PERPUSTAKAAN KUiTTHO - Institutional...

PERPUSTAKAAN KUiTTHO

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KOLEJ UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI TUN HUSSEIN ONN

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS·

JUDUL:

Saya

AN EXPERIMENT A L VERI FICA TION OF THE BINA RV METHOD FOR THREE-PHASE VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2004/2005 PANG SHEN VEE (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/SarjanalOokto[ Falsafah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

I. Tesis adalah hakmilik Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein ann. 2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sabagai pertukaran antara institusi

pengajian tinggi. 4. **Sila tandakan (,!')

D SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam (AKT A RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

D TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasilbadan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

Q TIDAK TERHAD Disahkan oleh;

0i~tk . d~~ (TANDA T A N.P't!ENYELIA) (TANDATANGAN PENULlS)

Alamat tetap: 88, SITE B, I,ORONG 2 4')400 SEKINCHAN SEI,ANGOE

PROF DR HASHIM BIN SAIM Nama Penyelia

Tarikh: 31MAC 2005 Tarikh: 31MAC 2005

CATATAN: * Potong yang tidak berkenaan. ** Jib tcsis ini SULIT at au TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak

bcrkuasalorganisasi bcrkcnaan dcngan mcnyatakan sckali scbab dan tcmpoh tcsis ini pcrlu dikclaskan scbagai SULIT atau TERHAD.

• Tcsis dimaksudkan scbagai tcsis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana sccara pcnyclidikan, atau discrtasi bagi pcngajian sccara kcrja kursus dan pcnyclidikan, atau Laporan Projck Sarjana Muda (PSM).

"SayttlKami akui bahawa s-ayaIkami telah membaca karya ini dan pada pandangan

s-ayaIkami karya ini adalah memadai dari segi skop dan kualiti untuk tujuan

penganugerahan Ijazah Sarjana Kejuruteraan (Elektrikal)."

Tandatangan

Nama Penyelia I

Tarikh

Tandatangan

Nama Penyelia II

Tarikh

Tandatangan

Nama Penyelia III

Tarikh

: .... 3JM.<,l~ .2.Q.Q~ ............................ .

: ............ M ...................... . : . .J:!~9f~?9~ .I0.'!-~y.? .J:!m~g .<;:;h~. f. R~g. : .... 3.1M.<,l~ .2.Q.Q~ ............................ .

: .. , P!-!?\Q .. ~QR~ .Gh~~ . .f:h9ng ... , ....... . .. ).1.M~.<;)O.O.~ ............................ .

AN EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE BINARY METHOD FOR

THREE-PHASE VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER

PANG SHEN YEE

A thesis submitted

in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the

Degree of Master of Engineering (Electrical)

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn

MARCH, 2005

11

"The author hereby declares that no part of the study was covered by copyright.

All the information, quotations and excerpts from other references are well stated.

Otherwise the rest of the information presented through this study is a sole work and

experimentally carried out by the author"

Signature . nr1V(\~l 0 - . •

.......... !J. .... y .......... . Author : ... PAND. SHEN .Y.E.B. ....

Date : .... ;3JM~.r.~b.2.QO.~ ......... .

Especially for grandmum, parents, brothers

and Hong Wai with love

III

IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to express my genuine gratitude to my supervisor

Professor Dr. Hashim Bin Saim, my co-supervisor Associate Professor Pang Che Fong

and Madam Soon Chin Fhong. Because of their professional guidance and valuable

advice, I could achieve the goal of this project.

I am truly indebted those who assist me along the period of this project especially

En.Zaihan from Power Electronics Laboratory and En. Khairul from PCB Laboratory. By

taking this chance, I wish to accolade Lynn Schauer, Don Lancaster and many others who

give me the inspirational idea and opinion.

Last but not least, I would like to express my wholehearted gratefulness to my

beloved family and friends, for their unconditional support and encouragement

v

PAPER PUBLISHED ARISING FROM THIS WORK

1. S.Y. Pang, C.F. Pang, H.B.Saim and C.F.Soon (2002). "Binary Speed

Controller for Three-phase Induction Motor." Proc. of 2002 Student

Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD2002). pp.200-203.

2. S.Y. Pang, C.F. Pang and L.C. Cheng (2003). " Three-phase AC Motor Speed

Control with Binary Bits", Colloquium KUiTTHO.

