Prowess of

Sarawak History

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Bab 1 Introduction 6 Introduction Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak Second World War and occupation Rosli Dhoby Early life Assassination of Sir Duncan George Stewart

Events Death

Aftermath

Reburial

Legacy

Independence

Geography

Environment

Demographics

Population

Iban people

Chinese Malaysian Chinese

Malay

Melanau

Bidayuh

Orang Ulu

Others Religions

Demographics of Sarawak: Religions of Sarawak

Government

Administrative divisions

Conclusion

Bab 2 The White Rajahs 22 Introduction Rulers Titles Government Cession to the United Kingdom Legacy

Bab 3 James Brooke, Charles Brooke & Charles Vyner Brooke 26 Early life Sarawak Burial Personal life James Brooke

o Fiction o Honours

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Sarawak#Religions_of_Sarawak

o Notes

Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak o Biography

Charles Vyner Brooke o Early life o Rajah of Sarawak o Abdication and later life o Family o Titles from birth to death

Conclusion

Bab 4 ROSLI DHOBI 37 Rosli Dhoby Rosli Dhoby & Sibu Who is Rosli Dhoby? Rukun 13 or Rukun Tiga Belas is a defunct

Sarawakian organization that existed from 1947 until 1950. o Formation

Penalty & disestablishment

List of Rukun 13 members Anti-cession movement of Sarawak Factors Overview of movement Tracking Urban Struggle, Rosli Dhobi of Sibu Conclusion

Bab 5 Administrative changes for self Government Sarawak 48 Sarawak After the defeat of Japan: Sarawak Submission Events History Corridor Anti-Cession movement in Sarawak

History Corridor Anti-Cession Movement Action: Resistance and British Reactions Resistance ways: Sends Protest Letter. The opposition People's Action Sarawak Reactions & the British British Reaction On Violence: History Corridor 13 Pillar Measures for self Government Sarawak

Among the measures taken; Restructured Sarawak Administration: Establishment of Political Parties In Sarawak The establishment of the Sarawak Alliance LEFTISTS ROLE IN INDEPENDENCE The Early Voices in Malaysia Independence History COMMUNISTS - A Chapter of Bloodshed in Malaysia Independence History BIRDS OF THE SAME FEATHER FLOCK TOGETHER

Birth of a New Nation The Big Picture of Malaysia Independence History The Lesson Restructuring After War Malaysia Today Conclusion

Chapter 1

Introduction

Introduction

Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. Known as Bumi Kenyalang

("Land of the Hornbills"), Sarawak is situated on the northwest of the island, bordering the

Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast, Indonesia to the south, and surrounding Brunei.

It is the largest state in Malaysia. The administrative capital is Kuching, which has a

population of 658,562. 1 Major cities and towns include Miri (pop. 269,380), Sibu (pop.

209,616) and Bintulu (pop. 189,695). As of the last census (2010), the state population was

2,420,009. 2 The eastern seaboard of Borneo was charted, though not settled, by the

Portuguese in the early 16th century. The area of Sarawak was known to Portuguese

cartographers as Cerava. During the 17th century, Sarawak was self-governed under Sultan

Tengah. By the early 19th century, Sarawak had become a loosely governed territory under

the control of the Brunei Sultanate. During the reign of Pangeran Indera Mahkota in 19th

century, Sarawak was facing chaos.3 Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II (18271852), the Sultan

of Brunei, ordered Pangeran Muda Hashim in 1839 to restore order and it was during this

time that James Brooke arrived in Sarawak. Pangeran Muda Hashim initially requested

assistance in the matter, but Brooke refused. In 1841, Brooke paid another visit to Sarawak

and this time he agreed to provide assistance. Pangeran Muda Hashim signed a treaty in

1841 surrendering Sarawak and Sinian to Brooke. On 24 September 1841, Pangeran Muda

Hashim bestowed the title Governor to James Brooke. He effectively became the Rajah of

Sarawak and founded the White Rajah Dynasty of Sarawak, later extending his

administration through an agreement with the Sultan of Brunei. Sarawak was thus an

independent kingdom from 1841 until 1888, when the state was placed under British

protection.

1 (2006 census; Kuching City South 143,500; Kuching City North 133,600; Padawan- 3rd Mile/ 7th Mile/

10th Mile 302,800) 2 "Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010". Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. iv. Archived from the original on 27

December 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127. Retrieved 24 January 2011. 3 Sarawak. Retrieved Jan 18 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak

http://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http:/www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127http://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http:/www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127

Brooke Dynasty

Figure 1: Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak.

Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak.

James Brooke was appointed Rajah by the Sultan of Brunei on 18 August 1842. Brooke ruled

the territory, later expanded, across the western regions of Sarawak around Kuching until

his death in 1868. His nephew Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke became Rajah after his

death; he was succeeded on his death in 1917 by his son, Charles Vyner Brooke, with the

condition that Charles should rule in consultation with his brother Bertram Brooke.4 The

Sarawak territories were greatly enlarged under the Brooke dynasty, mostly at the expense

of areas nominally under the control of Brunei. In practice Brunei had only controlled

strategic river and coastal forts in much of the lost territory, so most of the gain was at the

expense of Muslim warlords and of the de facto independence of local tribes.

The Brooke dynasty ruled Sarawak for a hundred years and became famous as the

"White Rajahs", accorded a status within the British Empire similar to that of the rulers of

Indian princely states. In contrast to many other areas of the empire, however, the Brooke

dynasty was intent on a policy of paternalism in order to protect the indigenous population

against exploitation. They governed with the aid of the Muslim Malay and enlisted the Ibans

and other "Dayak" as a contingent militia. The Brooke dynasty also encouraged the

immigration of Chinese merchants but forbade the Chinese to settle outside of towns in

order to minimise the impact on the Dayak way of life. Charles Brooke, the second White

Rajah of Sarawak, established the Sarawak Museum, the oldest museum in Borneo.

In the early part of 1941 preparations were afoot to introduce a new constitution,

designed to limit the power of the Rajah and give the people of Sarawak a greater say in

4 Ibid.

government. Despite this democratic intention, the draft constitution contained irregularities,

including a secret agreement drawn up between Charles Vyner Brooke and his top

government officials, financially compensating him via treasury funds.5

Second World War and occupation

Japan invaded Sarawak and occupied the island of Borneo in 1941, occupying Miri on 16

December and Kuching on 24 December, holding both territories for the duration of World

War II until the area was secured by Australian forces in 1945. Charles Vyner Brooke

formally ceded sovereignty to the British Crown on 1 July 1946, under pressure from his

wife among others. In addition, the British Government offered a healthy pension to Brooke.

Anthony Brooke continued to claim sovereignty as Rajah of Sarawak. After the end

of the World War II, Anthony Brooke then opposed the cession of the Rajah's territory to the

British Crown, and was associated with anti-secessionist groups in Sarawak. For this he was

banished from Sarawak and he was allowed to return only seventeen years later, when

Sarawak became part of Malaysia. Sarawak became a British colony (formerly an

independent state under British protection) in July 1946, but Brooke's campaign continued.

The Malays in particular resisted the cession to Britain, dramatically assassinating the second

British governor, Sir Duncan George Stewart.

Rosli Dhoby

Rosli Dhoby (1932 March 2, 1950) was a Malay Sarawakian nationalist from Sibu, Sarawak,

Malaysia during the British crown colony era in that state. He was a member leader of the

Rukun 13 organization along with Morshidi Sidek, Awang Ramli Amit Mohd Deli and Bujang

Suntong. It was a secret cell organization which carried out assassinations of British colonial

officers in Sarawak. He was well known for his assassination of Sir Duncan George Stewart,

the second governor of colonial Sarawak in 1948.

5 Facebook. En-gb.facebook.com. Retrieved on 12 August 2011.

http://en-gb.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=158091437553063

Figure 2: Rosli Dhoby (19321950)

Born 1932 in Kampung Siong, Sibu, Kingdom of Sarawak

Early life

Rosli Dhobi was born in 1932 in Kampung Siong, Sibu, Kingdom of Sarawak. Little is known

about his earlier life although friends regard Rosli as an approachable person despite his

quietness. He had an eldest sister and a younger brother, Fatimah and Ainie.6 Rosli started

his career as a teacher and quit his job in 1947 in order to teach in Sibu People's School.

Rosli was known to be a nationalist and a poet. Using the nickname Lidros, Rosli penned

down a nationalistic poem titled 'Panggilan Mu yang Suchi' which was published in Utusan

Sarawak on February 28, 1948. The usage of nickname was prevalent at the time since the

British Colonial Authority vigorously monitored any attempts to spread words against them.

Rosli joined Rukun 13 in August, 1948. He was introduced to the organization by an old

friend, Bujang Suntong.

