tekanan dan personaliti
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Transcript of tekanan dan personaliti
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7/30/2019 tekanan dan personaliti
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Emotional & Intellectual Basis ofStress
Apakah asas biologi bagi emosi?
Apakah peranan emosi dalam tekanan?
Adakah perasaan negatif sama dengantekanan?
Apakah peranan kata hati dalam
tekanan?Bagaimanakah budaya melihat peranan
emosi dalam tekanan?
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Apakah peranan emosi dalam tekanan?
Emosi negatif adalah bukan tekanan
walaupun sering dikaitkan dengan tekanan
Emosi yang negatif boleh mencetus tekanan
sekiranya dilihat sebagai ancaman yangtidak boleh ditangani
Emosi boleh menjadi sebahagian dari tindak
balas terhadap tekananEmosi boleh memarakkan dan mengekalkan
tindak balas tekanan melalui rumination
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Tekanan, emosi & kata hati (inner
dialogue)Lazarus: penilaian kognitif terhadap
mengakibatkan tekanan akan membawa
kepada tekanan emosimarah
permusuhan
iri hati
cemburu
Emosi ini dikatakan berkait dengan kata hati
yang negatif
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Tekanan, emosi & kata hati (inner
dialogue)Kata hati ini memberi tahu bagaimana harus
atau mesti bertindak
Selalunya reaksi yang berlaku adalah negatifdan tidak sihat
Menjadi halangan untuk menangani situasi
dengan lebihImplikasi:
tukar kata hati supaya lebih positif
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Bagaimana orang Jepun melihat
peranan emosi dalam tekananBudaya mempunyai kesan yang dramatik terhadap emosi
dan bagaimana harus bertindak terhadapnya
MORITA THERAPY: the 5 principles of feelings D. K.Reynolds
1. Feelings are not controllable by the will
2. Feelings must be recognized and accepted as is3. Every feeling, however unpleasant, has its uses4. Feelings fade in time unless they are re-stimulated5. Feelings can be indirectly influenced by behavior
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TYPE A Stress prone
aggressive, competitive, hostile, easily angered, hard
driving (2 things at once), time conscious, unable to
relax, cynical, not generally anxious
In response to stress:
tightened facial muscles, gestures, grimacing, explosive
speech, interrupt the interviewer, hurrying the pace
increased risk for CHD & all other causes of premature
death even when other risk factors are controlled
Anger (state) & Hostility (trait) may be esp. important
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*stress resistant:
*opposite type A, relaxed, easy-going, experience
fewer hassles than type A
*Typically not as successful as type A, but many aresuccessful nevertheless
*decreased risk of CHD, but if suffer heart attack, lesslikely to live why?
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*stress prone:*Feel helpless, hopeless, give up, little or no emotional
*response to stress, please others at their expense,
often
*depressed, behavioral inertia
*poor health: more likely to get cancer
*Seligman:*helpless is learned so is optimism!
*Interventions to increase optimism and decrease
*Helplessness, facilitates treatment and cure
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*Hardy Personality
*stress resistant
*Kobasa: studied business managers, supervisors, executives
* compared high stress/high illness vs. high stress/lowillness
*Hardy people thrive on pressure, characterized by the 3Cs
*Commitment: actively involved in life, sense of purpose &meaning
*Control:internal locus of control
*Challenge:perceive change as challenge and welcome it,adapt
*Hardy Social Support: a truly supportive social network
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Irrational, Illogical Personality
stress proneCharacterized as: evaluators, needy
Do not perceive situations accurately because of
should/must/ought, unrealistic expectations, and
irrational beliefsELLIS (REBT): most stress stems from negative thoughts
& irrational beliefs
ABC Model: A = activating agent
B = illogical beliefs
C = consequences bio psychosocial
A + B = C
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Role of Negative Self-talk
Promotes more stress and inhibits copingNegative self-talk often targets the self
Primary stressor: the initial trigger
Secondary Stressor: negativeself-talk
can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy and
lower self esteem
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Millons Model: 8 stress prone personality styles
1. Aggressive: mistrust others, defensive, fear losing
control, use anger, intimidation anddominance to retain control
2. Narcissistic: self absorbed, think they are unique
and special, lack empathy
3. Histrionic: crave affection, constant stimulation
interpersonal approval, flair for the
dramatic
4. Dependent: require high levels of support from
others,passive, submissive, fear loss of
support & rejection
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5. Passive-Aggressive: ambivalent, negative, pessimistic,
want independence but lack the skills to
achieve it
6. Compulsive: rigid, inflexible, maintain self-control
will only behave in socially approved
ways
7. Avoidant: want social contact but remain a recluse
because of extreme fear of rejection
8. Schizoid: no desire for interpersonal contact,
hypersensitive to social stimuli, fear
interpersonal contact, lack social
support
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The Intellectual Basis of Stress
Albert Ellis: emphasized the role of irrational, illogicalthinking on stress
Lazarus: described 5 intellectual resources linked to
personality & cognition
1. Intelligence: involved in stimulus appraisal, clears up
ambiguity
2. Life Experience: past successful experiences with a
stressor helps guide us through subsequent stressors
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3. Verbal & Written Communication: important to express
feelings, wants, needs, and desires
4. Creativity: thinking outside the box helps us to perceivethings differently and try new and innovative solutions
5. Problem Solving Ability: ability to find ways of coping
with our stress
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The Convergence of Intellectual &Emotional Factors
Lazarus & Folkman Stress Appraisal Model
Briefly,
Primary appraisal + secondary appraisal
= reappraisal
Leads to final appraisal
Primary appraisal: affected by situation factors & person
factorsSecondary appraisal: affected by coping dispositions &
coping resources
equally important, occur simultaneously, & are context
dependent Cited by 16,818
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Emotion-focused vs. problem focusedcoping
Emotion-focusedmanaging or reducing emotional distress looking on the bright side, seeking emotional
support, having a drink, using drugs
Problem-focusedsolving or managing the problem that is causing
distress information gathering, making decisions,planning, and resolving conflicts acquiringresources to help deal with the underlyingproblem
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*When is one better than theother?
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Stress, sex differences, and copingstrategies among college students
Brougham, R. et al. (2009)
college women reported a higher overall level of
stress and greater use ofemotion-focusedcoping
strategies than college men.
however the use ofemotion-focusedcoping
strategies dominated over problem-solvingstrategies for both men and women
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*situations in which something
constructive can be done willfavor problem-focused coping
*those situations that simplymust be accepted favor emotion-focused coping
*http://www.suu.edu/faculty/white_l/stress%2
0&%20pain/powerpoints/chapter_2.ppt