3. S.Y. Pang, C. F. Pang, H. B. Saim and C. F. Soon.(2003) "Three-phase

Voltage Waveform Harmonic Reduction with Binary Method." Conference

in Conjunction with The Public Institutions of Higher Learning (IPTA)

Research & Development Exposition 2003, UP M.

4. S.Y. Pang, H. B. Saim, C.F. Pang and C. F. Soon. "Harmonic Reduction with

Binary Method for Three-phase System. " Proc. of 4'" Information and

Computer Engineering Postgraduate Workshop 2004 (ICEP2004), 22-23

January 2004, PSU, Phuket, Thailand.

VI

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the Binary

method through experimentation. By resolving the maximum voltage conversion

factor, effect of switching frequency, harmonic elimination, total harmonic distortion

and harmonics loss factor, we are able to investigate the performance of the Binary

method for controlling a three-phase voltage source inverter. Both the theoretical

approach and experimental work are based on a 12 -pulses per cycle binary wave.

The switching angles of the 3 pulses per quadrant are obtained from the Fourier

analysis and Newton-Raphson method and then transformed into time delay and

stored as a look up table in PIC Microcontroller. The IGBT switches in the inverter

section are triggered by the microcontroller to generate the desired output waveform.

For analysis, the output voltage waveforms are analyzed using "The Output

Processor" ( TOP) software. Through the experimental findings, the voltage

conversion factor for Binary method is 0.92. The ideal switching frequency for the

Binary method is found to be from 180Hz to 1800Hz. The Binary method shows the

ability to suppress the lower order harmonic content. Also in this work, the harmonic

loss factor and total harmonic distortion for different delta connected loads are

investigated.

VII

ABSTRAK

Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menyelidik ciri-ciri kaedah Binari melalui

kaedah ujikaji. Dengan mengetahui faktor penukaran voltan maksimum, kesan

frekuensi pensuisan, penghapusan harrnonik, hero tan harrnonik keseluruhan dan

faktor kehilangan harrnonik, pre stasi kaedah Binari dalam mengawal penyongsang

punca voltan tiga-fasa dapat dikenalpasti. Kedua-dua kaedah pendekatan teori dan

ujikaji adalah berdasarkan kepada gelombang binari 12 denyut per kitar. Sudut

sudut pensuisan 3 denyut per suku kitar dapat ditentukan melalui anal isis Fourier and

kaedah Newton-Raphson. Kemudian, sudut-sudut pensuisan ini ditukar kepada masa

lengah dan disimpan dalam ingatan pengawal mikro PIC melalui kaedah

penjadualan. Suis IGBT yang berada pada bahagian penyongsang dipicu oleh

pengawal mikro supaya menghasilkan gelombang keluaran yang diingini.

Gelombang voltan keluaran dianalisis oleh perisian pemproses keluaran (TOP).

Faktor penukaran voltan maksimum hasil daripada ujikaji bagi kaedah Binari adalah

0.92 . Kaedah Binari mempunyai frekuensi pensuisan unggul yang berada dalam

lingkungan 180Hz ke 1800Hz. Selain daripada itu, kaedah Binari menunj ukkan

keupayaannya untuk menindaskan kandungan harmonik tertib rendah. Faktor

kehilangan harrnonik dan herotan harrnonik keseluruhan untuk pelbagai beban yang

disambung secara delta juga diperolehi melalui ujikaji yang dijalankan.

CHAPTER

TITLE PAGE

TESTIMONY

DEDICATION.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CONTENTS

ITEM

PAPER PUBLISHED ARISING FROM THIS WORK

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

CONTENTS

PAGE

11

111

IV

V

VI

Vll

Vlll

Xl

xiii

VlIl

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF SYMBOLS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF APPENDICES

XVI

xviii

I INTRODUCTION

l.1 Introduction

l.2 Problem Statement

l.3 Objectives

1.4 Scope of Study

l.5 Organization of Thesis

XIX

3

4

4

6

II AN OVERVIEW OF BINARY METHOD

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Single-phase Binary Sine Waves 8

