Pengumpulan Data Kuantitatif

7/30/2019 Pengumpulan Data Kuantitatif

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KUTIPAN DATAKUANTITATIF


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Datakuantitatif

kuantiti

Pengumpulan databerbentuk angka

Apa itu data kuantitatif?

Istilah-istilah tertentu


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Jenis-jeniskaedah

penyelidikankuantitatif

Experimental research

Causal-comparative research

Survey/ descriptive research

Correlational research


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Teknikpengumpulandata

kuantitatif

Soal selidik

Pemerhatian

Ujian

Temu bualberstruktur

Soal selidik

Alat ukur kajian

Check list

ujian

Protokol

temu bual


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Istilah-istilah utama

Variabel(pembolehubah)

Hipotesis

Analisis Unit

Generalisasi

Bebas Bersandar

Unit yang dikaji

AlternatifNull

Sampel kepada populasi


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bermatlamat menerangkan sesuatu

fenomena yang sedang berlaku dengan

mengumpulkan maklumat mengenai

pembolehubah

tidak bertujuan untuk menguji hipotesis

(tiada hipotesis dibina dalam kajian ini)

tidak mengarah kepada penghasilan

sesuatu penyelidikan yang baru

Survey/ descriptive research


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Survey Research

Definition Determines and describes the way things are

Importance:

Frequently used in research studies Used to influence opinion

Useful for investigating a variety of

educational problems


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Tujuan utama kajian survey:

To describe the characteristics of a population.

Contoh: What is the distribution of Malaysiansaccording to age groups?

To describe and relate how certain characteristics

(age, gender, ethnicity, political affiliation, and others)are distributed within a group and related between (or

among) selected variables.

Contoh: How many persons in Malaysia vote for a

political party and the relation between such votingand variables like sex, race, religious preference,

and the like?


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Types of Surveys

Public opinion polls

Developmental surveys

Follow-up studies


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Kajian

survey

Longitudinalsurvey

Cross-sectional

survey


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Survey Data Collection Methods

Questionnaire Interview

Observation

Telephone


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Steps for designing survey research project

Define the objectives in clear, specificterms

Design the approach

Collect the data

Report the results


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Limitations of survey research

Only tap respondents who accessible and cooperative

Often make the respondent feel special or unnatural

and thus produce artificial responses or fabricated

Arouse response set such as acquiescence or a

process to agree with positive statements or questions

Are vulnerable to over-rater or under-rater the tendency

for some respondents to give consistently high or low ratings

In the case of interviews, biased reactions can be

elicited because of characteristics

of the interviewer or respondents, or the combination

the elicit favourable or unfavourable pattern of response.


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Definition

Whether and to what degree variables arerelated

Purpose Determine relationship

Make predictions

Limitation Cannot indicate cause and effect



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Korelasi bertujuan mencari hubungan/

perkaitan antara pemboleh ubah dalam

sesuatu kajian

Kekuatan hubungan korelasi diukur

menggunakan ujian korelasi (e.g Pearson

correlation coefficient)

Nilai hubungan adalah antara 1 0 +1



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Process

Problem selection

Derived from theory

Logical

Participant and instrument selection

Minimum of 30 participants

Instruments must be valid and reliable

Instrument validity affects sample size needed

Design

Collect data on two or more variables for each

participant Data analysis

Correlation coefficients


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Types of Correlation Coefficients

Linear relationships

Pearson r

Spearman rho

Phi coefficient

Curvilinear relationships

Correlation ratio or eta


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The Correlation Coefficient

Size Low

Moderate

High

Direction Positive correlation

Negative correlation

Zero or no correlation

Scatterplots


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* *

* *

*

* *

*

*

* *

* *

* * *

*

* *

* * * *

*

* *

*

* *

*

* *

*

Nilai r = 1 Nilai r = 0.5 Nilai r = 0.08


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Nilai r ditandai dengan tanda + dan -

Tanda + bermaksud hubungan yangberkadar langsung antara dua variabel

Tanda bermaksud hubungan yang

berkadar songsang antara dua variabel Contoh: adakah terdapat hubungan

antara minat Bahasa Inggeris denganpencapaian matematik pelajar luarbandar?


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Hubungan berkadar

langsung (+)Hubungan berkadar

songsang ( )

Jenis korelasi


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Juga dirujuk sebagai ex post facto (after the fact)

Usaha untuk menentukan sebab kepada sesuatu akibat

Asas kepada kajian sebab-akibat dimulai dengansesuatu akibat menyebabkan usaha mencari sebab/

punca kepada akibat tersebut bermula Dua pemboleh ubah yang terlibat adalah pemboleh ubah

bebas dan pemboleh ubah bersandar

Terdapat beberapa kumpulan yang terlibat untuk

perbandingan Contohnya: Apakah faktor yang menyebabkan

pencapaian matematik pelajar luar bandar rendah?

Causal-comparative research


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Purpose

Attempts to determine cause

Alleged cause and effect have already

occurred

Orientations

Retrospective - starts with an effect and seeks

possible causes

Prospective - starts with a cause and

investigates its effect on some variable


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Similarities to Correlational Research

Both lack manipulation

Both require caution in interpreting results

Both can support subsequentexperimental research


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Differences with Correlational Research

Correlational No attempt to

understand cause and

effect

Two or more variables One group

Causal comparative Attempts to understand

cause and effect

At least one

independent variable Two or more groups


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Comparison to Experimental Research

