PERBANDINGAN KLASIFIKASI (Tumbuhan -...
Transcript of PERBANDINGAN KLASIFIKASI (Tumbuhan -...
KLASIFIKASI TANAH
Dr. Dani Lukman Hakim, SP.
“Tunjukkan sistem klasifikasimu, agar
saya dapat menunjukkan sejauhmana
kamu mendalami masalah-masalah
penelitianmu”
Kubiene (1948) Ahli Fisika Amphere
“Klasifikasi yang baik dan ilmiah, baru dapat
dibuat bila orang mengetahui segala
sesuatunya tentang benda yang
diklasifikasikan”
Pendahuluan
Klasifikasi tanah adalah usaha untuk
membeda-bedakan tanah berdasarkan
atas sifat-sifat yang dimilikinya
Sangat penting…. Kenapa?
Tanah yang berbeda memerlukan perlakuan
(pengelolaan) yang berbeda pula
TUJUAN KLASIFIKASI
Mengorganisasi (menata) tanah
Mengetahui hubungan individu tanah satu sama lain
Memudahkan mengingat sifat-sifat tanah
Mengelompokkan tanah untuk tujuan-tujuan tertentu;
Menaksir sifat-sifatnya
Menentukan lahan-lahan terbaik (prime land)
Menaksir produktivitasnya
Untuk penelitian –kemungkinan eksplorasi
Mempelajari hubungan-hubungan dan sifat-sifat tanah yang baru
BEBERAPA DEFINISI
Kelas; Kelompok individu dgn sifat2 ttt yang sama.
Takson (Taksa): suatu kelas pada tk taksonomik
(pengelompokan) ttt. Atau kelas pd kategori ttt.
Kategori: suatu susunan taksa berdasarkan sifat pembeda pd masing2 tk klasifikasi, terdiri dari semua kelas.
Sifat-sifat Pembeda: sifat2 tanah yang digunakan sbg pembeda untuk mengelompokkan individu2 tanah.
Sifat Kategori Berganda (Multiple): sistem kategori secara hierarkis.
ASAS KLASIFIKASI TANAH
•Asas Genetik (Genetic thread principle)
•Asas Sifat Pembeda Makin Bertambah (Principle of accumulating differentia)
•Asas Menyeluruh Kategori Taksonomik (Principle of wholeness of taxonomic categories)
•Pembatasan Asas Bebas (Ceiling of independence principle)
Klasifikasi Alami Vs Klasifikasi Teknis
Klasifikasi tanah yang
didasarkan atas sifat
tanah yang dimilikinya
tanpa menghubungkan
dengan tujuan
penggunaan tanah tsb
Gambaran dasar (sifat
fisik, kimia, mineralogi)
Sebutan “Klasifikasi
Tanah”
Klasifikasi tanah yang didasarkan atas sifat-sifat tanah yang mempengaruhi kemampuan tanah untuk penggunaan-penggunaan tertentu
Sebutan “Klasifikasi Kemampuan atau kesesuaian lahan”
PERKEMBANGAN SISTEM KLASIFIKASI TANAH
DI DUNIA
Richthofen (1886)
Fallou (1862)
Thaer (1853)
KLASIFIKASI TEKNIS
Siberstsev - Glinka
Dokuchaev (1883)
DITEMUKANNYA PEDOLOGI
Milton W hitney (1909)
Hilgard (1833-1906)
Ruffin (1832)
AMERIKA AW AL
Baldwin, Kellog, & Thorp (1938)
Marbut (1935)
AMERIKA PERTENGAHAN
Soil Survey Staff (1975)
Riecken & Smith (1949)
Thorp & Smith (1949)
KUANTITATIF MODERN
5 (LIMA) PERIODE
KLASIFIKASI TANAH MARBUT (1935) Kategori 6 Pedalfers Pedocals