2.2.1 Choosing Binary Combination of Ones and Zeros 10

IX

2.2.2 Mathematical Fonnulation 14

2.3 Delta Friendly Three-phase Binary Waves 15

2.4 Summary 21

III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 23

3.2 Binary Method Approach 24

3.2.1 Generating Binary Wavefonn By Ones and Zeros 24

3.2.2 Samples of Binary Selection 26

3.2.3 Newton-Raphson Numerical Method 27

3.2.4 Three-phase Binary Wavefonn Selection 30

3.3 PIC Microcontroller Timing Calculation 34

3.3.1 Program Flow Chart and Description 38

3.4 Hardware Implementation 44

3.4.1 PIC Circuit Connection 44

3.4.2 Gate Driver Circuit 46

3.4.3 Three-phase Inverter Circuit 49

3.5 Analysis Software 51

3.5.1 TOP Software 51

3.6 Experiment Overview 52

3.6.1 Perfonnance Indices 55

3.6.2 Limitations 57

3.7 Summary 58

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 59

4.2 Result of Zeros and Ones Combinations 59

4.2.1 6-bit per quadrant sequence 60



4.2.4 IS-bit per quadrant sequence 62

4.2.5 18-bit per quadrant sequence



4.2.8 Discussion

4.3 Results of Three-phase Binary Wavefonn Calculations

4.3.1 Relationship of Switching Angles and Amplitude

4.3.2 Relationship of Delay versus Amplitude

4.4 Experimental Results

4.4.1 Voltage Conversion Factor

4.4.2 Effect of Switching Frequency

4.4.3 Hannonic Analysis and FFT Display

4.4.4 Total Hannonic Distortion

4.4.5 Hannonic Loss Factor

4.5 Summary

V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE

WORK

5.1 Conclusions

5.2 Recommendations for Future Work

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A-H

x

63

64

64

65

67

70

71

72

73

78

81

88

89

91

93

94

95

100

Xl

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Condition for eliminating third harmonic 1 I

2.2 Condition for eliminating fifth harmonic 12

2.3 Condition for eliminating seventh harmonic 13

2.4 Switching states of three-phase voltage source 17

inverter

2.5 The relationship of number of pulses and number of 18

eliminated harmonics

3.1 Conditions of getting delay values for three pulses 36

per quadrant waveform

3.2 Timing calculation for 10 Mhz crystal oscillator for 36-37

generating 50Hz output

3.3 Configuration of VO pin 46

3.4 Switching sequence of six IGBT 50

4.1 Results for 6-bit per quadrant sequence 60

4.2 Results for 9-bit per quadrant sequence 61

4.3 Example of results for l2-bit per quadrant sequence 62

4.4 31 sequences without 3 rd and 5th harmonics for IS-bit 62-63

per quadrant

4.5 Example of results for 18-bit per quadrant sequence 63

4.6 Example of results for 2l-bit per quadrant sequence 64

4.7 Example of results for 24-bit per quadrant sequence 65

4.8 Number of data selected for each sample 66

4.9 Switching angles for Binary 12 waveform 69-70

4.10 Delay value for different amplitude 71

4.11 Voltage conversion factor for sample 1 74


XlI


4.14 Input and output phase voltage for different switching 79

frequency

4.15 Magnitude of harmonic for load 470 ohm 82

4.16 Magnitude of harmonic for load 470 ohm,1 OOmH 85

Xlll

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.l Square wave is building up by many harmonics 9