Assassination of Sir Duncan George Stewart

The end of the Second World War had brought an end to the Brooke Dynasty rule in

Sarawak. Believing it to be in the best interest of the people of Sarawak, Rajah Vyner

Brooke ceded the state to the British Crown.7 Sarawak became a Crown Colony, ruled from

the Colonial Office in London, which in turn dispatched a Governor for Sarawak. This move

was opposed by Rajah Muda Anthony Brooke, who was supposed to become the next Rajah

6 Rosli Dhobi. Retrieved Jan 18 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosli_Dhobi

7 Ibid.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosli_dhobi.jpg

Brooke, as well as many native Sarawakians who were initially told that they would be

allowed self-government. Anthony Brooke became the leader of the anti-cession movement.

Events

On December 3, 1949, Sir Duncan George Stewart, the second governor of Sarawak, was

murdered by the Rukun 13 members, Rosli Dhoby, Awang Ramli Amit Mohd Deli, Morshidi

Sidek and Bujang Suntong in Sibu. Rosli Dhoby and Morshidi Sidek were among the crowd

that welcomed the governor on his arrival to Sibu. While the governor was meeting the local

subjects and in near proximity with Rosli, Morshidi began to pretend to take pictures of the

governor with a broken camera. The governor stopped to allow Morshidi to photograph him.

At that moment, Rosli stabbed the governor. Rosli was arrested on the spot and sent to

Kuching for trial and later into imprisonment. The governor bled so badly that he had to be

flown back to Kuching for treatment and later to Singapore, where he died a week after the

incident.

Death

After a few months languishing in prison, Rosli Dhoby, Awang Ramli Amit Mohd Deli,

Morshidi Sidek and Bujang Suntong were found guilty of murder and sentenced to death on

December 4, 1949. This move was criticized by many, as Rosli Dhobi was a juvenile at the

time of assassination. The death sentence was nonetheless a political statement. Rosli

Dhoby was sent to the gallows on the morning of March 2, 1950. Fearing the resentment of

the local population, the British government did not allow Rosli Dhoby's body to leave the

Kuching Central Prison. Instead, his body was interred in an unmarked tomb within the

prison compound. After Sarawak gained independence on 22 July 1963 from Britain and

later through the formation of the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963, a

tombstone was put in place at his tomb. The tombstone is now on display at the outer

compound of Sarawak Islamic Museum in Kuching after the reinternment of his remains in

1996.

Aftermath

Sarawak was sent into tumultuous years, and the anti-Cessionists rebellion were crushed as

the support by the locals dwindled due to the "aggressive" tactic used by Rosli Dhoby,

alongside the oppositions from some of the Malay leaders who were pro-British. Most of the

anti-Cessionists were arrested and later send into prison, and some of them were even

imprisoned in Changi Prison in Singapore. However, things later returned to normal and

peace was restored during the era of 3rd Governor of Sarawak, Sir Anthony Foster Abell.

Even those who were imprisoned at Changi are allowed to return to Sarawak, to continue

their sentence at Kuching Central Prison.

Reburial

After 46 years resting in prison compound, the remains of Rosli Dhoby were moved out of

the Kuching Central Prison to be buried in the Sarawak's Heroes Mausoleum near Sibu Town

Mosque at his home town of Sibu on March 2, 1996. To honour his struggle against the

British, he was given state funeral by Sarawak Government.

Legacy

A drama Warkah Terakhir (The last letter) premiered on Astro's channel 131, Astro Citra.

The drama was directed by Wan Hasliza, filming on Rosli Dhoby's life as a student, member

of the PPM (Pergerakan Pemuda Melayu), a volunteer at the Sekolah Rakyat and the

assassination of Sir Duncan George Stewart. In this drama, Rosli Dhoby was portrayed by

Malaysian actor Beto Khusairy.

Independence

Sarawak was officially granted independence on 22 July 1963, and joined with Malaya,

Sabah, and Singapore, in the federation of Malaysia, 8 formed on 16 September 1963,

despite the initial opposition from parts of the population.9 Sarawak was also a flashpoint

during the Indonesian Confrontation between 1962 and 1966.10

Geography

The Sarawak state legislative assembly building, in Kuching. Having land area of 124,450

square kilometres (48,050 sq mi) spreading between latitude 0 50 and 5N and

longitude 109 36 and 115 40 E, it makes up 37.5% of the land of Malaysia.

8 United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, '''North Borneo and Sarawak'''. Un.org (14 December

1960). Retrieved on 12 August 2012. United Nations Member States. Un.org. Retrieved on 12 August 2012. 9 UN General Assembly 15th Session The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages:509

510). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012. UN General Assembly 18th Session the Question of Malaysia (pages:4144). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012. 10

United Nations Treaty Registered No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippnes, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (31 July 1963). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012. United Nations Treaty Series No. 8809, Agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord. (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012.

http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust2.htm#ukhttp://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/org1469.doc.htmhttp://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdfhttp://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdfhttp://unyearbook.un.org/1963YUN/1963_P1_SEC1_CH3.pdfhttp://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/16/16/00030780.pdfhttp://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/16/16/00030780.pdfhttp://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/18/5/00034224.pdf

Sarawak also contains large tracts of tropical rainforest home to an abundance of plant and

animal species. The state of Sarawak stretches for over 750 kilometres (470 mi) along the

northeast coastline of Borneo, interrupted in the north by about 150 kilometres (93 miles) of

Brunei coast. Sarawak is separated from the Indonesian part of Borneo (Kalimantan) by

ranges of high hills and mountains that are part of the central mountain range of Borneo.

These get higher to the north and culminate near the source of the Baram River with the

steep Mount Selidang (4504 ft) at central plateau of Usun Apau, Mount Batu Lawi, Mount

Mulu in the park of the same name and Mount Murud with the highest peak in Sarawak.11

The major rivers from the south to the north include the Sarawak River, Lupar River, Saribas

River, and Rajang River, which is the longest river in Malaysia at 563 kilometres (350 mi).

The Baleh River branch, the Baram River, and the Limbang River drains into the Brunei Bay

as it divides the two parts of Brunei and the Trusan River. The Sarawak river is 2,459 square

kilometres (949 sq mi) in area and is the main river flowing through the capital of Kuching.

Sarawak can be divided into three natural regions. The coastal region is rather low lying flat

country with large extents of swamps and other wet environments. The hill region provides

most of the easily inhabited land and most of the larger cities and towns have been built in

this region. The ports of Kuching and Sibu have been built some distance from the coast on

rivers. Bintulu and Miri are close to the coastline where the hills stretch right to the South

China Sea. The third region is the mountain region along the border and with the Kelabit

(Bario), Murut (Ba Kelalan) and Kenyah (Usun Apau) highlands in the north.12

Environment

Sarawak has vast areas of both lowland and highland rainforest. However, Sarawak has

been hit hard by the logging industry and the expansion of monoculture tree plantations and

oil palm plantations. Malaysia's deforestation rate is increasing faster than anywhere else in

the world. Statistics estimate Sarawak's forests have been depleted but there is no definitive

study to know how much. Malaysia's deforestation rates overall are among the highest in

Asia, jumping almost 86 percent between the 19902000 period and 20002005. In total,

Malaysia lost an average of 1,402 km2 0.65 percent of its forest areaper year since

11

Geography. Retrieved Jan 19, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Sarawak 12

Ibid.

2000.13 By comparison, Southeast Asian countries lost an average of 0.35% of their forest

per annum during the 1990s.

Demographics

Population

As of the 2010 census, the population of Sarawak was 2,399,839, making it the 4th most

populous state in Malaysia. Due to the large area of Sarawak, it has the lowest population

density in Malaysia, which stands at 22 people per km2. Sarawak also has some of the

lowest population growth in Malaysia.

Ethnic groups

Ethnic groups in Sarawak14

Ethnic

Percentage

Iban 29%

Chinese 24%

Malay 23%

Bidayuh 8%

Melanau 6%

Orang Ulu 5%

Others 5%

A modern Iban longhouse, built using new materials and preserving essential features of

communal living.

13

Malaysia: Environmental Profile. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 19 January 2013. 14

Negeri: Sarawak: Total population by ethnic group, sub-district and state, Malaysia, 2010". Statistics.gov.my. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdf. Retrieved 2013-01-19

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidayuhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Uluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhousehttp://rainforests.mongabay.com/20malaysia.htmhttp://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdfhttp://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdfhttp://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_Iban_Longhouse.JPG

Iban girls dressed in traditional women's attire during Gawai festivals in Debak, Betong

region, Sarawak.

