Siri Hikayat Sangtawal - 14

8/9/2019 Siri Hikayat Sangtawal - 14

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Hikayat Sangtawal (14) - Empayar Chermin,Langkasuka dan Kelantan

Sebelum saya siarkan artikel-artikel pilihan saya kali ini,ingin sekali saya mengajak

anda semua untuk merenung, meneliti dan mengkaji dua gambar diatas.Perhatikan

bentuk binatang,kaki,kepala ,ekor binatang tersebut dan bentuk tulisan

kaligrafinya!....

Gambar Pertama ialah : The roar of the Ottoman:Perkembangan dan Capaian Empayar Islam naungan Khalifah Ottoman tahun

1089 - 1915M) –( bacaan lanjut : klik sini)

Gambar kedua ialah : Gambar Bendera lama negeri Kelantan Darul Naim tahun

1912-1923

Artikel Pilihan 1.

Tajuk : Empayar Chermin: Kelantan atau Patani?

Disunting dari artikel oleh Hj Wan Mohd. Shaghir Abdullah

Posted by: faizn in Kelantan-Patani's Forgotten History

Sumber : http://faizn.blog.friendster.com/2007/12/negeri-chermin-kelantan-atau-patani/

http://sangtawal.blogspot.com/2009/03/hikayat-sangtawal-14-empayar.html

http://themalaypress.blogspot.com/2008/12/sejarah-fantasi-dan-penipuan-evolusi.html

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EkAPRyIuoDk/ScdDBYcNICI/AAAAAAAAAUg/RCSHAasx5vM/s1600-h/bendera+lama+kelantan.gif

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EkAPRyIuoDk/ScdDM5WgsjI/AAAAAAAAAUo/ndUka_CACPY/s1600-h/bendera+singa+ottoman-1.jpg

http://sangtawal.blogspot.com/2009/03/hikayat-sangtawal-14-empayar.html

http://themalaypress.blogspot.com/2008/12/sejarah-fantasi-dan-penipuan-evolusi.html



Beberapa orang penulis Kelantan menyebut bahawa negeri Chermin itu ialah negeri

Kelantan. Jauh sebelum kemunculan penulis-penulis Kelantan menyebut bahawa negeri

Chermin ialah Kelantan, Syeikh Ahmad al-Fathani telah menggelar kerajaan FathaniDarus Salam dengan ‘Fathani Cermin Mekah’.

Oleh itu, ada kemungkinan negeri Chermin itu ialah Patani atau pun memang betul negeri

Chermin itu adalah Kelantan. Antara Patani dan Kelantan pada zaman dahulu seolah-olah

dua negeri yang tidak boleh dipisahkan baik dari segi kekeluargaan, kebudayaan,

geografi dan lain-lain mahu pun pemerintahan.

Maulana Malik Ibrahim yang dianggap sebagai Wali Songo (Wali Sembilan) yang tertua

digelar Maulana Maghribi atau Syeikh Maghribi, juga digelar dengan Sunan Gersik. Adariwayat yang menyebut bahawa beliau berasal dari Farsi. Riwayat lain menyebut bahawa

beliau berasal dari keturunan Arab di Kasyan. Sementara pendapat lain mengatakan berasal dari Gujerat, India.

Raffles dalam History of Yava, menyebut, Malik Ibrahim seorang Arab, sepupu RajaChermin, berasal dari tanah seberang. Tetapi kedatangannya ke Indonesia diriwayatkan

adalah sebagai ketua rombongan misi Islam yang datang ke Indonesia dan berangkat dari

negeri Chermin sekitar tahun 1397 M.

Maulana Malik Ibrahim sendiri adalah sebagai ketua rombongan, yang turut disertai Raja

Chermin bersama-sama putera dan puterinya. Puteranya bernama Shiddiq Muhammad.

Tujuan mereka ke Jawa adalah untuk mengislamkan Raja Majapahit.

Selain itu diriwayatkan beberapa orang saudara sepupu Maulana Malik Ibrahim ikut sertadalam rombongan itu. Mereka ialah Saiyid Ja’far, Saiyid Qasim dan Saiyid Khairat.

Usaha mereka gagal dan sebahagian besar yang mengikuti rombongan tersebut kembali

ke negeri Chermin.

Sebagaimana disebut-sebut mengenai negeri Chermin mulai pengenalan riwayat SaiyidJamaluddin al-Kubra hingga cucunya Maulana Malik Ibrahim, maka di sini dirasakan

perlu menambah keterangan mengenai negeri Chermin itu.



Di manakah negeri Chermin itu masih terus menjadi pertikaian. Raffles berpendapat ia

terletak di daerah Hindustan, di halaman yang lain pula dikatakannya dari tanah seberang.

Salah satu versi riwayat Patani ada menyebut bahawa Maulana Malik Ibrahim sewaktuakan ke Jawa, beliau mulai berangkat dari Patani.

