real-Time ..................................................................................14318.1. Client Server .............................................................................................16520.1. Algoritma I ................................................................................................ 17820.2. Algoritma II .............................................................................................. 178

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    20.3. Algoritma III ............................................................................................. 17923.1. Contoh Deadlock di Jembatan ....................................................................... 19923.2. Contoh Deadlock di Persimpangan Jalan ......................................................... 19923.3. Tabel 1 ..................................................................................................... 20423.4. Tabel 2 ..................................................................................................... 20524.1. Proses Pi meminta sumber daya Rj .................................................................20724.2. Sumber daya Rj yang mengalokasikan salah satu ..............................................20824.3. Graf Alokasi Sumber Daya ........................................................................... 20824.4. Graf dengan deadlock .................................................................................. 20924.5. Tanpa deadlock ..........................................................................................20924.6. Graf alokasi sumber daya dalam status aman .................................................... 21024.7. Graf alokasi sumber daya dalam status tidak aman ............................................21124.8. Graf alokasi sumber daya ............................................................................. 21124.9. Graf tunggu ............................................................................................... 21228.1. MMU: Memory Management Unit .................................................................23428.2. Two-Pass Assembler ................................................................................... 23529.1. Proteksi Memori .........................................................................................24129.2. Proses Dalam Memori ................................................................................. 24229.3. Permasalahan alokasi penyimpanan dinamis .................................................... 24330.1. Penerjemahan Halaman ............................................................................... 247

    30.2. Skema Tabel Halaman Dua tingkat ................................................................25030.3. Tabel Halaman secara Bertingkat ...................................................................25030.4. Hierarchical Paging ................................................................................... 25130.5. Hashed Page Tabels .................................................................................... 25230.6. Tabel Halaman secara Inverted ...................................................................... 25230.7. Inverted Page Tables ................................................................................... 25330.8. Berbagi Halaman ........................................................................................25330.9. Share Page ................................................................................................ 25431.1. Alamat Lojik ............................................................................................. 25731.2. Arsitektur Segmentasi ................................................................................. 25831.3. Segmentasi ................................................................................................ 25831.4. Segmentasi dengan Pemberian Halaman ......................................................... 25931.5. Segmentasi dengan Pemberian Halaman (INTEL 30386) .................................... 26031.6. Selektor .................................................................................................... 26031.7. Segmentasi-Intel-Pentium ............................................................................ 26132.1. Memori Virtual ..........................................................................................26332.2. Tabel halaman untuk skema bit valid-tidak valid ............................................... 26532.3. Gambaran pada saat penanganan kesalahan halaman .........................................26633.1. Sebelum .................................................................................................... 27133.2. Sesudah .................................................................................................... 27233.3. MMF ....................................................................................................... 27333.4. MMF pada Win32 API ................................................................................ 27434.1. Ilustrasi Kondisi yang Memerlukan Pemindahan Halaman .................................. 27734.2. Pemindahan Halaman .................................................................................. 27834.3. Contoh Penerapan Algoritma FIFO ................................................................27934.4. Contoh Algoritma Optimal ........................................................................... 27934.5. Algoritma LRU ..........................................................................................280

    35.1. Derajat dari Multiprogramming .....................................................................28735.2. Frekuensi-kesalahan-halaman ....................................................................... 28935.3. Solar Halaman Scanner ................................................................................ 29336.1. Contoh pembagian zona memori pada arsitektur Intel x86. ........................