Sarawak has more than 40 sub-ethnic groups, each with its own distinct language, culture

and lifestyle. Cities and larger towns are populated predominantly by Malays, Melanaus,

Chinese, Indians, and a smaller percentage of Ibans and Bidayuhs who have migrated from

their home villages to look for employment. Generally, Sarawak has seven major ethnic

groups namely Iban, Chinese, Malay, Bidayuh, Melanau, Orang Ulu, and "others". Several

more minor ethnics which do not belong to any of these seven major ethnic groups are

Kedayan, Javanese, Bugis, Murut, and Indian. Unlike Indonesia, the term Dayak is not

officially used to address Sarawakian's native ethnicity.

Iban

Iban people

Sea Dayaks (Iban) women from Rejang, Sarawak, wearing rattan corsets decorated with

brass rings and filigree adornments. The family adds to the corset dress as the girl ages and

based on her family's wealth.

The Ibans comprise the largest percentage (almost 30%) of Sarawak's population.15 Iban is

native to Sarawak and Sarawak has the highest number of Ibans in Borneo. The large

15

Ibid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawai_Dayakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debak,_Sarawakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betong,_Sarawakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sub-ethnic_groups&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Malayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidayuhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidayuhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Uluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedayanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murut_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayak_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filigreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iban_girls.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_dayak_women_corset_rings.jpg

majority of Ibans practise Christianity. However, like most other ethnic groups in Sarawak,

they still observe many of their traditional rituals and beliefs. Sarawak celebrates colourful

festivals such as the Gawai Dayak (harvest festival), Gawai Kenyalang (hornbill, or the god

of war festival), penuaian padi and Gawai Antu (festival of the dead).

Chinese

Malaysian Chinese

Chinese pioneers first came to Sarawak as traders and explorers in the 6th century. Today,

they make up 24% of the population of Sarawak and consist of communities built from the

economic migrants of the 19th and early 20th centuries. They are classified as a non-

Bumiputera ethnic group, despite bearing the largest contribution and hardship towards the

development of Sarawak since the early 19th century. The Sarawak Chinese belong to a

wide range of dialect groups, the most significant being Foochow, Hakka, Hokkien, Teochew,

Hainanese, and Puxian Min. The Chinese maintain their ethnic heritage and culture and

celebrate all the major cultural festivals, most notably the Chinese New Year and the Hungry

Ghost Festival. The Sarawak Chinese are predominantly Buddhists and Christians. Ethnic

Chinese in Sarawak were encouraged to settle because of their commercial and business

acumen. The biggest dialect group is the Hokkien; many originated from Jinmen, Republic of

China and Xiamen in China. The Hakka and Cantonese represent a minority of the Chinese

population. Despite their small numbers, the Hokkien have a considerable presence in

Sarawak's private and business sector, providing commercial and entrepreneurial expertise

and oftentimes operating joint business ventures with Malaysian Chinese entreprises. 16

There are number of Chinese settled down in Sarawak between the years 19111949 after

the Nationalist led-Kuo Min Tang lost in civil war in 1949 between against Communist Party

of China. Most of the Nationalist refugees or Neutral fled from Mainland China.17 In 1963,

when Sarawak helped Malaya to form Malaysia, most of them automatically gained the

Citizenship of Malaysia despite of having the Kuo Min Tang Republic of China Citizenship.18

16

Richter, Frank-Jrgen, ed. (1999). "Overseas Chinese and Overseas Indian Business Networks". Business Networks in Asia: Promises, Doubts, and Perspectives. Greenwood. ISBN 9781567203028. http://books.google.ca/books?id=piNfUHUmPG8C&pg=PA192. Retrieved 2013-01-19 17

Pike, John. "Chinese Civil War". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/chinese-civil-war.htm. Retrieved 2013-01-19. Chiang Kai Shiek". Sarawakiana. http://sarawakiana.blogspot.com/2008/08/chiang-kai-shek-or-chiang-chung-cheng.html. Retrieved 19 Jan 2013. 18

Jan Voon, Cham. "Kuomintang's influence on Sarawak Chinese". University of Malaysia Sarawak ( UNIMAS). http://symposia.unimas.my/iii/sym/app?id=6596352876721218&lang=eng&service=blob&suite=def. Retrieved 19 Jan 2013.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_of_the_deadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkienhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puxian_Minhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_Ghosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_Ghosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkienhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinmenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuo_Min_Tanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuo_Min_Tanghttp://books.google.ca/books?id=piNfUHUmPG8C&pg=PA192http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781567203028http://books.google.ca/books?id=piNfUHUmPG8C&pg=PA192http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/chinese-civil-war.htmhttp://sarawakiana.blogspot.com/2008/08/chiang-kai-shek-or-chiang-chung-cheng.htmlhttp://sarawakiana.blogspot.com/2008/08/chiang-kai-shek-or-chiang-chung-cheng.htmlhttp://sarawakiana.blogspot.com/2008/08/chiang-kai-shek-or-chiang-chung-cheng.htmlhttp://symposia.unimas.my/iii/sym/app?id=6596352876721218&lang=eng&service=blob&suite=defhttp://symposia.unimas.my/iii/sym/app?id=6596352876721218&lang=eng&service=blob&suite=def

Malay

The Malays make up 23% of the population in Sarawak. 19 They mostly populate the

southern region and urban areas of Sarawak.

Melanau

Melanau

The Melanaus have been thought to be amongst the original settle of Sarawak.20 They make

up 6% of the population in Sarawak.21 Today most of the Melanaus community Islam and

Christians, though they still celebrate traditional animist festivals such as the annual Kaul

Festival.

Bidayuh

Bidayuh

Concentrated mainly on the West end of Borneo, the Bidayuhs make up 8% of the

population in Sarawak.22 The Bidayuhs speak a number of different but related dialects.

Some Bidayuhs speak either English or Sarawak Malay as their main language. While some

of them still practise traditional religions, the majority of modern-day Bidayuhs have adopted

the Christian faith. Another ethnic associated to Bidayuh is Salako, classified as Bidayuh by

the Malaysian government for political convenience.

Orang Ulu

Orang Ulu

A young Sarawakian playing the sapeh

19

Negeri: Sarawak: Total population by ethnic group, sub-district and state, Malaysia, 2010". Statistics.gov.my. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdf. Retrieved 2013-01-19. 20

Gomiri. Gomiri. Retrieved on 19 Jan 2013. 21

Negeri: Sarawak: Total population by ethnic group, sub-district and state, Malaysia, 2010". Statistics.gov.my. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdf. Retrieved 2013-01-19. 22

Ibid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidayuhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidayuhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Uluhttp://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdfhttp://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdfhttp://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdfhttp://www.gomiri.com/en/01miri/people.htmhttp://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdfhttp://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdfhttp://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sapeh_player,_Central_Market,_Kuala_Lumpur,_Malaysia_-_20070401.jpg

Orang Ulu is an ethnic group in Sarawak. The various Orang Ulu ethnics together make up

roughly 6% of Sarawak's population. The phrase Orang Ulu means upriver people and is a

term used to collectively describe the numerous tribes that live upriver in Sarawak's vast

interior. Such groups include the major Kenyah and Kayan people, and the smaller

neighbouring groups of the Kajang, Kejaman, Punan, Ukit, and Penan. Nowadays, the

definition also includes the down-river tribes of the Lun Bawang, Lun Dayeh, "mean upriver"

or "far upstream", Berawan, Saban as well as the plateau-dwelling Kelabits. Orang Ulu is a

term coined officially by the government to identify several ethnics and sub-ethnics who live

mostly at the upriver and uphill areas of Sarawak. Most of them live in the district of Baram,

Miri, Belaga, Limbang, and Lawas.

A vast majority of the Orang Ulu tribe are Christians but traditional religions are still

practised in some areas. Some of the major tribes making up the Orang Ulu group include:

Kenyah

Kayan

Lun Bawang

Kelabit

Penan

Bisaya

Others

Other minority ethnic groups residing in Sarawak are the Kedayan ethnic group and the

Punan Bah people (in fact is a collective of obscure and unaccounted ethnic communities

grouped together as a single ethnic entity), and also non-Bumiputera ethnic groups, which

are the Indian and Eurasian. The Kedayan are an ethnic group residing in parts of Sarawak.

The Kedayan language is spoken by more than 37,000 people in Sarawak, with most of the

members of the Kedayan community residing in Lawas, Limbang, Miri, and Sibuti areas.