Kategori 5 Tanah-tanah berasal dari “cumminuted” secara mekanis Tanah-tanah berasal dari bahan dekomposisi siallitik Tanah-tanah berasal dari bahan dekompisisi allitik
Tanah-tanah berasal dari “cumminuted” secara mekanis
Kategori 4 Tundra Podzols Podsolik Coklat Kelabu Tanah Merah Tanah Kuning Tanah Lateritik Tanah Laterit
Chernozem Tanah Coklat Gelap Tanah Coklat Tanah Kelabu Tanah Pedocalik
Kategori 3 Kelompok Tanah matang tetapi seri-seri tanah terkait Tanah Rawa Tanah Glei Rendzina Tanah Aluvial Tanah belum matang pada lereng Tanah Bergaram Tanah Alkali Tanah Gambut
Kelompok Tanah matang tetapi seri-seri tanah terkait Tanah Rawa Tanah Glei Rendzina Tanah Aluvial Tanah belum matang pada lereng Tanah Bergaram Tanah Alkali Tanah Gambut
Kategori 2 Seri-seri Tanah Seri-seri Tanah
Kategori 1 Satuan atau Tipe Tanah Satuan atau Tipe Tanah
Druif (1936)
Tollenaar (1932)
Mohr (1910 - 1916)
BERDIRINYA PPT 1905
Soil Taxonomy (1975) Key To Soil Taxonomy (1983) Key To Soil Taxonomy (1987)
Key To Soil Taxonomy (1998)
Key To Soil Taxonomy (1996)
Key To Soil Taxonomy (1994)
Key To Soil Taxonomy (1992)
Key To Soil Taxonomy (1990)
fao/unesco (1974)
Dudal - Supraptohardjo (1957)
SEJAK TH 1955
MODIFIKASI
KONGRES KE-5 HITI DI MEDAN
7 - 10 DESEMBER 1989
PERKEMBANGAN KLASIFIKASI TANAH DI INDONESIA
Soil Classification
Based on 5 factors of soil formation
Pedon
- 1-10 m2
- large enough to permit study of horizons,
chemistry; too small for mapping
Polypedon
- approximates a series (16,000 in U.S.) - a grouping of similar, contiguous pedons - constitutes a mapping unit
7th approximation - Soil Taxonomy soils as natural bodies capable of classification (vary systematically)
classification based on extant properties, not presumed genesis
systematic nomenclature
Diagnostic Horizons - characterize an order or suborder
Surface horizons (epipedons) - Mollic (A) - Thick, dark colored, high base saturation, strong
structure; Diagnostic for Mollisols
Umbric (A) - Same as Mollic, except low base saturation
Ochric (A) - Light colored, low organic content, may be hard and massive when dry
Histic (O) - Very high in organic content, wet during some part of year diagnostic for Histosols
Subsurface horizons
Argillic (Bt) - Silicate clay accumulation Natric (Btn)
- Argillic, high in sodium, columnar or prismatic structure Spodic (Bhs or Bs)
- Organic matter and/or Al and Fe oxide accumulation
Cambic (B) - Changed or altered by physical movement or
by chemical reactions; characteristic Inceptisols
Oxic (Bo) Fragipan (x) - Brittle pan, usually loamy textured, weakly cemented (Spodosols)
Calcic - (k) - Accumulation of CaCO3 or CaMg(CO3)2 - "caliche“usually in Aridisols or
Mollisols
Gypsic (y) - Accumulation of Gypsum; only in arid soils