Dalam beberapa buku sejarah selain versi penulisan ulama Patani, dikatakan bahawa

Saiyid Ibrahim telah menemani ayahnya Saiyid Jamaluddin al-Kubra ke negeri Siam.

Penulis berpendapat bahawa yang dimaksudkan negeri Siam (bersifat umum) itu adalahnegeri Patani (dalam jajahan Siam).

Mengenai negeri Chermin pula hampir semua penulis yang berasal dari Kelantan sepertiDrs. Abdul Rahman Al-Ahmadi, Abdullah bin Muhammad (Nakula) dan lain-lain

berpendapat bahawa negeri Chermin itu di Kelantan/Patani. Maka penulis pula

menyokong bahawa negeri Chermin itu adalah di Fathani Darus Salam.

Oleh kerana itulah barangkali Syeikh Ahmad al-Fathani menggelar Fathani Darus Salamitu sebagai Negeri Chermin Mekah. Namun walau bagaimanapun sewaktu penulis

berulang-alik (berkali-kali dalam tahun 1992-1993) ke negeri Chaiya, berdasarkan di

beberapa buah masjid, kitab yang dimiliki oleh seseorang dan manuskrip ditulis dalam

tulisan Melayu/Jawi adalah ‘cahaya’ bukan ‘chaiya’.

Beberapa orang penduduk yang berumur lanjut (antara 80 hingga 120 tahun)menceritakan bahawa sebelum negeri itu bernama ‘Negeri Cahaya’ pernah juga bernama

‘Negeri Chermin’.

Oleh sebab pada masa dulu ‘Negeri Cahaya/Chaiya’ itu memang di bawah Daulah

Fathani Darus Salam, besar kemungkinan ia terletak di negeri Cahaya/Chaiya. RajaChermin/Cahaya pula adalah di bawah kekuasaan Sultan Fathani Darus Salam.

Maulana Malik Ibrahim ialah anak saudara Saiyid Ibrahim al-Hadhrami, yang makamnyaterletak di Gersik, Jawa Timur sedangkan pelabuhan Fathani Darus Salam pada zaman

dahulu adalah Kerisik atau Keresik. Menurut riwayat versi Patani bahawa Maulana Malik

Ibrahim pernah tinggal di Kerisik.

Barangkali orang sukar menerima ada riwayat orang tua-tua di Patani bahawa MaulanaMalik Ibrahim itu dilahirkan di Kerisik, Patani. Cerita rakyat memang sukar diterima oleh

ahli sejarah yang menghendaki pembuktian secara tertulis. Akan tetapi adalah sangat

tidak adil apabila kita mempertahankan teori yang ada sedangkan kita tidak berusaha

mencari penyelesaian melalui penyelidikan-penyelidikan sehingga dapat mempertemukan



antara cerita rakyat dengan data dan fakta yang tertulis.

Riwayat terakhir Maulana Malik Ibrahim menetap di Gersik, Jawa Timur, mendirikan

masjid dan pondok pesantren demi untuk menyebarkan agama Islam di tempat beliau

tinggal, sehingga beliau wafat pada 12 Rabiulawal 882 H/1419 M, dimakamkan diGapura Wetan, Gresik, Jawa Timur.

Salah seorang keturunan beliau yang dapat dikesan ialah K. H. Ahmad Dahlan, pengasasMuhammadiyah.

Artikel Pilihan 2.

Tajuk : Kelantan dalam catatan purba


Sumber ; http://faizn.blog.friendster.com/2008/07/kelantan-dalam-catatan-purba/

Sejarah awal Kelantan belum diketahui secara pasti. Catatan bangsa Eropa dan Chinayang ditulis pada masa lalu dapat dijadikan sebagai rujukan untuk memotret fakta dan

gambaran tentang asal-usul keberadaan Negeri Kelantan. Berikut ini adalah catatan-

catatan singkat yang dimaksud:

1. Berdasarkan catatan Claudius Ptolemy, ahli bumi dan ilmu falak berkebangsaanYunani, dalam bukunya Geography of Eastern Asia yang ditulis pada abad ke-2 M,

disebutkan nama tiga buah tempat, yaitu “Kole Polis”, “Primula”, dan “Tharra” yang

terletak di pantai timur Semenanjung Tanah Melayu.

2. G. E. Gerini, peneliti berkebangsaan Itali, mengatakan bahawa “Kole Polis” terletak di

Kelantan. Ia menganggap nama Kelantan adalah gabungan kata dari “Kolo” dengan kata“Thana” atau “Tanah”, hingga menjadi “Kolathana” atau “Kolamtanah” atau “Kolantan”.

3. Sejak abad ke-6 M, catatan-catatan sejarah China menyebut Kelantan dengan berbagai

nama. Pada masa Kerajaan Liang (502-557 M), orang China menyebut “Tan-Tan”. Pada

masa Kerajaan Tang (618-906 M), orang China menyebut “Tann-Tann”. Sedangkan pada

masa Kerajaan Sung (960-1279 M), Kelantan disebut dengan kata “Chi-lan-chau” atau



“Chi-lan-tan”. Pada awal abad ke-17 M, Kelantan disebut dengan “Ko-lan-tan” atau “Ku-

lan-tan”.

