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Research process

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Various issues and decisions in

research design

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Elements of research design

Purpose of the study

Location of the study

The Type of Investigation

The extent of the researcher interferenceTime horizon

Unit of analysis(population to be studied)

Sampling design

Data collection methods

Measurement

Data analysis

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Types of Research based on purpose of studyExploratory StudyDescriptive Study

Hypotheses testing Study

Case StudyCasual Research

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Exploratory Study

Exploratory study is under taken when not much is known about thesituation in hand or no information is available on how similar problem

have been solved in the past.

Extensive preliminary work needs to be done to gain familiarity with the

phenomena before we develop a model and set up a rigorous design for

comprehensive investigation.

Exploratory studies can be done by interviewing individuals and through focus

groups.

Eg: A Company manufacturing cosmetics wants to know what it is that

arouses emotive appeal for that product and induces people to buy

cosmetics.It is important to note that during a study for that first time in a particular

organization does not make the research exploratory in nature, only when

knowledge is scant and a deeper understanding is sought, does that study

become exploratory

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Descriptive studyA descriptive study is undertaken in order to ascertain and be

able to describe the characteristics of the variables of interests in

a situation.

(1) Study of an organizational members with a view to describe

characteristics of employees such as age, educational and, jobstatus, length of service, etc.

(2) A Bank Manager wants to have a profile of the individuals

who have Loan payments outstanding for 6 months or more. A

descriptive study can be undertaken to get details of suchindividuals average age, earning, nature of education,

occupations, employment status, etc.

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Hypotheses TestingHypothesis testing usually explain the nature of

certain relationships or establish the differences

among groups or the independence of two or morefactors in a situation.

Eg: 1. A Marketing Manager wants to know if the sales

of the company will increase if he doubles the

advertising budget.Hypotheses: If advertising is increased, them sales will

also group.

2. Test Hypotheses: More men than women are

whistle- blowers,

The study establishes difference between the groups

men & women in regard to their whistle- blowing

behavior.

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Case StudyCase studies involve in depth, contextual analyses of similar situations in

the other organizations, where the nature and definition of the problem

happen to be the same as experienced in the current situation.

Case study, as a problem solving technique, is not often undertaken in

organizations because such studies dealing with problems similar to the

one experienced by a particular organization of a particular size and in aparticular type of setting are difficult to come by.

They are useful for understanding certain phenomena and generating

further theories for empirical testing

Casual Research:- Casual research is done to establish a cause and effect

relationship among variables.

A causal study question: Does smoking cause cancer?