Experimental Causal group

comparisons

Individuals randomly

assigned to treatmentgroups

Independent variablemanipulated by the

researcher

Causal comparative

Group comparisons

Individuals already in

groups before researchbegins

Independent variable

not manipulated


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Examples of Variables

Non-manipulated variables Age

Sex

Ethnicity

Learning style

Socioeconomic status

Parental educational level

Family environment

Preschool attendance

Type of school


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Design and Procedures

Select two groups that differ on some

independent variable One group possesses some characteristic that the

other does not Each group possesses the characteristic but in

differing amounts

The independent variable must be clearly

operationally defined


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Design and Procedures

Randomly sample subjects from each of

the two groups

Collect background information on

subjects to determine the equality of the

groups

Compare groups on the dependent

variable


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Menguji hipotesis untuk memperkukuh

hubungan sebab-akibat

Ia mewakili rantaian sebab musabab yangkuat tentang hubungan antara

pembolehubah

Experimental research


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Ciri-ciri

Research designed to investigate cause andeffect relationships through the directmanipulation of an independent variable andcontrol of extraneous variables

Independent variable the variable beingmanipulated

Dependent variable the variable in which the effectof the manipulation of the independent variable areobserved

Researcher manipulation and control choice oftreatments, choice of a research design, use ofspecific procedures, etc.


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Manipulation and Control

Manipulation The researchers decisions related to what will makeup the independent variable

Control

The researchers efforts to remove the influence ofany extraneous variables that might have an effect onthe dependent variable

The goal is to be assured the only differencesbetween groups is that related to the independent

variable


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Experimental Validity

Internal validity the degree to which theresults are attributable to the independent

variable and not some other rival explanation

External/ecological validity the extent to

which the results of a study are generalizable


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Group Designs

Two major classes of designs Single-variable designs one independent variable

Factorial designs two or more independent

variables

Types of designs

Experimental designs

Quasi-experimental designs


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Kaedah eksperimen

tulen kuasi


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True Experimental Designs

Types Pretest-posttest control group design

Posttest only control group design


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Quasi-Experimental Designs

Types Non-equivalent control group design

Time series design


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Single-Subject Research

Designs that can be applied when the samplesize is one Study behavior change in an individual as the result of some

treatment

Subject serves as his or her own control

Rationale Sophistication of specific designs allows for the control of

internal validity threats

Research is focused on therapeutic impact in clinical settings,not contribution to a research base

Group comparison designs are sometimes opposed or unethical

Group comparison designs are not possible


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Walau bagaimanapun, dalam penyelidikanpendidikan, eksperimen lazimnya merujukkepada eksperimen kuasi.

Melibatkan sekurang-kurangnya 2 pembolehubah iaitu pemboleh ubah bebas dan pemboleh

ubah bersandar.

In an experimental study, the researchermanipulates at least one independent variables,

and controls other relevant variables, andobserves the effect on one or more dependentvariables.


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2 kumpulan sampel yang terlibat iaitu kumpulan

eksperimen dan kumpulan kawalan

ujian pra

ujian pasca

eksperimen

ujian pra

ujian pasca

Kumpulan eksperimen Kumpulan kawalan


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Soal selidik

Teknik yang lazim digunakan untuk

mengumpulkan data kuantitatif dalam

kebanyakan kaedah kajian.

Untuk populasi yang besar, kedudukan

responden yang berjauhan antara satu

sama lain teknik pengumpulan soal

selidik yang lain kurang sesuai.


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Kelebihan Kurangkan perbelanjaan, masa dan tenaga untuk

pengumpulan data. Keupayaan soal selidik menggunakan sampel yang

banyak akan meningkatkan ketepatan anggaran statistiksampel untuk menganggar parameter populasi. Sampelyang banyak juga mengurangkan ralat persampelan.

Item soal selidik: piawai dan serupa kepada semuaresponden- mendapatkan respons yang sama.

Soal selidik boleh meningkatkan ketepatan dankebenaran respons responden kerana tidak dipengaruhioleh personality dan tingkah laku penyelidik.

Responden juga berasa dirinya selamat untukmemberikan jawapan yang tepat


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Kelemahan Ketepatan dan kebenaran jawapan yang diberi oleh

responden terhad kepada sejauh mana soal selidiktersebut difahami dan dihargai oleh respondenmungkin disalah tafsir.

Keupayaan responden untuk mengingat adalah terhad:sekiranya item soal selidik memerlukan respondenmengingat, responden tidak akan dapat memberikan

jawapan yang tepat. Terhad kepada responden yang celik huruf, boleh

membaca, memahami soalan dan menulis jawapan.

Jawapan tidak tepat daripada responden: berdasarkanjawapan terutama yang diberikan, waktu yang kurang

mencukupi. Kesukaran memulangkan soal selidik menyukarkan

soal selidik diperoleh kembali.


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Jenis soal selidik

Soal selidik jawapandipilih

Soal selidik jawapan

diberi


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SKALA

nominal

ordinal

interval

ratio


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Kajian rintis

Kesahan (validity)

Kebolehpercayaan(reliability)


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Kesahan

Kesahan kandungan

Kesahan gagasan(konstruk)

Kesahan kriteria


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Kebolehpercayaan

Kaedah meningkatkankebolehpercayaan

Indekskebolehpercayaan


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Melakukan pemerhatian terhadap perkara-

perkara tertentu.

Lazimnya dalam kajian kuantitatif, senaraisemak (check list) akan digunakan bagi

memerhatikan sesuatu perkara.

Pemerhatian


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Ujian

Kecerdasan

Pencapaian

Bakat


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Boleh dilakukan dengan beberapa kaedah:soal selidik, senarai semak atau soalan

berstruktur.

Boleh dilakukan secara bersemuka ataumelalui telefon.

Perbezaan antara temu bual kuantitatif dan

kualitatif temu bual kuantitatif akan

dikelompokkan dan dikodkan kepada nombordan lazimnya melibatkan responden yang

ramai.

Temu bual


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