4. Selain “Tan-Tan” atau “Tann-Tann”, ada sebuah negeri lagi yang disebut-sebut oleh

orang-orang China, yaitu “Chit-tu” yang bererti Negeri Tanah Merah dan dikaitkandengan Negeri Kelantan.

Berdasarkan letak geografinya, sebahagian ahli sejarah justru beranggapan bahwa Chit-tu

(Tanah Merah) atau “Raktamrittika” adalah Kelantan itu sendiri. Seorang ahli sejarah

Eropah, Paul Wheatley cenderung mempercayai bahawa Chit-tu itu terletak di Kelantan.

Hal itu bermula dari sejarah Kerajaan Raktamrittika yang didirikan pada abad ke-6 M

oleh Raja Gautama, putra Raja Kalahtana. Chit-tu pernah menjadi wilayah taklukan

Kerajaan Funan. Pada tahun 1225 M, Kelantan pernah ditakluk oleh Sriwijaya.

Pada tahun1411 M (814 H), Negeri Kelantan mulai dipimpin oleh seseorang bernama

Raja Kumar . Namun, pakar-pakar sejarah belum dapat menentukan dari mana asal Raja

Kumar. Hanya ada sebuah data yang menyebutkan bahawa Raja Kumar pernah menjalin

hubungan dengan Raja China. Misalnya, pada tahun 1412 M, Raja Kumar menerima pemberian berupa kain-kain sutera dan surat puji-pujian dari Raja China.

Sebahagiannya dari sumber:

Hamid, Rogayah A. dan Mariyam Salim, Kesultanan Melayu Kelantan, (Kuala Lumpur:Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2006).

Kalau menurut dalam “Ikhtisar Sejarah Kelantan” oleh Abdul

Razak Mahmud (Ustaz Mat), Bab 2, muka surat 7 & 8, negeri Kelantan

dikatakan bernama “Medang Kamulan”. Dalam History Of Java oleh Stamford

Raffles muka surat 74, pada lebih kurang tahun 600 Masehi seoranglelaki bernama Aji Saka dari negara asing ( quote: Aji Saka from a

foreign country) datang ke Jawa dan memerintah. Menurutnya Aji Saka

dari Medang Kamulan. (Ini masih boleh dibicarakan secara ilmiah.Wallahualam).

Artikel Pilihan 3.

Tajuk : Rangka manusia purba bukti tamadun awal di Kelantan.(Rangka manusia



5000 tahun dulu di Gua Cha Kelantan)


Sumber : http://faizn.blog.friendster.com/2008/01/rangka-manusia-purba-bukti-tamadun-

awal-di-kelantan/

KUALA LUMPUR 17 Jan.2008 – Menteri Kebudayaan, Kesenian dan Warisan Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim akan berlepas ke England minggu depan untuk mendapatkan tulang

rangka manusia Gua Cha pada zaman purbakala yang kini disimpan di University

of Cambridge’s MacDonald Institute of Archaelogy.

Tulang rangka itu dari gua di Kelantan, kira-kira 5,000 tahun lepas, dikeluarkan dari

Malaysia pada 1950-an oleh bekas pengarah Muzium Taiping, G. de Sieveking ke

rumahnya di United Kingdom.

Sieveking (1925-2007) seorang ahli arkaelogi zaman purbakala, yang lebih terkenal

kerana kerja-kerja mengenai batu api dan lombong batu api.

Seorang penuntut doktor falsafah di University of Cambridge, beliau menjalankan

penggalian di Malaysia pada 1950-an, yang paling terkenal di Gua Cha.

Menurut kenyataan Jabatan Warisan Negara kementerian itu hari ini, Rais akan

mengetuai satu delegasi untuk memuktamadkan penghantaran pulang tulang rangka itu,

yang dianggap penting dan bernilai bagi penduduk kuno di Malaysia.

Pesuruhjaya Warisan Negara, Datuk Prof. Emeritus Zuraina Majid telah mengilhamkan

usaha itu untuk membawa balik tulang rangka berkenaan awal apabila beliau masih lagi berkhidmat dengan Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM).

Jabatan itu menyatakan Gua Cha, yang terletak di benteng Sungai Nenggiri di Ulu

Kelantan, merupakan sebuah tapak zaman purbakala di Asia Tenggara dan telah

menyimpan kira-kira 40 tulang rangka.

– Bernama

Artikel Pilihan 4.

Tajuk : Kaitan antara Kelantan,Empayar Chermin,Langkasuka dan Majapahit.