Unlike its Peninsular counterpart, Sarawakians of Indian descent are small in number and

have assimilated very well to the other communities. Eurasians continues to be the smallest

among the minority ethnic groups in Sarawak, mostly due to assimilation and interracial

marriages. The Punan Bah communities are usually located in areas that encompass the

borders of Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei, and Indonesia. More studies need to be carried out

about them, as they are one of the lesser known group in the state.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lun_Bawanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelabit_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaga,_Sarawakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyah_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayan_(Borneo)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lun_Bawanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelabit_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedayanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punan_Bah_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_(mixed_ancestry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia

Religions

Demographics of Sarawak: Religions of Sarawak

Religion in Sarawak - 2010 Census23

Religion

Percent

Christianity 44%

Islam 30%

Buddhism 13.5%

Chinese Ethnic Religion 6.0%

Other 3.1%

No religion 2.6%

As of 2010 the population of Sarawak disregarding foreign immigrants is 44% Christian, 30%

Muslim, 13.5% Buddhist, 6.0% Taoist or Chinese religion follower, 3.1% follower of other

religions, and 2.6% non-religious. Christianity has the highest number of practitioners in

Sarawak. Major Christian denominations in Sarawak are the Roman Catholics, Anglicans,

Methodists, Borneo Evangelical Mission km2(BEM or Sidang Injil Borneo, km2 S.I.B.), and

Baptists. Many Sarawakian Christians are non-Malay Bumiputera, ranging from Iban,

Bidayuh, Orang Ulu and Melanau. Islam is the second largest religion in Sarawak. Many

Muslims are from Malay, Melanau, and Kedayan ethnic groups. Buddhism is the third largest,

predominantly practiced by Chinese Malaysians. Taoism and Chinese Folk Religion are

together the fourth largest religious group, also represented by ethnic Chinese. Other minor

religions in Sarawak are Baha'i, Hinduism, Sikhism, and animism. Many Dayaks especially

the Ibans, continue to practice their ethnic religion, particularly with dual marriage rites and

during the important harvest and ancestral festivals such as Gawai Dayak, Gawai Kenyalang

and Gawai Antu. Other ethnics who still have trace number of animism followers are

Melanau and Bidayuh.

Government

Unlike other states in Malaysia, Sarawak is divided into divisions rather than districts. Each

division is headed by one resident. Divisions are further divided into districts, each of which

is headed by a district officer; and each district is divided into sub-districts, each headed by

an administrative officer.

23

2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia". Department of Statistics, Malaysia. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf. Retrieved 19 Jan 2013. p. 13

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Sarawak#Religions_of_Sarawakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_(Brunei)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidayuhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Uluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Malaysianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha%27ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayak_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawai_Dayakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gawai_Kenyalang&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gawai_Antu&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdfhttp://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdfhttp://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf

Administrative divisions

Sarawak is divided into 11 Divisions: Limbang, Miri, Bintulu, Kapit, Sibu, Mukah, Sarikei,

Betong, Sri Aman, Samarahan, Kuching.

Sarawak is divided into 11 Divisions

Administrative districts

Each division is further divided into districts. There are 31 districts in Sarawak.

Division District Subdistrict

Kuching

Kuching Siburan, Padawan

Bau

Lundu Sematan

Samarahan

Samarahan

Asajaya

Simunjan Sebuyau

Serian Tebedu

Sri Aman

Sri Aman Lingga, Pantu

Lubok

Antu Engkilili

Betong Betong

Pusa, Spaoh, Debak,

Maludam

Saratok Roban, Kabong, Budu

Sibu

Sibu

Kanowit

Selangau

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbang_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miri_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintulu_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapit_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibu_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukah_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarikei_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betong_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Aman_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarahan_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching_Divisionhttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/_wuSIYUBhZqQ/SiFJmoeuANI/AAAAAAAAAFE/WrklZkNvBp8/s1600-h/geo_mapdivision.gif

Mukah

Mukah Balingian

Dalat Oya

Daro Belawai

Matu Igan

Miri Miri Subis, Niah-Suai

Marudi Beluru, Long Lama

Bintulu Bintulu Sebauh

Tatau

Limbang Limbang Ng. Medamit

Lawas Sundar, Trusan

Sarikei

Sarikei

Meradong

Julau

Pakan

Kapit

Kapit Nanga Merit

Song

Belaga Sungai Asap

Conclusion

Sarawak is a region of Malaysia on northwest Borneo. A British protectorate after 1888 and

a crown colony after 1946, it joined Malaysia in 1963. This study is to see the prowess of

Brooke family Rajahs history and the prowess of Rosli Dhoby in carried out assassinations

of British colonial officers in Sarawak to against the submission of Sarawak administration to

British Colonial.

References

(2006 census; Kuching City South 143,500; Kuching City North 133,600; Padawan- 3rd Mile/ 7th Mile/ 10th Mile 302,800) "Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010". Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. iv. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127. Retrieved 24 January 2011. Chiang Kai Shiek". Sarawakiana. http://sarawakiana.blogspot.com/2008/08/chiang-kai-shek-or-chiang-chung-cheng.html. Retrieved 19 Jan 2013.

Facebook. En-gb.facebook.com. Retrieved on 12 August 2011.

http://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http:/www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127http://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http:/www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127http://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http:/www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127http://sarawakiana.blogspot.com/2008/08/chiang-kai-shek-or-chiang-chung-cheng.htmlhttp://sarawakiana.blogspot.com/2008/08/chiang-kai-shek-or-chiang-chung-cheng.htmlhttp://sarawakiana.blogspot.com/2008/08/chiang-kai-shek-or-chiang-chung-cheng.htmlhttp://en-gb.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=158091437553063

Jan Voon, Cham. "Kuomintang's influence on Sarawak Chinese". University of Malaysia Sarawak ( UNIMAS). http://symposia.unimas.my/iii/sym/app?id=6596352876721218&lang=eng&service=blob&suite=def. Retrieved 19 Jan 2013. Pike, John. "Chinese Civil War". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/chinese-civil-war.htm. Retrieved 2013-01-19. Malaysia: Environmental Profile. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 19 January 2013. Negeri: Sarawak: Total population by ethnic group, sub-district and state, Malaysia, 2010". Statistics.gov.my. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdf. Retrieved 2013-01-19 Richter, Frank-Jrgen, ed. (1999). "Overseas Chinese and Overseas Indian Business Networks". Business Networks in Asia: Promises, Doubts, and Perspectives. Greenwood. ISBN 9781567203028. http://books.google.ca/books?id=piNfUHUmPG8C&pg=PA192. Retrieved 2013-01-19 Rosli Dhobi. Retrieved Jan 18 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosli_Dhobi United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, '''North Borneo and Sarawak'''. Un.org (14 December 1960). Retrieved on 12 August 2012. United Nations Member States. Un.org. Retrieved on 12 August 2012. UN General Assembly 15th Session The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages:509510). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012. UN General Assembly 18th Session the Question of Malaysia (pages:4144). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012. United Nations Treaty Registered No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippnes, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (31 July 1963). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012. United Nations Treaty Series No. 8809, Agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord. (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012.

http://symposia.unimas.my/iii/sym/app?id=6596352876721218&lang=eng&service=blob&suite=defhttp://symposia.unimas.my/iii/sym/app?id=6596352876721218&lang=eng&service=blob&suite=defhttp://symposia.unimas.my/iii/sym/app?id=6596352876721218&lang=eng&service=blob&suite=def%22Chinese%20Civil%20War%22http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20malaysia.htmhttp://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdfhttp://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdfhttp://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdfhttp://books.google.ca/books?id=piNfUHUmPG8C&pg=PA192http://books.google.ca/books?id=piNfUHUmPG8C&pg=PA192http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781567203028http://books.google.ca/books?id=piNfUHUmPG8C&pg=PA192http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust2.htm#ukhttp://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/org1469.doc.htmhttp://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdfhttp://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdfhttp://unyearbook.un.org/1963YUN/1963_P1_SEC1_CH3.pdfhttp://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/16/16/00030780.pdfhttp://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/16/16/00030780.pdfhttp://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/18/5/00034224.pdfhttp://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/18/5/00034224.pdf

Chapter 2

The White Rajahs

Introduction

The White Rajahs were a dynasty that founded and ruled the Kingdom of Sarawak from

1841 to 1946. The first in the line was Englishman James Brooke.Other men sometime

referred to as White Rajahs include Englishman Alexander Hare in Borneo, Scot John Clunies

Ross in the Cocos Islands, and Dane Mads Lange in Bali.24

Rulers

Sarawak was part of the realm of Brunei until James Brooke, who was to become the first

White Rajah, received a sizable chunk of land from the Bruneian Sultan. Throughout the rule

of the first two Brookes, Sarawak's size increased tremendously as more territory was leased

or annexed from Brunei. There were three White Rajahs:25

Name Portrait Birth Death Marriages Succession right Note

James of

Sarawak

(1841

1868)

29 April

1803

11 June

1868

officially unmarried

and without

legitimate issue

granted Sarawak

and the title Rajah

by the Sultan of

Brunei

Charles of

Sarawak

(1868

1917)

3 June

1829

17 May

1917

Margaret Alice Lili

de Windt, with

whom he had six

children, three

surviving infancy

His uncle James

named Charles as

his successor

24

Runciman, Steven, The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946, Cambridge University Press, 1960 25

Ibid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brookehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brookehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brooke,_Rajah_of_Sarawakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brooke,_Rajah_of_Sarawakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Brookehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Brookehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_James_Brooke_(1847)_by_Francis_Grant.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Brooke.jpg

Vyner of

Sarawak

(1917

1946)

26

September

1874

9 May

1963

Sylvia Brett, with

whom he had three

daughters

son of the

preceding

All three were educated in England and are buried there at Sheepstor Church.

