PROSES PERUMUSAN PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL

Ikaningtyas,Law Faculty,Brawijaya University

Prosedur Umum

• TWO STEPS1. Negotiation2. Signature

• THREE STEPS1. Negotiation2. Signature3. Ratification

I. Proses awal inisiasi perumusan PI

• Bilateraldengan melakukan lobiying dari satu negara ke negara lainnya, dilakukan oleh kepala negara atau pejabat yang ditunjuk mewakili negaranya.

• Multilateralsecara resmi dengan mengajukan proposal dalam forum internasional untuk menumbuhkan kesadaran bersama. Proposal bisa bersal dari IGO maupun NGO.

Hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam proses pengajuan PI. :

Urgensi pengaturan dari permasalahan tersebut.

Perangakat hukum yang sudah ada belum mampu mengcover permasalahan tersebut. Sehingga perlu upaya perumusan PI baru.

Bentuk dari perjanjian yang diperlukan.

The likelihood that the proposed instrument will be accepted by a sufficient number of significant states

An anticipated time-schedule for the projectThe expected costs of formulating and

adopting the proposed instrument, both to the IGO concerned and to the states participating in the process

Particularly in formulating instruments in relation to technical or scientific problems (such as outer space or the environment) it may be necessary to carry out extensive scientific studies or research to determine the parameters of the problem and the lines of potential solutions (preliminary studies)

Initial draft

II. Perwakilan

Heads of State, Heads of Government and Ministers for Foreign Affairs, heads of diplomatic missions, representatives accredited by States to an international conference or to an international organization or one of its organs, for the purpose of adopting the text of a treaty in that conference, organization or organ Article 7 (2) Vienna Convention 1969

Mereka yang tidak memerlukan surat kuasa penuh

Perwakilan yang memerlukan surat kuasa penuhfull powers" means a document emanating from the competent authority of a State designating a person or   persons to represent the State for negotiating, adopting or authenticating the text of a treaty, for expressing the consent of the State to be bound by a treaty, or for accomplishing any other act with respect to a treaty;Article 2(1) Vienna Convention 1969

Fungsi dari surat kuasa

• Sebagai bukti bahwa orang/pihak tersebut sah sebagai wakil dari suatu negara peserta

• Sebagai batas dari kewenangan pihak tersebut.

III. NEGOSIASI

Tahap yang paling kompleks, sulit dan memakan waktu lama adalah

negosiasi. Karena dalam tahapan ini para pihak beradu kepentingan agar tertuang dalam perjanjian tersebut. Dalam negosiasi ini sifatnya sangat

politis, hal ini merupakan perwujudan dari kedaulatan setiap negara yang memiliki kedaulatan

yang sama.

IV. ADOPSI PENERIMAAN atau ADOPSI merupakan tahap

yang menunjukkan bahwa para pihak yang melakukan perundingan telah mencapai kesepakatan atas naskah perjanjian.

Namun naskah tersebut belum final dan belum definitif.

Pasal 9 (2) KW 1969 : pengadopsian PI dilakukan berdasarkan persetujuan dari semua negara yang berpartisipasi dalam perundingan kecuali naskah yang lahir dari konferensi daiatur dalam pasal 8 ayat 2. yaitu dengan persetujuan 2/3 dari negara2 yang hadir dan memberikan suaranya.

V. Pengotentifikasian naskah PI

Sebelum negara perunding menyatakan terikat pada PI, diperlukan proses untuk pengotentifikasian naskah PI.

Otentifikasi ini merupakan tahapan dimana naskah PI menjadi final dan definitif. Sehingga tidak dapat dirubah lagi, kecuali nanti setelah berlaku melalui modifikasi atau amandemen.

Article 10, therefore provides that the text of treaty is established as authentic and definity by such prosedure as may be provided for internasional text or agreed upon by the states participating in its drawing up.

Otentifikasi bisa dilakukan dengan : signature, signature ad referendum dan initialing

Surat kuasa penuh tidak diperlukan lagi dalam penandatanganan naskah final, cukup dengan credentials.

VI. CONSENT TO BE BOUND

• Article 11 lists the ways in which a state can express its consent :1. signature (article 12)—ad referendum—

additional instrument as sign that the agreement needs parliament approval.

2. exchange of instruments constituing a treaty (article 13)3. ratification, acceptance or approval (article 14)4. accession (article 15)5. any other agreed means

signature• Definitive signature (signature not subject to ratification)• Definitive signature occurs where a State expresses its

consent to be bound by a treaty by signing the treaty without the need for ratification, acceptance or approval. A State may definitively sign a treaty only when the treaty so permits. A number of treaties deposited with the Secretary-General permit definitive signature. See article 12 of the Vienna Convention 1969.

• Simple signature (signature subject to ratification)• Simple signature applies to most multilateral treaties.

This means that when a State signs the treaty, the signature is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval. The State has not expressed its consent to be bound by the treaty until it ratifies, accepts or approves it. In that case, a State that signs a treaty is obliged to refrain, in good faith, from acts that would defeat the object and purpose of the treaty. Signature alone does not impose on the State obligations under the treaty.

Exchange of instruments (article 13)

• The exchange usually takes the form of exchange of notes, sometimes exchange of letters.

• The notes are sign by state offiicials related the subjects of the treaty

• In the vast majority of cases the exchange is between two states---bilateral treaty

Ratification

• The treaty may requiring legislation, before its enter into force

• Even if no legislation is needed the constitution may require parlimentary approval of the treaty or other procedure.

• Even no legislation or other procedures is needed, the state may need time to consider the implication of the treaty

Accession

• Accession is primarily the means for a state become a party, if for whatever reason it is unable to sign a treaty

• Accession mainly relevant to multilateral treaty

• See article 81

• Accession is the act whereby a State that has not signed a treaty expresses its consent to become a party to that treaty by depositing an "instrument of accession". Accession has the same legal effect as ratification, acceptance or approval. The conditions under which accession may occur and the procedure involved depend on the provisions of the relevant treaty. Accession is generally employed by States wishing to express their consent to be bound by a treaty where the deadline for signature has passed. However, many modern multilateral treaties provide for accession even during the period that the treaty is open for signature.

VII. ENTER INTO FORCE VII. ENTER INTO FORCE (article 24)(article 24) Depend on treaty Depend on treaty A treaty enters into force in such A treaty enters into force in such

manner and upon such date as it manner and upon such date as it may provide or as the negotiating may provide or as the negotiating States and negotiating organizations States and negotiating organizations or, as the case may be, the or, as the case may be, the negotiating organizations may agree negotiating organizations may agree

Failing any such provision or Failing any such provision or agreement, a treaty enters into force agreement, a treaty enters into force as soon as consent to be bound by as soon as consent to be bound by the treaty has been established for the treaty has been established for all the negotiating partyall the negotiating party

When the consent of a State or When the consent of a State or of an international organization of an international organization to be bound by a treaty is to be bound by a treaty is established on a date after the established on a date after the treaty has come into force, the treaty has come into force, the treaty enters into force for that treaty enters into force for that State or that organization on State or that organization on that date, unless the treaty that date, unless the treaty otherwise provides otherwise provides

See article 84See article 84

DEPOSITORY Ussually apply in multilateral treaty It ca be depository state or depository

organizations the functions :

1. administrative

2. archive and documentation

3. information source

Students discussion