Sumber : Disunting dari Forum di-

http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php/t163209-0.html

Artikel (4a)

Tajuk : Menyingkap sejarah lama dari sumber Thailand berkaitan Kerajaan Tien

Sun,Pan-Pan,Chieh Tou,Langkasuk a

The kingdoms that was once exist in Southern Thailand on Malayan Peninsula according

to Thailand sources are:

เตี ้ยนสุน Tien Sun

Chinese records stated that this kingdom existed in the Malay Peninsular, around the Tapi

River in modern day Surat Thani province. The kingdom was supposedly a supply andtrading port for ancient mariners, between India and Indochina. The kingdom was Hindu.

ผั่น ผั่น Pan Pan

This kingdom prospered from 300 – 500 AD, Chinese records showed that this kingdomwas also situated near the Tapi River, in Surat Thani Province. The ruling dynasty could

have been Indian or from modern day Thai central plains. Chinese records stated that a

Funan ruler came to rule Pun Pun as well, he was overthrow in Funan, and the people inPun Pun did not accept the new Funan ruler. The new ruler then invaded Pun Pun, and

also invaded the modern day Chao Phraya basin. Chinese records also stated that the Pun

Pun kingdom also sent envoys to the Chinese court. Pun Pun was a Buddhist kingdomwith Hindu influence, Bhrmans from India have a lot of influence in the court. Pun Pun

disappeared around 558 AD, with the beginning of the Tambralingga Kingdom.

เซยีะโทChieh Tou

This kingdom was situated south of Tambralingga, with the capital at modern day

Kalantan or Pattalung, Thailand. Sui Dynasty records in 608 AD stated that an envoy led by Zhang Sun (Zhang Jin?) and Wang Jin Cheng visited the kingdom. The kingdom

existed during Pan Pan’s existence, and also sent envoys to the Chinese court.

ลังกาสกุะLanggasukah

This kingdom was situated in the south of the ‘Tambralingga’ kingdom, near modern day

Pattani and Trung in Thailand. The capital is believed to be in Pattani. The kingdom

developed around AD 450 – 550, and was supposedly an East-West center in the area

(Kedah in the West, Patani in the East), due to trade. The kingdom was supposedly also acenter for spreading Buddhism and Indian culture throughout SEA. The kingdom was

also part of Funan for a time. The fall of the kingdom was as a result of either invasion



from Cambodia or Malacca, or a plague. Around the 1200s the Kingdom was absorbed

into the ‘Tambralingga’ Kingdom, and eventually became a part of Sri Vijaya. In 516

AD, the kingdom supposedly sent an envoy to China. Ma Tuan Lin’s record around the11th Century also provided details to the Kingdom.

To me, Pan Pan was likely like the new edition of Tun Sun.

The very, very first Funanese conqueror of Semenanjung/Segenting Malay kingdoms was

probably Fan Shih Man (Sri Mara) in late 2nd century AD.

The next Funan ruler who re-absorbed Tun Sun/Pan Pan (around mid or early 6thcentury) into his kingdom's orbit could have been Rudravarman, one of the 3 sons of

Jayavarman Kaundinya/Preah Thong who married the Naga king's daughter Nagi Soma.

Rudravarman was himself a usurper of his father's kingdom, n some guys reckon he

drowned his very young half brother Gunavarman, who was the rightful heir, in order tosteal the throne.

Anyway, Rudra was eventually overthrown by Bhava(varman) n Chitra(sena), the twin

sons of his other half brother Viravarman. After Bhava gained the throne, he went about

staging a re-invasion of nearby kingdoms formerly under Funanese hegemony which

tried to break away, including Malayu (to which maybe he gave the alternative nameJambi), Acheh etc.

As for Chi Tu/Raktamrittika/RedEarth/TanahMerah, there is mention of someonecalled a Maha Navika (Great Mariner) called Buddhagupta, who came from a place

in India/Bengal, also called Raktamrittika (meaning Red Earth). He probaby named his

new adopted homeland with the same name as his old homeland in India/Bengal.

There was also a Buddhagupta among the kings of Gupta empire in Bengal/Magadha.Records about him in Gupta-related history is a bit scarce. Either he wasn't regarded as an

outstanding Gupta king or he suddenly went out of favour for some reason or other.

Maybe this Buddhagupta eventually was exiled or got fed up with war n then went away

to the far eastern lands to find peace, n eventually landed in Semenanjung/Isthmus n

founded a new kingdom. Which he also called Raktamrittika. So the Chinese called it ChiTu n the locals called it Tanah Merah.

For the record, there is fairly good chronological (i.e. time) agreement between the

Buddhagupta who came to Semenanjung's/Segenting's Chi Tu (Tanah Merah) n the

Buddhagupta who was a king of Gupta empire.



Anyway, the Buddhagupta of Gupta empire was supposed to have reigned from 476 to

495, so he could have reached Chi Tu, his new Raktamrittika, late 5th century (nearly 500AD). Some guys also believe Chi Tu to be the earliest version of Langkasuka (like its

first birthplace).