By and large the Brookes pursued a policy of paternalism, aimed at protecting the 'native

peoples' from 'capitalist exploitation,' and as a result preventing the same levels of

development which were evident in some other parts of the British Empire. While James laid

much of the groundwork for the expansion of Sarawak, it was his nephew Charles who was

the great builder, both in terms of public buildings such as forts and also in extending the

borders of the state. While the manner of his departure was controversial, Vyner

nonetheless instituted significant political reforms, including ending the absolute rule of the

Rajah in 1941 ahead of the Japanese invasion by granting new powers to the Council Negeri

(the parliament).

Titles

"Rajah Muda" was the title given to the heir apparent of the Rajah of Sarawak, and the style

"His Highness". The wife of the Rajah Muda had the title "Ranee Muda". When James

Brooke first arrived in Sarawak it was governed as a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei.

When he assumed control of the original area around Kuching in the 1840s, much of the

system of government was based on the ineffective Bruneian model. James set about

reforming the government and eventually created a civil service, which recruited European,

mainly British, officers to run district outstations.26 The Sarawak Service was continually

reformed by Rajah James and his successors.

Government

James retained many of the customs and symbols of Malay monarchy and combined them

with his own style of absolute rule. The Rajah had the power to introduce laws and acted as

chief judge in Kuching. The Brookes were determined to prevent the peoples of Sarawak

from being 'exploited' by Western business interests and formed the Borneo Company

Limited to assist in managing the economy. This entity also provided military support to the

26

Ranee Margaret of Sarawak (2001). My Life in Sarawak. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-582663-9.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vyner_Brookehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vyner_Brookehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Bretthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarawak-vyner.jpg

Brookes during events such as the Chinese Rebellion, when one of the company steamships,

The Sir James Brooke, helped recapture Kuching. A small paramilitary force, the Sarawak

Rangers, was formed by Rajah Charles to police and defend the expanding state. This small

army also manned a series of forts around the country, performed ceremonial duties and

acted as the Rajahs' personal guard.27

Cession to the United Kingdom

After World War II, Vyner Brooke ceded Sarawak to the Colonial Office for a sizeable

pension for him and his three daughters. His nephew and designated heir, Anthony Brooke,

initially opposed cession to the Crown, as did a majority of the native members of the

Council Negri. Duncan Stewart, the second British governor to Sarawak, was assassinated by

a group agitating for union with newly independent Indonesia and Anthony Brooke was

unjustly implicated. Documents newly released indicate that the British Government chose

not to reveal the truth of the matter, which was known to HMG at the time. However, there

is now no serious movement for the restoration of the monarchy.

The period of Brooke rule is generally looked upon favourably in Sarawak, although

successive post-federation Malaysian governments have attempted to downplay and, to a

certain extent, denounce the Brooke Raj.

The coaling station of Brooketon in Brunei was named after the Brooke family.

The architectural legacy of the dynasty can be seen in many of the country's nineteenth

century and colonial heritage buildings. In Kuching these include the Astana, or governor's

residence, the Sarawak Museum, the Old Courthouse, Fort Margherita, the Square Fort, and

Brooke Memorial. Several key buildings from the Brooke period have been demolished, such

as the offices and warehouses of Borneo Company.

Legacy

Modern Kuching still boasts many businesses and attractions which capitalise upon the era

of the White Rajahs. The Brooke Dockyard, which was founded in the period of Rajah

Charles, is still in operation, as is the original Sarawak Museum. The James Brooke Caf and

the Royalist, a pub named after James Brooke's schooner, pay tribute to the Brookes.

27 Reece, R.H.W., The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak, 1993.

Sarawak is notably different from peninsular Malaysia and even Sabah in that its ethnic

groups are more varied due to the large proportion of tribal peoples such as the Iban and

Dyaks. Chinese and Indian migration was encouraged at various times by the Brookes.28

Heraldry and emblems

Flag of the Kingdom of Sarawak.

The heraldic arms of the Brooke dynasty were based on the emblem used by James Brooke,

and consisted of a red and black cross on yellow shield, crested by a badger, known in

heraldic parlance as a brock and hence alluding to the dynastic surname. A crown was

added in 1949 and the shield design was used as the basis of the Sarawak flag until 1973.

In 1988 the state flag reverted to these original colours.

References

Ranee Margaret of Sarawak (2001). My Life in Sarawak. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

ISBN 0-19-582663-9.

Reece, R.H.W., The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak, 1993.

Runciman, Steven, The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946, Cambridge

University Press, 1960

Sylvia, Lady Brooke, Queen of the Headhunters, 1970.

White Rajahs. Retrieved Jan 19, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah_of_Sarawak

28

White Rajahs. Retrieved Jan 19, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah_of_Sarawak

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sarawak_(1870).svg

Chapter 3

James Brooke, Charles Brooke & Charles Vyner Brooke

James, Rajah of Sarawak, KCB (born James Brooke; 29 April 1803 11 June 1868) was a

British adventurer whose exploits in areas of the British Empire led to him becoming the first

White Rajah of Sarawak.

Early life

Brooke was born in Secrole, a suburb of Benares, India. His father, Thomas Brooke, was an

English Judge Court of Appeal at Bareilly, British India; his mother, Anna Maria, born in

Hertfordshire, was the daughter of Scottish peer Colonel William Stuart, 9th Lord Blantyre,

and his mistress Harriott Teasdale. Brooke stayed at home in India until he was sent, aged

12, to England and a brief education at Norwich School from which he ran away. Some

home tutoring followed in Bath before he returned to India in 1819 as an ensign in the

Bengal Army of the British East India Company. He saw action in Assam during the First

Anglo-Burmese War until seriously wounded in 1825, and sent to England for recovery. In

1830, he arrived back in Madras but was too late to rejoin his unit, and resigned. He

remained in the ship he had travelled out in, the Castle Huntley, and returned home via

China.

Sarawak

Brooke attempted to trade in the Far East, but was not successful. In 1833, he inherited

30,000, which he used as capital to purchase a 142-ton schooner, The Royalist.29 Setting

sail for Borneo in 1838, he arrived in Kuching in August to find the settlement facing an Iban

and Bidayuh uprising against the Sultan of Brunei. Greatly impressed with the Malay

Archipelago, in Sarawak he met Pangeran Muda Hashim, to whom he gave assistance in

crushing the rebellion, thereby winning the allegiance of the Sultan, who in 1841 offered

Brooke the governorship of Sarawak in return for his help.

Raja Brooke was highly successful in suppressing the widespread piracy of the region.

However some Malay nobles in Brunei, unhappy over Brooke's measures against piracy,

arranged for the murder of Muda Hashim and his followers. Brooke, with assistance from a

unit of Britain's China squadron, took over Brunei and restored its sultan to the throne. In

29

James, Lawrence (1994). The Rise and Fall of the British Empire. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 244245. ISBN 0-312-16985.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-16985

return the sultan ceded complete sovereignty of Sarawak to Brooke, who in 1846 presented

the island of Labuan to the British government.

He was granted the title of Rajah of Sarawak on 24 September 1841, partly attributed to his

relationship with a daughter of the Sultan, although the official declaration was not made

until 18 August 1842.

Brooke began to establish and cement his rule over Sarawak: reforming the administration,

codifying laws and fighting piracy, which proved to be an ongoing issue throughout his

rule.[citation needed] Brooke returned temporarily to England in 1847, where he was given

the Freedom of the City of London, appointed governor and commander-in-chief of Labuan,

British consul-general in Borneo and was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the

Bath (KCB). Brooke became the centre of controversy in 1851 when accusations against him

of excessive use of force against natives, under the guise of anti-piracy operations,

ultimately led to the appointment of a royal commission in Singapore in 1854: its

investigation did not confirm the charges, but the accusations continued to haunt him.