Albic (E) - Light colored, clay, Fe and Al oxides mostly removed
PERBANDINGAN KLASIFIKASI (Tumbuhan - Tanah)
KATEGORI NAMA
Phylum : Pteridophyta
Kelas : Angiospermae
Subkelas : Dicotyledoneae
Ordo : Rosales
Famili : Leguminoseae
Genus : Trifolium
Species : Trifolium repens
KATEGORI NAMA
Order : Alfisol
Suborder : Udalf
Great Group: Hapludalf
Subgroup : Typic Hapludalf
Family : Fine loamy,
mixed, mesic
Seri : Miami
(Phase) : Tererosi
HORISON PENCIRI
EPIPEDON
HORISON BAWAH PENCIRI
HORISON PENCIRI UNTUK TANAH
ORGANIK
PENCIRI KHUSUS
REGIM TEMPERATUR
REGIM KELEMBABAN
EPIPEDON
E. HISTIK : b.o > 20%
E. MOLLIK : b.o > 1%; warna lembab/value > 3,5 tebal 18 cm atau lebih; KB > 50%
E. UMBRIK : spt mollik tetapi KB < 50%
E. ANTHROPIK : spt mollik tetapi > 250 ppm P2O5 larut dlm asam sitrat
E. OCHRIK : warna terang value > 3,5; b.o < 1% atau keras-sangat keras & masif
E. PLAGGEN : Tebal > 50 cm, hitam, terbentuk krn pemupukan organik yg terus menerus
+ HORISON ARENIK : banyak pasir tebalnya > 50 cm terletak diatas hor. argilik
+ HORISON GLOSSARENIK : spt arenik, tetapi tebalnya > 100 cm
HORISON BAWAH PENCIRI
H. AGRIK : di bwh lap olah terdapat akumulasi debu, liat & humus
H. ALBIK : Hor berwarna pucat (A2) warna value lembab > 5
H. ARGILIK : Hor penimbunan liat (B, paling sedikit 1,2 X liat diatasnya); selaput liat
H. KALSIK : tebal > 15 cm, CaCO3 atau MgCO3 tinggi
H. KAMBIK : Indikasi lemah adanya argilik/spodik tdk memenuhi syarat utk kedua hor tsb
H. GIPSIK : Gipsum (CaSO4)
H. NATRIK : Hor argilik Na
H. OKSIK : tebal > 30 cm, KTK (NH4OAc) < 16 me/100 g liat, KTK eff < 12 me/a00 g liat
H. PETROKLASIK: Hor kalsik yang mengeras
H. PETROGIPSIK : Hor gipsik yang mengeras
H. SALIK : tebal > 15 cm, banyak garam2 sekunder mdh larut
H. SOMBRIK : Hor berwarna gelap, sifat spt epi umbrik, terjadi iluviasi humus tanpa Al & tdk terletak di bawah hor albik
H. SPODIK : Hor iluviasi sesquioksida bebas & b.o
H. SULFURIK : Hor sulfat masam (cat clay); pH < 3,5, karatan --jerosit
H. KANDIK : Spt argilik tetapi KTK (NH4OAc) < 16 me/100 g liat, KTK eff < 12 me/a00 g liat
HORISON PENCIRI
UNTUK TANAH ORGANIK
BAHAN FIBRIK : b.o. kasar > 2/3
BAHAN HEMIK : b.o. kasar 1/3 - 2/3
BAHAN SAPRIK : b.o. kasar < 1/3
BAHAN HUMILLUVIK : iluviasi humus
setelah lama digunakan cocok taman
BAHAN LIMNIK : endapan organik/anorganik
dari mahluk hidup di air
PENCIRI KHUSUS
KONKRESI
PADAS (PAN)
ORTERDE
ORSTEIN
FRAGIPAN
DURIPAN
PADAS LIAT (CLAY
PAN)
KROTOVINAS
PLINTIT
SLICKENSIDE
SELAPUT LIAT
(CLAY SKIN)
KONTAK LITHIK
KONTAK
PARALITHIK
REGIM TEMPERATUR
PERGILIC - Suhu tanah rata2 thn < 0oC
CRYIC - Suhu tanah rata2 thn 0o - 8oC, m.panas < 15oC
FRIGID - Suhu tanah rata2 thn 0o - 8oC, m.panas > 15oC
MESIC - Suhu tanah rata2 thn 8o - 15oC