In otherwords, Chi Tu later expanded to become Langkasuka, whose king Bhagadatta

was said to have sent the envoy to China in 516 AD. Bhagadatta (Bhaga Datta) was

actually a title meaning Divine Envoy/Ambassador/Messenger (Datta/Dutta =

Envoy/Ambassador/Messenger) used by several Khmer kings.

My guess is Buddhagupta eventually became the 1st king (Bhagadatta) of

Langkasuka.

There r several likely candidates for the old Chi Tu, i.e. Tanah Merah (Kelantan),

Pattalung (Songkhla) or even Tambralingga itself (Tam means Red, while Tamba meansCopper).

The name "Langkasuka" was also mentioned in Malay and Javanese chronicles.

Tamil sources name "Ilangasoka" as one of Rajendra Chola's conquests in his

expedition against the Srivijaya empire. It was described as a kingdom that that was

"undaunted in fierce battles".

Further embassies (utusan) were sent to China in 523, 531 and 568. The later embassies

could have been sent by another Bhagadatta, probably a successor of Buddhagupta,

perhaps a son or son-in-law. Langkasuka remained under Funan-Chenla hegemony untilit came under the dominance of new SEA regional power Srivijaya in around 800 AD.

Artikel (4b)

Tajuk : Dari mana asal usul “Orang Langkasuka” itu ?

The early inhabitants of Langkasuka were probably an eclectic assemblage of early

Malays, Mons and Khmers. The maritime nature of the polity alludes to Austronesian(the greater Malay group) dominance. Significant Sumatran Malay acculturation

commenced with the Sri Vijayan conquest of the Kra Isthmus in the 8th century. The

Langkasukans were certainly not T’ais. At that time, the ancestral T’ais were still in thehills and river valleys of Yunnan prior to being displaced to Indo-China by the Han

Chinese. Linguistically, Sri Vijayan rule, which flourished in the 9th and 11-13th

centuries, signified the gradual eradication of Austro Asiatic languages (including Mon-

Khmer) and early Austronesian tongues by High Malay, Sri Vijaya’s language of



administration. By the 13th century, Malay language, culture and identity had subsumed

other populations of the peninsula’s northern half up to the Kra Isthmus. The last vestiges

of the old Mon-Khmer language are today found in the native vernacular of theaborigines of Malaya and south Thailand, the so-called Aslian Group.

The coming of Islam further cemented the affiliation of the Isthmian Malays to the people

of the Nusantara. However, the arts and culture of the Patani-Kelantan region

(historically, extending northwards up to present-day Phatthalung) till this day carry adistinct flavour of Khmer courts of old, exemplified by Wayang Kulit, Mak Yong,

Menora and Petri (respectively, traditional shadow play depicting adapted Ramayana-

Mahabhrata epics; a royal court theatre combining dance, opera, drama and comedy; a

complex rhythmic dance drama depicting ancient pre-Islamic folklore; and the crypticmusical-dance spiritual cleansing ritual), all often inaccurately attributed to a “Thai” or

“Siamese” origin. The T’ai (or Thai) themselves adopted and emulated these high culture

from the courts of Cambodia when they rebelled against their Khmer rulers in the 13th

century and formed their ancestral polities in the central Chao Phraya basin. See GeoffreyBenjamin’s “Ethnohistorical Perspectives on Kelantan’s Prehistory” in Kelantan Zaman

Awal, 1987, pp.108-46, for a fascinating discourse on the linguistic-cultural evolution of the northern peninsula Malays, particularly the Patani-Kelantanese group. His hypothesis

somewhat reaffirmed the socio-cultural specificities of the Patani-Kelantan Malays and

their intrinsic distinction from other Malays of the peninsula.

courtesy: http://krismanreality.blogspot.com/

Patani VS Siam/Thailand ........ When and How It All Began.

Book Excerpt

Patani's ancestral state of Langkasuka was already a growing regional power a thousandyears before the progenitor T’ai state of Sukhothai emerged in the central Chao Phraya

basin from the shadows of the Khmer Empire. Indeed, during the early Langkasukan

period, the T’ais were still languishing in their southern China homeland on the verge of

being displaced to Indochina (and incrementally to present-day Thailand by the 10thcentury) by the southward expanding Han Chinese. A millennium ago, present day

Thailand north of the Kra Isthmus was dominated by the Hinduised Mon-speaking

Dvaravati Kingdom and later the Khmer Empire while the Malay Peninsula from Krasouthwards was under the suzerainty of Srivijaya.

Centred near today’s Yarang (Jerang or Binjai Lima in the original Malay) district 15km

inland from Patani town, Langkasuka dates back to at least 200AD based on historical

records and archaeological evidence. This state prevailed through recorded history for

1,200 years until the 1400s. At its zenith, Langkasuka stretched coast-to-coast from the



Kra Isthmus in the north to present-day Kedah and Kelantan in the south. Contemporary

Chinese accounts defined an empire 30 days march east to west and 20 days march north

to south. The annals of China’s Liang Dynasty, the 7th century Liang-shu, recorded theestablishment of relations when Langkasuka’s King P’o-ch’-ieh-ta-to (transliterated

generally as Bhagadatta) sent an envoy, A-ch’e-to, to present a memorial to the Emperor

in 515 AD. Langkasuka sent further diplomatic missions in the years 523, 531 and 568and Langkasuka-China relations flourished during the tenure of Liang Dynasty Emperor

Wu (Liang Wu Ti, 502-549AD).