During his rule, Brooke faced threats from Sarawak warriors like Sharif Masahor and Rentap,

and an uprising by Chinese miners in 1857,30 but remained in power. Having no legitimate

children, in 1861 he named Captain John Brooke Johnson-Brooke, his sister's eldest son, as

his successor. Two years later, while John was in England, James deposed and banished

John from Sarawak because John had criticised him. He later named another son of the

same sister, Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke, who did indeed succeed him.

In November 1862, Captain Brooke rescued several civilians from the Moro Pirates after a

pitched naval battle off the coast of Mukah. During the fighting, Brooke's steamer named

Rainbow sank four prahus and damaged one other with cannon fire. Over 100 pirates were

killed or wounded in the engagement while Brooke, and his Sarawakian followers, were

mostly unscathed.31 Brooke ruled Sarawak until his death in 1868, following three strokes

over a period of ten years.

30

Heidhues, MFS (2003) Golddiggers, farmers, and traders in the "Chinese Districts" of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. SEAP Ithaca, NY P102 31

http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/sarawak/sketches1882/16.html

http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/sarawak/sketches1882/16.html

Burial

A memorial stained glass window in St Leonard's Church dedicated to those from Sarawak

who died in World War II. It depicts a butterfly, a moth, and pitcher plants, two of which

were named after James Brooke. All three White Rajahs are buried in St Leonard's Church in

the village of Sheepstor on Dartmoor.

Personal life

James Brooke

Brooke was influenced by the success of previous British adventurers and the exploits of the

British East India Company. His actions in Sarawak were clearly directed to both expanding

the British Empire and the benefits of its rule, assisting the local people by fighting piracy

and slavery, and securing his own personal wealth to further these activities. His own

abilities, and those of his successors, provided Sarawak with excellent leadership and wealth

generation during difficult times, and resulted in both fame and notoriety in some circles. His

appointment as Rajah by the Sultan, and his subsequent knighthood, is evidence that his

efforts were widely applauded in both Sarawak and British society.32

Among his more notable emotional relationships was the one with Badruddin, a Sarawak

prince, of whom he wrote, "my love for him was deeper than anyone I knew." Later, in 1848,

Brooke is alleged to have formed a relationship with 16 year old Charles T. C. Grant,

grandson of the seventh Earl of Elgin, who reciprocated.33 Whether this relationship was

purely a friendship or otherwise has not been fully revealed.

Although he died unmarried, he did acknowledge one son. Neither the identity of the son's

mother nor his birth date is clear. The son was brought up as Reuben G. Walker in the

Brighton household of Frances Walker (1841 and 1851 census, apparently born ca.1836). By

1858 he was aware of his Brooke connection and by 1871 he is on the census at the parish

of Plumtree, Nottinghamshire as "George Brooke", age "40", birthplace "Sarawak, Borneo".

He was married (in 1862)34 and had seven children, three of whom survived their infancy.

The oldest was called James; he died, travelling steerage to Australia, in the wreck of the SS

32

Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience, Ronald Hyam; pp.4445 33

WALKER, J.H., "This peculiar acuteness of feeling: James Brooke and the enactment of desire", Borneo Research Bulletin, vol 29 (1998) pp 148- 189 34

http://4dw.net/royalark/Malaysia/sarawak4.htm

http://4dw.net/royalark/Malaysia/sarawak4.htm

British Admiral35 on 23 May 1874. A memorial to this effect giving a birthdate of 1834 is

in the churchyard at Plumtree.36

Fiction

Fictionalised accounts of Brooke's exploits in Sarawak are given in Kalimantaan by C. S.

Godshalk and The White Rajah by Nicholas Montserrat. Another book, also called The White

Rajah by Tom Williams was published by JMS Books in 2010. Brooke is also featured in

Flashman's Lady, the 6th book in George MacDonald Fraser's meticulously researched

Flashman novels; and in Sandokan: The Pirates of Malaysia (I pirati della Malesia), the

second novel in Emilio Salgari's Sandokan series.

Brooke was also a model for the hero of Joseph Conrad's novel Lord Jim, and he is briefly

mentioned in Kipling's short story "The Man Who Would Be King". Charles Kingsley

dedicated the novel Westward Ho! (1855) to Brooke. Errol Flynn intended to star on a film

on Brooke's life called The White Rajah for Warner Bros, based on a script by Flynn himself.

However although the project was announced for filming it was never made.37

Honours

Some Bornean species were named in Brooke's honor: Rhododendron brookei,

Rhododendron, named by Hugh Low. Rajah Brooke's Pitcher Plant, Nepenthes rajah, a

pitcher plant named by Joseph Dalton Hooker Trogonoptera brookiana, birdwing butterfly,

named by Alfred R. Wallace. Brooke's Squirrel, Sundasciurus brookei.

James Brooke

Brooke family

Born: 29 April 1803 Died: 11 June 1868

Regnal titles

Preceded by

None

Rajah of Sarawak

18421868

Succeeded by

Charles

35

http://www.kingisland.net.au/~maritime/britishadmiral.htm http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/vicpamphlets/0/0/1/pdf/vp0010.pdf 36

http://www.keyworth-history.org.uk/about/reports/0509.htm 37

NEWS OF THE SCREEN: GABLE AND SHEARER FOR 'PRIDE OR PREJUDICE' HAWAIIAN SETTING FOR BING CROSBY FILM. New York Times (1923Current file) [New York, N.Y] 1 September 1936: 24.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rajahshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brooke,_Rajah_of_Sarawakhttp://www.kingisland.net.au/~maritime/britishadmiral.htmhttp://www.slv.vic.gov.au/vicpamphlets/0/0/1/pdf/vp0010.pdfhttp://www.keyworth-history.org.uk/about/reports/0509.htm

Notes

The term Rajah reflects traditional usage in Sarawak and English writing, although Raja

may be better orthography in Malay.

Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak

Charles, Rajah of Sarawak, GCMG (Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke; 3 June 1829 17 May

1917), born Charles Anthoni Johnson, ruled as the head of state of Sarawak from 3 August

1868 until his death. He succeeded his uncle, James Brooke,38 as the second White Rajah of

this small country on the coast of Borneo.

Charles, Rajah of Sarawak, GCMG (Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke; 3 June 1829 17 May

1917), born Charles Anthoni Johnson, ruled as the head of state of Sarawak from 3 August

1868 until his death. He succeeded his uncle, James Brooke,39 as the second White Rajah of

this small country on the coast of Borneo.

Biography

Charles was born in Berrow Vicarage, Burnham, Somerset, in England, to the Rev. Francis

Charles and Emma Frances Johnson, the younger sister of Rajah Sir James Brooke. Francis

and Emma had other children: Captain John Brooke Johnson (18231868) (later Brooke

Brooke), Mary Anna Johnson (b. 1824), Harriet Helena Johnson (b. 1826), Charlotte Frances

Johnson (b. 1828), Captain (William) Frederic Johnson (b. 1830), Emma Lucy Johnson (b.

1832), Margaret Henrietta Johnson (18341845), Georgianna Brooke Johnson (18361854),

James Stuart Johnson (18391840), and Henry Stuart Johnson (b. 1841).

38

The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520 39

Ibid.

Charles was educated at Crewkerne Grammar School and entered the Royal Navy. He

adopted his uncle James's name and entered his service in 1852 as Resident at the Lundu

station. In 1865, James named Charles as his successor.

Charles married Margaret Alice Lili de Windt at Highworth, Wiltshire on 28 October 1869;

she was raised to the title of Ranee of Sarawak with the style of Her Highness 28 October

1869. They had six children, three of whom survived infancy:

Dayang Ghita Brooke (18701873)

James Harry Brooke (18721873)

Charles Clayton Brooke (18721873)

Vyner of Sarawak (18741963)

Bertram, Tuan Muda (18761965)

Harry Keppel Brooke, Tuan Bongsu (18791926) 40

Evidence also exists (see Reece cited in references below) that Charles Brooke had another

son, Esca Brooke, born of a liaison with a native Malay woman which was unrecognized in

English law. Esca was later adopted by Rev. William Daykin and moved to Canada.

Rajah Charles as depicted on a one cent coin

Charles continued the work his uncle had started, suppressing piracy, slavery, and head-

hunting, while encouraging trade and development and expanding his borders as the

opportunity arose. In 1891 he established the Sarawak Museum, the first museum in Borneo.

Brooke founded a boys' school in 1903, called the 'Government Lay School', where Malays

could be taught in the Malay language. This was the forerunner of SMK Green Road.41 By

the time of his death, Britain had granted Sarawak protectorate status, it had a

parliamentary government and a railway, and oil had been discovered.

40

Ibid. 41

"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 70". Royal Asiatic Society. v. 70 1997. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F2YaAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Government+Lay+School%22+1903&dq=%22Government+Lay+School%22+1903&lr=&cd=2. Retrieved 3 April 2010.