THERMIC - Suhu tanah rata2 thn 15o - 22oC
HYPERTHERMIC - Suhu tanah rata2 thn > 22oC
ISO (FRIGID, MESIC, THERMIC, HYPRETHERMIC) - Perbedaan suhu tanah rata2 m.panas dan m.dingin < 5oC
TROPIC - Sifat iso & suhu tanah rata2 thn > 8o (iso mesic atau lebih panas)
REGIM KELEMBABAN
AQUIC – Tanah jenuh air – reduksi karatan, kroma rendah
ARIDIC / TORIC – Kering > 6 bln (bila tanah tdk pernah beku). Tdk pernah lembab > 90 hr berturut-turut atau lebih setiap tahun
PERUDIC – CH setiap bln selalu > evapotranspirasi
UDIC – Tdk pernah kering 90 hr (kumulatif) setiap thn
USTIC – Kering >90 hr (kumulatif) setiap thn, tetapi < 180 hr
XERIC – hanya di mediteran, setiap thn kering > 45 hr berturut-turut di m.panas, dan lembab > 45 hr berturut-turut di m.dingin
TATA NAMA
NAMA ORDER AKHIRAN UNTUK ARTI ASAL KATA
KATEGORI LAIN
ALFISOL ALF dari Al - Fe
ARIDISOL ID Eridus, sangat kering
ENTISOL ENT dari Recent
HISTOSOL IST Histus, jaringan
INCEPTISOL EPT Inceptum, permulaan
MOLLISOL OLL Mollis, lunak
OXISOL OX Oxide, oksida
SPODOSOL OD Spodos, abu
ULTISOL ULT Ultimus, akhir
VERTISOL ERT Verto, berubah
ANDISOL AND Ando, tanah hitam
GELISOL GLEI Gleik,
Contoh: Ordo :
Ultisol (ultus=akhir, perkembangan tanah pada tingkat akhir).
Subordo :
Udult (udus=humida, lembab, tidak pernah kering)
Great group :
Fragiudult (fragifan=padas rapuh, ditemukan fragipan)
Subgroup :
Aquic Fragiudult (aqua=air, kadang-kadang jenuh air)
Famili :
Aquic Fragiudult, halus, kaolinit, isohipertermik (halus=besar butir tanah halus/berliat halus; kaolinitik=mineral liat yang dominan; adalah kaolinit; isohipertermik=suhu tanah > 22 0C, perbedaan suhu musim panas dan musim dingin < 5 0C
Seri : Granada (pertama kali ditemukan di daerah Granada)
Ordo Penciri Utama
Horizon Penciri Sifat-sifat Penciri lain
Alfisol Horison argilik KB >35 %, pada kedalaman 180
cm
Andisol Mempunyai sifat-sifat tanah
andik
Aridisol Regim kelembaban tanah
aridik (sangat kering)
Entisol Hanya ada epipedon ochrik, albik
atau histik
-
Gelisol - Mempunyai sifat gelik
(membeku sepanjang tahun)
Histosol Epipedon histik tebalnya > 40 cm -
Inceptisol Horison kambik -
Mollisol Epipedon mollik KB (NH4OAc pH 7) seluruh
solum > 50%
Oxisol Horison oksik -
Spodosol Horison spodik -
Ultisol Horison argilik KB rendah (< 35%), pada
kedalaman 180 cm
Vertisol - Sifat vertik (mengembang-
mengkerut) > 30% liat
Classification Categories
Order 12
Suborder 47
Great Group 230
Subgroup 1,200
Family 6,600
Series 17,000
Sub Order Emphasize similar genesis
Especially wetnesss, temperature
Entisols
Inceptisols
Mollisols
Alfisols
Ultisols
Oxisols
Vertisols
Aridisols
Spodosols
Histosols
Andisols
Gelisols
Entisols
Entisols are soils of recent origin.