Patani’s Langkasuka legacy is well-documented, with multiple references to the

Langkasuka toponym and geographic inference to today’s Patani Region in contemporary

Chinese, Indian, Javanese and Arab historiographies. Chinese archival records andancient coastline navigation maps placed Langkasuka on the coast stretching from

present-day Phatthalung to Kelantan (and centred near the estuary of the Patani river).

The Chinese transliterations for Langkasuka in various dialectical spelling variants from

the 7th to 14th centuries include Lang-ya-hsiu, Ling-ya-ssu-chia, Lang-hsi-chia andLong-sai-ka. The Rajarajesvara temple inscriptions of Tanjore, India memorialized an

attack by the Chola King, Rajendra I in the year 1030 on key states of the Sri Vijayanempire, including Ilangasoka, extolled as “undaunted in fierce battles.” The

Nagarakertagama, an epic poem composed in 1365 by Mpu Rakawi Prapañca mentioned

Langkasuka (in a list of Malay Peninsula entities) as a tributary of the Javanese Majapahit

empire, although this was more reflective of a poet obliged to eulogise his benefactor, theMajapahit King, Hayam Wuruk (Prabu Sri Rajasanagara), than political realities of that

era.

Langkasuka was a member of the Sri Vijayan Thalassocracy from c.800-1300AD. During

this period, the Kingdom was prominent in Chinese, Indian, Arab and Javanesehistoriographies, with territory extending from the frontier of Nagara Sri Dharmaraja

(Ligor) in the north to incorporate present-day Kelantan in the southeast and Kedah in the

southwest. The T’ais reached the central Chao Phraya basin by 1000 AD, havingdisplaced the Mons and subsequently fought the domination of the Khmer Kambujadesa

Empire. Sukhothai emerged from the last vestiges of Khmer rule and became the first

T’ai kingdom in the late 13th century, adopting the finer elements of Khmer court culture

and traditions. Patani-Thai relations, in their various incarnations, date back at least 800years when Patani’s ancestral Langkasuka Empire and subsequent Sri Vijayan overlords

took note of the fledgling T’ai polities in the Chao Phraya basin emerging from the last

vestiges of Khmer rule. The collapse of Sri Vijaya saw Langkasuka’s fragmentation intoseveral northern Malay kingdoms, of which Patani rose to prominence by the late 14th

century. Sukhothai itself was overshadowed and finally absorbed by the Ayutthayan

kingdom downriver also by the late 14th century.The two nascent kingdoms of Patani andAyutthaya began to expand their spheres of influence and conflict was inevitable.

Hence, began 600 years of conflict between the peoples of these two great civilizations --



the Malays of Patani and the T'ais of Ayutthaya/Thonburi/Krung Thep/Siam/Thailand.

Indeed, conflict is not a new phenomenon in Patani. The current insurrection represents

the latest manifestation of a long series of warfare and revolts over six centuries by theethnic-Malay populace against Siamese/Thai political machinations that led to the

incremental subjugation of the Patani Kingdom, culminating in final annexation in 1906.

Artikel (4c)

Tajuk : Dimanakah sebenarnya lokasi sebenar Langkasuka itu?

Langkasuka is the name used, from very early times, for the kingdoms of the Isthmus.However, there are many conflicting theories concerning exactly where the kingdom of

Langkasuka was situated. Hikayat Merong Maha Wangsa and The History of Kedah or

Kedah Annals described Langkasuka as covering the Isthmus from sea to sea, from the

port of Pattani to Kedah, with Gunung Jerai as the centre of the kingdom.

Notable among Chinese records is the Chi Tu Guo Ji, "Record of the Kingdom of Red

Earth", written by the Sui Dynasty envoys after a visit to the peninsula in 607-610.

This is the most important documentary evidence of an inland kingdom known as

Chi Tu "Red Earth". There are a number of good arguments giving credence to the

theory that the kingdom was situated in Kelantan. Upriver of the Kelantan area,

Gua Cha is known for its early settlement some 8000 years ago. The Dabong-Pergau

rivers are known for their clay deposits and witnessed the making of old black

pottery; Tanah Merah (Red Earth) is the name of a place upriver of Kelantan. The

capital of the kingdom was described in the Chinese annals as having triple gates

more than a hundred paces apart painted with images of bodhisattvas and hung

with flowers and bells ... to the rear of the king's couch there is a wooden shrine

inlaid with gold, silver and five perfumed woods, and behind the shrine is suspended

a golden light ... several hundred brahmans sit in rows facing each other on the

eastern and western sides.