waveform

2.2 30-bit waveform and harmonics for single-phase 9

binary sine wave

2.3 % cycle of third harmonic in quarter waveform 10

2.4 1 V4 cycle of fifth harmonic in quarter waveform 12

2.5 1 3i4 cycle of seventh harmonic in quarter waveform 13

2.6 Three-phase line to neutral voltage waveforms 16

2.7 (a) Delta connection and 17

(b) Wye connection

2.8 The arrangement of three pulses per quadrant 19

2.9 The sequence of phase a, band c in a 12 pulses per 21

cycle waveform

3.1 Stage of experimental works 23

3.2 3 pulses per quadrant waveform 30

3.3 Eliminate triad harmonics with pulse positioning, 31

X-60

3.4 Eliminate triad harmonics with pulse positioning, 31

120-X

3.5 Guess and Try Program for three-phase binary 33

waveform

3.6 Programming flow chart for PIC microcontroller 38

3.7 Block diagram of inverter system 44

3.8 PIC circuit connection 45

3.9 PIC microcontroller board 45

3.10 Configuration of HCPL 3150 driver 47

XIV

3.11 The IGBT driver circuit board 48

3.12 Three-phase VSI inverter circuit with IGBT 49

3.13 Three-phase inverter board 50

3.14 TOP software for analyzing output waveform 51

3.15 Setting of the FFT 52

3.16 Triggering pulses from PIC 16f877 pin RBI and 53

RB2

3.17 Line voltage triggering pulses from PIC 16f877 53

3.18 Triggering pulses from HCPL 3150 54

3.19 Three-phase voltage waveform pattern 55

3.20 Three-phase load current waveform pattern 55

4.1 Three-phase Binary 12 switching angles and 68

harmonics display program

4.2 Relationship between switching edges and 71

amplitude

4.3 Relationship of delay value with amplitude 72

4.4 Relationship between DC input voltage and AC 74

output voltage (Sample 1)





4.7 Comparison of voltage conversion factor of 3 77

collected samples

4.8 Relationship of output phase voltage and switching 79

frequency

4.9 Total harmonic distortion for different switching 80

frequency

4.10 Output phase voltage and load current waveform 82

for load R470

4.11 Output voltage waveform and FFT spectrum for 83-84

load R470

xv

4.12 Output phase voltage and load current waveform 85

for load R470, L100mH

4.13 Output voltage waveform and FFT spectrum for 86-87

load R470

4.l4 Total harmonic distortion for different load 89

4.15 Harmonic loss factor for various loads 90

XVI

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Hz Hertz

V Voltage

Vout Output Voltage

Vde DC Voltage

F(t) Fourier series function

aa Fundamental dc offset

ak Cosine term amplitude

bk Sine term amplitude

11: Pi

k Odd number integer

Uk Alpha angle

~k Beta angle

n Integer

f Frequency

t Time

Va Voltage of phase a

Vb Voltage of phase b

Ve Voltage of phase c

an Start angle (alpha n)

bn End angle (beta n)

af Partial differential of function f

au du Differential of alpha angle

Ir LED drive current

Vr LED forward voltage

Vee Power supply

R Resistor

L

c

V ph-ph

VI

Vn

Inductor

Output conversion factor

Phase to phase voltage

Fundamental voltage (rms)

Magnitude of nth harmonic

X\'II

AC

DC

PWM

THD

IGBT

HEPWM

SPWM

ANN

TLN

TLL

EPROM

VSI

PC

FFT

LED

VB

TOP

rms

HLF

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Alternative Current

Direct Current

Pulse Width Modulation

Total Harmonic Distortion

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor

Harmonic Elimination Pulse Width Modulation

Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

Artificial Neural Network

Three-phase Line to Neutral

Three-phase Line to Line

Electrically Programmable Read Only Memory

Voltage Source Inverter

Personal Computer

Fast Fourier Transform

Light Emitted Diode

Visual Basic Programming

The Output Processor

Root Mean Square

Harmonic Loss Factor

XVlll

XIX

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Newton-Raphson method in Matlab 100

B Guess and Try Program 101

C Binary Method Source Code 105

D PIC Microcontroller 116

E TOP Software 120

F Three-phase Binary Switching Angles 125

G Samples of different switching frequency for 152

amplitude scale 1.0

H The selected samples for different load with 157

switching frequency of scale 50 (300Hz)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

The application of semiconductor devices in the electrical power field has

been increasing tremendously since the past few decades [1-4]. The power converters

make it possible to deliver high performance and low cost drives for wide range of

commercial, vehicular, military and residential applications. Hence, the converter

systems contribute to efficient operation of electric power systems and enhance the

efficient use of electricity. As a result, it contributes much to the environmental

protection as well as energy conservation [2-3].

The application of power electronics in converters is mainly aimed for better

product quality, energy saving, compact, versatile and safer system. Rapid growth of

power electronics has been related with new power converter topology, the use of

advanced control techniques and the improvements in manufacturing [1-4]. The

voltage source inverter and current source inverter are the two most popular

topologies to convert a direct current source to an AC load of arbitrary frequency and

magnitude.

Inverter circuit plays an important role to convert the DC voltage to the AC

voltage. Throughout the inversion, the amplitude, frequency and current can be well

controlled. However, the inverter itself cannot work efficiently without good control

method.

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