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Planning Principles

Module III: Methodology and

Practicum in English LanguageTeaching II

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Introduction

Definition

Importance

Principles Components

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The importance of lesson planning

It will lead you

through the class

It will allow you to

combine differentactivities or exercises

thinking about your

students

characteristics

It will help you to

design a class with

different components

to keep your studentsmotivation and

interest

Something the

teacher wants toimprove (Lindsay,

2000)

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Task 1

Think of additional benefits of lesson

planning to your particular situation.

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The two main principles behind

lesson planning

FlexibilityVariety

Source: Harmer, 1991

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Task 2

Planning

The learners

The aims

The teaching poing

The teaching procedures

Materials

Classrom Management

Source: Scrivener, 1994

How many separateactivities will there be?

Where will I stand or sit?

What do learners need?

Is there going to bevariety of activity in thelesson

How do lesson objectives

fit in the longer-termgoals?

How will I control timing?

What do they already?

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Dos and Donts

Be specific

Anticipate problems

Decide timing

Have materials ready

Avoid to many details

File your plan for the

future

Source: Lindsay, 2000

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Learning Outcomes

Cognitive Outcomes: Intellectualoutcomes. They involve the application offacts, theories and concepts.

Psychomotor Outcomes: They describeskills the learner develops (Physical).

Affective Outcomes: They describe

feelings and attitudes which shape ourbehavior towards people, work and ourworld (behavioral).

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Expressing learning outcomes

It is necessary to use verbs which clearlyindicate how the learner will demonstratewhat she/he has learned.

Observable performance The instructor can determine whether the

learner has achieved the required level of

competence.e.g. Analyze the ideas portrayed in

selected pieces of art.

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Elements of Instruction

Learner objective(s): Taskstatement, it will open with a verb ofwhat the learner will be able to doat the end of the lesson.

Instructor objective(s):

Goal of the instructor.

Rationale:Why is it important for the learnersto master the objectives of thelesson? How do they fit in the bigpicture

Pre-assessment:

It determines if the learners alreadyhave mastered the skills within theframework of the learningobjectives.

Instructor activities: The dynamicsof the lesson as you see it.

Learner activities: What youplan for the learners to do inorder to master thecompetencies in theobjectives.

Summary of the lesson, in

order to assist the learners ininterpreting the components ofthe lesson.

Post-assessment: Itdetermines if there has beenchange in competency from

the pre-assessment. Linkage between this lesson

and the next lesson in order tohelp the learners becomementally prepared for what isto come.

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Instructional Plan

Learner Objective

Rationale

Bridging Pre-assessment

Summary

Post-assessment

Linkage

Time Instructional

Learner

activities

Instructional

activities

Aids

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Objective: Follow a logical pattern to

organize information.

Rationale: A writer needs to organizeinformation in an acceptable, logical format

so the reader can follow an instructional

text and understand the details in aprocedure.

Bridging: Participants understand how to

organize information in general texts, and

use specific vocabulary. Now they will

apply these skills to instructional texts.

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Pre-assessment: The instructor asks learnerslearners if they are good at giving directions, andwhy (or why not).

Instructor activities: The instructor generatesdiscussion about different situations where writersare required to write out directions. Learners receivea map and ask questions in pairs to practice their

skills at giving directions.

Summary: The instructor summarizes some of thisinformation

Post-assessment: The students write the instructionsfor finding a specific place on the map.

Linkage: In the next lesson, learners will build theseskills and write instructions for more complex

procedures.

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Application Exercise

a) Design a lesson plan taking into consideration

learning outcomes and instructional planning.

b) Review other formats, then decide which

elements you consider to be essencial in your

lesson plan and justify your choice.