Chinese records written by Chang Chun during the reign of the 7th century Sui Emperor Yang Di, spoke of a kingdom called Lang Ya Shu in Chinese, identifiable as Langkasuka

in Malay. Chang Chun described Langkasuka as one of the earliest individual states in

South East Asia, a Malay Kingdom. Slightly earlier, the History of the Liang Dynasty502-566 seems to support a Malay tradition that Langkasuka was founded at the end of

the first century in the neighbourhood of what was later called Pattani. Lang Ya Shu

proved to be of great economic importance, partly due to the existence of an overlandtrade route or portage across the Isthmus.

But which of these states is Langkasuka: Kedah, Kelantan, Pattani, or Ligor? Many



Wavell wondered whether Yarang might even have been the capital of Langkasuka.

However, H.G. Quaritch Wales and the Fine Arts Department of Thailand later asserted

that the site was the northern capital of Sri Wijaya. Though Wavell knew that he couldnot make a clear archaeological connection between the Yarang ruins and Langkasuka,

he insisted on linking Pattani with the tales of Langkasuka as they appear in folklore: the

Story of King Merong Maha Wangsa, the Bukit Sankalalili hill, and the fabled PrincessSaadong as revealed in Pattani Manora dance. H.S.H. Princess Piya Rangsit of Thailand

believed in a variation of Wavell's theory, placing Langkasuka further north at

Ligor/Tambralinga (Nakhorn Sri Thammarat) but she did not manage to fully researchher discovery, as she was killed in a helicopter accident during a coup in the 1970's.

Today, the Pattani people still believe that the old site of Yarang in Pattani is the site of

the Langkasuka Kingdom, the same story they told Wavell nearly forty years ago.

Artikel (4d)

Tajuk : Empayar Chermin , Majapahit II dan Patani.

While the history of the earlier periods is obscure, the later 14th and 15th centuries werea high point of the Langkasuka civilisation. Raja Sang Tawal the son of Raja Sakranta

of the Melayur Empire, based at Ligor, moved to Kelantan after he was defeated by

Siam in 1295 and lost Singgora (the old name for Songkhla). Kelantan then became

the base for unified Langkasuka. In 1339, Raja Bharubhasa (Sultan Mahmud Syah)

replaced his father Raja Sang Tawal as king of Langkasuka, and succeeded in

grouping the Isthmus, Champa in Vietnam, and Samudra-Pasai in Sumatera into a

new empire known as the Chermin Empire.

The period of the so-called Chermin Empire, reaching from Sumatera to Vietnam, wasthe zenith of Langkasuka power. Raja Bharubhasa captured Kedah from the mad king

Raja Bersiong (Maha Prita Daria) and incorporated Gangga Nagara (the old kingdom of

Perak) as part of the Chermin Empire. The Raja's sister, Dewi Durga( Cik Siti WanKembang) ruled Lamuri, later known as Aceh. In 1345, the Siamese mounted a major

attack on the Isthmus, with the result that Raja Bharubhasa was forced to offer gold and

silver trees as tribute to the Kingdom of Sukhotai. The offering of tribute to Siam was a

symbolic turning point, the "little weft within the lute" that centuries later was to end withSiam permanently capturing the northern portion of the Isthmus. Raja Bharubhasa

moved upriver to another area in Kelantan called Bukit Panau, and named his new

capital Jeddah, meaning "Jewel". The jewel capital of Raja Bharubhasa was

situated very near the very site of the "Red Earth" kingdom of the 7th century —

the original Langkasuka.

From this time onwards a tug-of-war with Siam ensued. In 1357 Gajah Mada of the

Majapahit empire in Jawa defeated Siam and joined in a coalition with the peninsular

states to successfully attack Ayudthaya. Gajah Mada declared Jeddah the capital of

West Majapahit, with Jawa island being known as East Majapahit. History repeated



itself, following the same pattern of Sri Wijaya when it split in the 7th century, and also

located one capital at Kelantan/Kedah and another in Sumatera.

In 1395 Siam re-attacked the southern peninsula and captured Temasek in 1401. The

power of Siam was on the rise. Sultan Iskandar Shah (Kemas Jiwa) was called fromJawa to come back and rule Kelantan, though he was married to the Majapahit Queen in

1427. Basing himself in Kelantan, Iskandar Shah proclaimed his kingdom as Majapahit II

(1432-1502) with the capital called Kota Mahligai (Fort of Heaven). In 1467, Siam of Ayudthaya conquered Majapahit II, and Sultan Iskandar Shah fled to Champa and died

there. His nephew Pateh Aria Gajah, who had served as Iskandar's prime minister, moved

to Pattani. Later, Iskandar's son known as Mansur Shah briefly revived the Majapahit II

kingdom in Kelantan. Majapahit II under Mansur survived a short time until defeated byMelaka in 1499.