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F2YaAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Government+Lay+School%22+1903&dq=%22Government+Lay+School%22+1903&lr=&cd=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Societyhttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F2YaAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Government+Lay+School%22+1903&dq=%22Government+Lay+School%22+1903&lr=&cd=2http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F2YaAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Government+Lay+School%22+1903&dq=%22Government+Lay+School%22+1903&lr=&cd=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_Sarawak_1cent_1870.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_Sarawak_1cent_1870.jpg

All three White Rajahs are buried in St Leonard's Church in the village of Sheepstor on

Dartmoor.

Charles Vyner Brooke

Vyner, Rajah of Sarawak, GCMG (Charles Vyner deWindt Brooke; 26 September 1874 9

May 1963) was the third and final White Rajah of Sarawak.42

Early life

The son of Charles of Sarawak and his wife Margaret de Windt (Ranee Margaret of Sarawak),

Vyner was born in London and spent his youth there, being educated at Clevedon,

Winchester College, and Magdalene College, Cambridge.43 He then entered the Sarawak

public service. Vyner served as aide-de-camp to his father 18971898, district officer of

Simanggang 18981901, Resident of Mukah and Oya, 19021903, Resident of the Third

Division 19031904, President of the Law Courts 19041911, Vice-President of the Supreme

and General Councils 19041911.

In his military career he was 2nd Lieutenant 3rd County of London (Sharpshooters)

Yeomanry (12 May 1911), resigning on 21 May 1913. During World War I he served

incognito as a private in anti-aircraft defence and as a fitter in the aeroplane manufacturing

works at Shoreditch, east London. He was granted the personal style of His Highness by

command of George V, 22 June 1911. It was in England that he met and married The Hon.

Sylvia Brett, daughter of Lord Esher,44 on 21 February 1911. They returned to Sarawak.

42

The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520 43

Venn, J.; Venn, J. A., eds. (19221958). "Brooke, Charles Vyner". Alumni Cantabrigienses (10 vols) (online ed.). Cambridge University Press. 44

The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520

http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search.pl?sur=&suro=c&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&tex=BRK894CV&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni_Cantabrigienseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarawak-vyner.jpg

Rajah of Sarawak

Following the death of his father, Vyner succeeded on 17 May and was proclaimed Rajah on

24 May 1917 at Kuching. He took the oath before the Council Negri on 22 July 1918. Vyner's

early years as Rajah saw a boom in the Sarawak rubber and oil industries and the

subsequent rise in the Sarawak economy allowed him to modernise the country's institutions,

including the public service, and introduce a penal code developed on British India lines in

1924. Granted a knighthood in 1927, Vyner continued to run a hands-off and relatively

popular administration that banned Christian missionaries and fostered indigenous traditions

(to an extent; headhunting was outlawed). Sarawak, however, was not immune to Japanese

imperial ambition, which manifested itself in Sarawak on 25 December 1941. In that same

year he withdrew 200,000 from the Treasury for his personal expenses, in exchange for

limiting his powers by a new constitution. 45 Vyner and his family were visiting Sydney,

Australia, where he would remain for the duration of the war.[citation needed]

The Daily Telegraph described him as "a cloud-living Old Wykehamist, ... one of the few

monarchs left in the world who could still say l'Etat, c'est moi." Similarly, his Who's Who

entry read thus: "Has led several expeditions into the far interior of the country to punish

headhunters; understands the management of natives; rules over a population of 500,000

souls and a country" 40,000 square miles (100,000 km2) in extent.46

Abdication and later life

Vyner returned to Sarawak on 15 April 1946 and temporarily resumed as Rajah, until 1 July

1946 when he ceded Sarawak to the British government as a crown colony, thus ending

White Rajah rule in Sarawak. Vyner died in London at No. 13, Albion Street, Bayswater, W2

on 9 May 1963,47 four months before Sarawak as well as Malaya, Sabah and Singapore

joined together to form the Federation of Malaysia. Vyner, his father, his brother Bertram,

the Tuan Muda, and Rajah James, are buried in St Leonard's Church in the village of

Sheepstor on Dartmoor.

45

Accounts by his nephew, Anthony Brooke http://sarawakdotcom.blogspot.com/ 46

"The girl who would be queen", The Daily Telegraph, 2/6/2007. 47

The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520

http://sarawakdotcom.blogspot.com/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2007/06/02/smsylvia02.xmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph

Family

He was survived by three daughters:

Dayang Leonora Margaret, Countess of Inchcape, wife of firstly the Earl of Inchcape (one

son, Lord Tanlaw, and one daughter) and, secondly of US Colonel Francis Parker Tompkins

(one son). Dayang Elizabeth, a RADA educated singer and actress, wife of firstly Harry Roy

(one son and one daughter), and secondly, Richard Vidmer until her death.48 Dayang Nancy

Valerie, wife of firstly, Robert Gregory, an American wrestler, secondly, Jos Pepi Cabarro

a Spanish businessman, thirdly, Andrew Aitken Macnair (one son, Stewart, born 1952), and

fourthly, Memery Whyatt. She died in Florida.49

Titles from birth to death

C. Vyner de Windt Brooke, Esq. (26 September 1874 30 July 1891)

Vyner, The Rajah Muda of Sarawak (31 July 1891 11 May 1911)

Lieutenant The Rajah Muda of Sarawak (12 May 1911 21 June 1911)

H.H. Lieut. The Rajah Muda of Sarawak (22 June 1911 21 May 1913)

H.H. Vyner, The Rajah Muda of Sarawak (21 May 1913 1916)

H.H. Private The Rajah Muda of Sarawak (1916 16 May 1917)

H.H. Rajah Vyner of Sarawak (17 May 1917 1917)

Col. H.H. Rajah Vyner of Sarawak (1917 2 June 1927)

Col. H.H. Rajah Vyner of Sarawak, GCMG (3 June 1917 1932)

H.H. Rajah Vyner of Sarawak, GCMG (1932 9 May 1963) Although his rule in Sarawak

ceased in 1946, part of his abdication 'deal' was that he maintained his styles and titles for

life.

Conclusion

Indeed, Anthony Brooke could hardly have been more British. Born thousands of miles away

in England, he would later be educated at Eton and Oxford. Yet as far as the people of

Sarawak were concerned, he was royalty. Since 1841, his fathers family had taken it upon

themselves to rule this remote region as their private empire. The White Rajahs, as they

became known, had the power of life and death over their subjects, not to mention their

own constabulary, flag and postage stamps.

48

Princess Pearl (aka Elizabeth Vyner Brooke) IMDb 49

The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520

http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0669084/bio

Anthony, too, would go on to govern Sarawak. In fact, this bizarre and extraordinary

dynasty known as much for its eccentricity as for its benevolent rule only came to an

end this month when he died at the age of 98. The family had come to power thanks to

Anthonys great-great-uncle James Brooke a man so swashbucklingly adventurous that

Errol Flynn once proposed to play him in a film about his life. Born in Benares in 1803, he

was the son of an English judge who worked for the East India Company.

End of the line: Anthony Brooke, last White Rajah of Sarawak, would lose the territory to the

British

References

James, Lawrence (1994). The Rise and Fall of the British Empire. 175 Fifth Avenue, New

York, N.Y. 10010: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 244245. ISBN 0-312-16985.

Heidhues, MFS (2003) Golddiggers, farmers, and traders in the "Chinese Districts" of West

Kalimantan, Indonesia. SEAP Ithaca, NY P102

http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/sarawak/sketches1882/16.html

Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience, Ronald Hyam; pp.4445

WALKER, J.H., "This peculiar acuteness of feeling: James Brooke and the enactment of

desire", Borneo Research Bulletin, vol 29 (1998) pp 148- 189

http://4dw.net/royalark/Malaysia/sarawak4.htm

http://www.kingisland.net.au/~maritime/britishadmiral.htm

http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/vicpamphlets/0/0/1/pdf/vp0010.pdf

http://www.keyworth-history.org.uk/about/reports/0509.htm

NEWS OF THE SCREEN: GABLE AND SHEARER FOR 'PRIDE OR PREJUDICE' HAWAIIAN

SETTING FOR BING CROSBY FILM. New York Times (1923Current file) [New York,

N.Y] 1 September 1936: 24.

Barley, Nigel. White Rajah. London:Time Warner, 2002 ISBN 978-0-316-85920-2

Cavendish, Richard. "Birth of Sir James Brooke." History Today. April 2003, Vol. 53, Issue 4.

http://www.keyworth-history.org.uk/about/reports/0509.htm

Doering, Jonathan. "The Enigmatic Sir James Brooke." Contemporary Review, July, 2003.

(Book review of White Rajah by Nigel Barley. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-85920-6.)