These are soils developed in unconsolidated parent material
They usually have no genetic horizons except an A horizon
All soils that do not fit into one of the other ten orders are Entisols
Parent Material may be refreshed, interupting soil development (floodplains)
Typical of sandy, wet or dry areas
Eutrochrept asal Northen Micigan
Inceptisols are soils that exhibit minimal horizon development
They are more developed than Entisols, having a Cambic horizon
They still lack the features that are characteristic of other soil orders
Inceptisols are widely distributed and occur under a wide range of environmental settings.
They are often found on fairly steep slopes, young geomorphic surfaces, and on resistant parent materials.
Inceptisols
Mollisols are the soils of grassland ecosystems.
They have a thick, soft, dark surface called a mollic epipedon
This dark, fertile surface horizon results from addition of organic materials from plant roots.
They have high base saturation and good crumb structure
Mollisols occur in the middle latitudes in prairie regions such as the Great Plains.
Mollisols are among some of the most productive agricultural soils in the world.
Mollisols
Endoaquol asal Illinois
Alfisols are forest soils that have relatively high native fertility
These soils are well developed and contain an argillic subsurface horizon in which clays have accumulated
The argillic horizon has greater than 35% base saturation
Alfisols are mostly found in temperate humid and subhumid regions of the world
This, along with the native fertility, allows Alfisols to be very productive soils for agriculture and silviculture
Alfisols
Udalf asal Southern Michigan
Ultisols are acid forest soils with relatively low native fertility
They have an acidic argillic horizon with less then 35% base saturation
They are found in warm, humid temperate and tropical areas of the world, typically on old, stable landscapes
The dominant clay is usually kaolinite
They often have a yellowish or reddish color due to the formation of Fe oxides
Ultisols cannot be used for continuous agriculture without the use of fertilizer and lime.
Ultisols
Udult asal North Carolina
Oxisols are very highly weathered soils that are found primarily in tropical regions
They contain few weatherable minerals and are rich in Fe and Al oxide (oxic horizon)
Oxisols have an extremely low level of native fertility, however, they can be extremely productive soils with inputs of lime and fertilizers.
Oxisols
Torrox asal Hawaii
Verisols are montmorillinite clay-rich soils that shrink and swell with changes in moisture content.
They occur under climates that have a seasonal dry period.
During the dry period, the soil volume shrinks and deep, wide cracks form.
The soil volume expands considerably as it wets up, creating serious engineering problems.
Because of the shrink/swell activity of these soils, they often do not have distinct, well-developed horizons.
Illuvial clays coat the cracks forming diagnostic "slickensides"
Vertisols
Xerert asal Idaho
Idaho
Vertisols cracks Slickensides
Aridisols
Aridisols are desert soils that have a subsurface horizon
They are dry most of the year.
Aridisols contain subsurface horizons in which clays, calcium carbonate, silica, salts, and/or gypsum have accumulated.
Surface horizons are often sandy, and an ochric epipedon may be evident
Where irrigation water is available, Aridisols can be very productive although salinization is a problem
Durid with duripan from Idaho
Spodosols
Spodosols are acid forest soils characterized by a subsurface spodic horizon of humus (Bh) and/or Al & Fe oxides (Bs)
These soils often have a light-colored E horizon overlying a reddish-brown spodic horizon.
Spodosols often occur under coniferous forest in cool, moist climates
Spodic horizons are created by organic acid leaching
Endoaquod in North Carolina
Groudwater leaching
Histosols
Histosols are soils composed mainly of organic materials
They contain at least 20-30% organic matter by weight and are more than 40 cm thick (Histic horizon)
Histosols typically form where poor drainage inhibits decomposition of plant remains
Histosols are often referred to as peats and mucks and can be very productive if drained
Saprist from Michigan
Andisols
Andisols are soils that have formed in volcanic ash.
These soils are dominated by amorphous minerals such as allophane and imogolite
Andisols have a high water-holding capacity and the ability to 'fix' (and make unavailable to plants) large quantities of phosphorus
They occur near many volcanoes around the Pacific rim
Xerand from idaho
Gelisols
Tundra soils Occur over
permafrost Cryoturbation
(frost churning) Gelid
(cold)