As we can see from the fact that Iskandar Shah named his Kelantan kingdom "MajapahitII", the Majapahit empire of Jawa was inextricably connected to the history of the states

of the Isthmus. Majapahit was known as the greatest empire of all states in insular Southeast Asia from 1300 onwards, claiming political control over most of the

archipelago, but declining in the 15th century. Essentially, the relationship that earlier

had existed between Sri Wijaya and the Isthmus evolved into one between Majapahit and

the Isthmus.

Pattani

The final fall of Majapahit II in 1502 is sometimes taken by historians as the end of

Langkasuka. However this defeat no more marked the end of Langkasuka than all the

other victories and defeats, rises and falls of dynasty recorded earlier. The royal courtsand culture of the region continued to thrive after 1500 — in fact the culture of the

Isthmus reached its highest flower in the years that were to come. However, two

important changes occurred at this time in the history of Langkasuka: First, withconversion to Islam by the Sultan of Pattani in 1500, the culture became Islamic. Second,

the locus of Langkasuka shifted away from Kelantan, pulled higher up the Isthmus in a

response to the growing power of Siam. From 1500 until 1900 power on the Isthmus was

located in Pattani and Ligor (Nakhorn Sri Thammarat). This was the era of maritime power, and Pattani had an advantage over other states because of its important natural

harbour.

Pasir Putih (meaning "white sand") is another name for Gresik , an earlier kingdom in

Pattani history. It is the name of an old place in East Jawa, possibly during the Majapahit

Kingdom. Gresik later became Pattani, and its importance grew after the beginning of the14th century when Siam began to expand downwards and Ligor became a Siamese

dependency. Pattani appeared in the records of the Ming Admiral Cheng Ho, who led a

Chinese fleet to Melaka in the early 1400's. With the decline of the Majapahit and the

Chermin empires after the 15th century, Pattani eventually gained hegemony over the



Isthmus, and it maintained its independence long after Siam absorbed other northern

Isthmian Malay states.

The glory of the Pattani Kingdom dates from the rule of Sultan Ismail Shah (1500-1530),

who founded the Malay Muslim kingdom known as Pattani Darul Salam after heconverted to Islam. It was believed that Islam in Pattani came way before Melaka (1412)

and Trengganu (1303/1368), as Pattani was a seaport through which traders came and

went, the source of Islamic teaching and cultural forms.

Pattani as the name of a city state may have been changed after the ruler converted to

Islam. There is some dispute about the origins of the name, one theory being that thename derives from Pantai Ini in standard Malay language. At the same time, the people of

Pattani, Kelantan and Besut (the northern part Trengganu) speak a very distinctive dialect

in which the sounds Patta Ni mean "This Shore". Today, the Thais denote the language of

the people in the south of Thailand is "Jawi", where Malaysians use Jawi to refer to thewritten script of the Malay language adapted from Arabic script. This script is thought to

have originated in Pattani.

Pattani's Golden Era came after the fall of Melaka to the Portuguese in 1511. Four

Queens ruled Pattani during this time: Queen Green (1584-1616), Queen Blue (1616-1624), Queen Purple (1624-35) and Queen Yellow (1635-86). Around 1688-90, the rule

of Pattani shifted to the Kelantan royal line, and this scenario was reversed around 1730

when the Pattani royal line came to rule Kelantan. The last sultan of Pattani, SultanAbdul Kadir Kamaruddin's (1899-1902) son Tengku Seri Akar was married to the

daughter of Sultan Muhamad IV of Kelantan. Through the 16th century to the 19th

century we can trace many Pattani royal sons and daughters married into the rulingfamilies of Kelantan, Perlis, Trengganu, Pahang, Johor, Melaka and Kedah.

After the four Queens, the power of Pattani gradually declined. Where the rulers of

Pattani had once commanded the whole Isthmus, their domains shrank to cover only the

four provinces of Pattani, Narathiwat, Yala, and Sathun. Eventually they controlled only

the area covered by the modern Thai province of Pattani, only to be swallowed up bySiam in the early 20th century. As Pattani declined, the Sultan of Ligor (Nakhorn Sri

Thammarat), although still under Siamese suzerainty, regained a measure of

independence, and it is from this that confusion has arisen as to the true location of Langkasuka.

The Thais tend to favour theories that place the centre of Langkasuka farther up north

along the Isthmus, at Ligor, rather than at Pattani. Local historians in Nakhorn Sri

Thammarat (Ligor/Tambralinga) believe that there were 12 states under the rule (or

loosely federated with) the King of Nakhorn Sri Thammarat, before he was captured by



the last King of Ayudthaya. This group of 12 states included Kelantan, Trengganu,

Pahang and Kedah. At the end of the 18th century, King Taksin of Siam moved his

capital to Thonburi after the Burmese sacked the city of Ayudthaya. As part of Taksin'smilitary feats, he captured Ligor. King Taksin removed the King of Ligor and installed

him as the Governor of Nakhorn Sri Thammarat.

Siri Hikayat Sangtawal - 14

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