The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520

"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 70". Royal Asiatic

Society. v. 70 1997. Retrieved 3 April 2010.

Ranee Margaret of Sarawak (2001). My Life in Sarawak. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

ISBN 0-19-582663-9.

R.H.W. Reece (1982). The Name of Brooke, the End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak. Kuala

Lumpur: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-580474-0 9780195804744.

Chapter 4

ROSLI DHOBI

Rosli Dhoby, Sarawak Malay warriors who fought for independence from the British dead

Sarawak gallows on February 2, 1950. His age was then 17 years old and he's a teacher.

But the fighting spirit against the British who wanted to return control of Sarawak after the

Second World War pretty awesome. He was found guilty of stabbing to death a second

British Governor of Sarawak, Sir Duncan Stewart with a knife poisoned in Sibu on December

3, 1949. Young man who was born in 1932 parishioners in Sibu Sarawak Malay Youth

Movement sits (GPMS) set up to oppose the British private, Sir Charles Vyner Brooke family

who defeated Japan in World War II but want to cede Sarawak to the Colonial Office in

London after the War in 1945.

Sarawak is dominated by private colonial British Sir James Brooke in 1842. Brookes, Sir

James, his nephew Sir Charles, and son of Sir Charles, Sir Charles Vyner, ruled Sarawak

from year 1842 until the defeat in the war with Japan in 1941. Jim was a member of the

Pillar 13 in GPMS. GPMS that combines Malay leaders Brunei and Sarawak parishioners led

by Datuk Patinggi Abang Abdillah the Prime Minister's Department at the time of Sir Charles

Vyner. Before the Brooke family control of Sarawak, Abang Abdillah family is representative

of the government of Sarawak and Brunei Sultan, the founder of the State.

Pillar established 13 Queensway Road, Sibu, on February 21, 1949. The aim is to stab Sir

Duncan the deeply unpopular among the natives of Sarawak as being arrogant towards

them. Pillar 13 has chosen to stab Sir Jim Duncan when colonial agents visited Sibu on

December 3, 1949. At 9.30 am on that day, he is Sir Duncan belly pierced with a knife called

Badik Melanau tradition. Jim shouted: "Get out of here or you're dead!" Jim and his friend,

who is also descended from parishioners, Morsidi Sidik, both arrested by British police.

Sir Duncan was sent to Sibu Hospital and then to Singapore to receive intensive care. British

officer, died seven days after the incident. On December 15, 1949, Jim and Morsidi and their

two colleagues, Awang Awang Rambli Suntong Matsaruddin and Single, who also descended

from parishioners, has been sentenced to death in prison Kuching, Jalan Tabuan, Kuching.

They are all buried without a gravestone.

All four of these nationalist fighters reinterred in Sibu on March 2, 1996, in Sibu, after an

official ceremony attended by the President of the fifth State Tun Ahmad Zaidi Adruce

Mohamad Noor (friends who also descended from parishioners). This is the last letter to his

family Rosli Dhoby suspended the day before:

My parents are dimuliai and obeyed and loved the day and night.

1. Son farewell and gratitude for the terrible death of her son. Do not remember-remember

and appealed because of it is fate and destiny inevitable son and dimungkirkan again.

2. Nurture brothers and sisters and all of us - Provide the lessons either `circumcision 'or'

Fardh 'to them.

3. Forgive sins and red soles son from father and mother kept up to say farewell to son. And

refreshment halalkanlah son.

4. Selimutilah deceased son with Sarawak National Colours.

5. All his written work, book and clothing son, give it all to sister Aini.

(Datuk Aini Dhoby is a founder of the opposition Jati Sarawak in 1961 together with Tun

Ahmad Zaidi, former chief minister third and fourth Governor of Sarawak, Tun Abdul

Rahman, Jacob, and the fourth Chief Minister Tan Sri Dr Abdul Taib Mahmud. Barisan

Rakyat or BARJASA Sarawakian Bumiputra Sarawak then called the Party and finally, Pesaka

Bumiputra Sarawak United Party or the UN)

6. While small child Fatimah, give the name to commemorate ROSLI son.

7. Greetings respectful and safe than sorry and to her older son and his uncle's son.

8. Father and mother and all the family members do not forget to practice benevolence and

prayed for special supplies to the everlasting.

Greetings from son worship.

Rosli Dhoby50

Rosli Dhoby

Wong Ho Leng visited family members of the late Rosli Dhoby during the Hari Raya. This is

his 2nd visit in 2 years. To the family and the Malays, Rosli was a hero. This Malay

Sarawakian nationalist was a member leader of the Rukun 13 organization, a secret cell

which carried out assassinations of British colonial officers in Sarawak. In 1948, Rosli Dhoby

assassinated Sir Duncan George Stewart, the 2nd Governor of colonial Sarawak. Other

50

http://pembelamelayu2009.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/524/

members of the Rukun 13 organization who carried out the assassination included Morshidi

Sidek, Awang Ramli Amit Mohd Deli and Bujang Suntong.

The assassination was well orchestrated. Rosli Dhoby and Morshidi Sidek were among the

crowd that welcomed the Governor on his arrival to Sibu. While the governor walked to near

Rosli, Morshidi pretended to take pictures of the Governor with a broken camera. The

Governor stopped to allow Morshidi to photograph him. At that moment, Rosli stabbed the

Governor who died a week thereafter.

Rosli was arrested on the spot. He was charged for murder together with Awang Ramli Amit

Mohd Deli, Morshidi Sidek and Bujang Suntong. The trial was conducted in Kuching which

found all of them guilty of murder and sentenced to death on 4.12.1949. Rosli Dhoby was

sent to the gallows on the morning of 2.3.1950. The execution was not bereft of controversy

because Rosli Dhoby was a juvenile then.

According to the Wikipedia:

(a) Fearing the resentment of the local population, the British government did not allow

Rosli Dhobys body to leave the Kuching Central Prison. Instead, his body was interred in an

unmarked tomb within the prison compound. After Sarawak gained independence from

Britain and joined to form a federation called Malaysia on 16 September 1963, a tombstone

was put in place at his tomb.

(b) After 46 years resting in prison compound, the remains of Rosli Dhoby were moved

out of the Kuching Central Prison to be buried in the Sarawaks Heroes Mausoleum near Sibu

Town Mosque at his home town of Sibu on March 2, 1996. To honour his struggle against

the British, Rosli Dhoby was given a state funeral by the Sarawak Government.

Together with PAS members, He visited the burial place and paid respect to the late Rosli

Dhoby in May 2010, during the Sibu by-election. He salutes his courage for standing up

against the colonial masters. But he paid the ultimate price for it.51

51

http://holeng.dapsarawak.com/?p=1565

Rosli Dhoby & Sibu

'Panggilan Mu yang Suchi'

Wahai Pemuda harapan bangsa,

Segeralah bangun membuat-kan jasa,

Kebangunan mu menyedar kan Melayu bangsa,

Ka-haluan kemajuan Aman Sentosa,

Wahai pemuda ber-chita suchi,

Kenal-kan Sarawak Negara kita yang Asli,

Meskipun bagai-mana anchaman akan terjadi,

Hendak lah sa-hidup sa-mati,

Mengibar-kan bendera menggambar kan hati,

Menunjok-kan rupa bangsa dan Negri,

Mengenal-kan hak di-tanahayer sendiri,

Wahai pemuda yang ber-semangat kan gelisah,

Insap-lah pada perjuangan bangsa,

Lambat bangat di-takdzir Allah,

Bangsa dan tanahayer tetap Merdeka.

Oleh : Lidros (Rosli Dhoby) Utusan Sarawak 28 Februari 194952

Rosli Dhoby and Sibu

'Call thy Holy'

O Youth nation's hope

Hurry wake up make services,

Awakening your right to sensitize the Malay race,

Ka-Aman Sentosa course of progress,

My aspiration is to see youth holy ambition,

Sarawak known our Natural State,

Despite how the threat will occur,

Want to be together dead and life,

Flying its flag draw hearts,

Showed a nation-state appearance and State,

Identify nation own right,

O youth, agitated right spirit,

52

http://amirmukhtar.blogspot.com/2010/05/rosli-dhoby-sibu.html

Realise is the struggle,

Sooner or later, in Gods will,

Nations and fixed nations Independence.

By : Lidros (Rosli Dhoby) Utusan Sarawak 28 Februari 194953

Who is Rosli Dhoby?

No, he's not the pioneer entrepreneur of laundry shops (aka Kedai Dobi). Neither photo

above is the 'jambu boy' who alleged he has been sodomized by a prominent politician. In

fact, Rosli Dhoby (1932-March 2, 1950) was a Malay Melanau Sarawakian nationalist from

Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia during the British crown colony era in that state. He was