PERTOLONGAN CEMAS (FIRST AID)

DOLIDIAS Malaysia

No. 21, Jalan P9B/10, Presint 9, 62500 Putrajaya

Tel/Fax 03 8881 1925 . Cellphone 012 635 3070 . www.mainayaq.com

Professionally coordinates by: Members and Affiliations:

Disediakan oleh;

Kpt. (KRS) Rohaidah Bakar

First Aid Unit

PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

Professionally coordinates by:

(1)PENGENALAN PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

Rawatan sementara waktu yang

diberikan kepada mangsa; sebelum

tibanya bantuan perubatan.

Professionally

coordinates by:

Variasi nama:

•First Aid

•Bantu Mula

•Pertolongan Cemas

Menyelamat nyawa

Mengelak mangsa cedera lebih serius

Mengurangkan kesakitan

Menguruskan pemindahan ke hospital

OBJEKTIF

Professionally

coordinates by:

(1)PENGENALAN PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

Sesuatu situasi kritikal yang

mengancam nyawa

Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera,

kesakitan mangsa menjadi lebih

serius, lebih mudarat dan mungkin

menyebabkan kematian

APA ITU KECEMASAN?

Professionally

coordinates by:

(1)PENGENALAN PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

Bertanggungjawab

Berjiwa cekal, waras dan tenang

Mengamati prinsip keselamatan diri

Berpengetahuan dan berkeyakinan

Terlatih

CIRI-CIRI SEORANG PENYELAMAT

Professionally

coordinates by:

(1)PENGENALAN PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

Professionally

coordinates by:

(2)PERALATAN PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

1) Termometer

2) Mangkuk Enamel

3) Ubat Cium

4) Asprin

5) Panadol

6) Ubat Melepuh

7) Kain Pembalut Luka

8) Kain Tekap

9) Kapas

10) Gunting

11) Kain Kapas

12) Pin Semat

13) Elastoplast

14) Ubat Luka

15) Papan Tuap

16) Kain Segitiga

17) Ubat Cuci Mata

18) Pembalut Berelastik

19) Pembalut Pembebat

20) Pembalut Terbuka

21) Adesif Lekat Sendiri

ISI ‘KOTAK FIRST AID’

Pembebatan digunakan untuk menutup luka

dan mengawal pendarahan.

(3)PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT

Pembalut dilakukan untuk membantu

pembebatan.

Professionally

coordinates by:

PEMBEBATAN

(3)PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT

Professionally

coordinates by:

Pembalut Tiga Segi

Pembalut Lebar

Pembalut Kecil

Pembalut Gulung

Professionally

coordinates by:

JENIS KAIN PEMBALUT

(3)PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT

Pembalut Tiga Segi

Professionally

coordinates by:

(3)PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT

Professionally

coordinates by:

Lipatan Tiga Segi

(3)PEMBEBATAN & PEMBALUT

Professionally

coordinates by:

4.IKATAN, BALUTAN & ANDUH

? Ikatan

? Balutan

? Anduh

IKATAN

Simpul Sila

Professionally

coordinates by:

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Luka Tangan

Luka Dada

Luka Bahu

Luka Peha

Luka Siku

Luka Lengan

Luka Lutut

Luka Jari

JENIS BALUTAN LUKA

Professionally

coordinates by:

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Balutan Luka Tangan

Professionally

coordinates by:

1

2 3 4

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Balutan Luka Tangan

Professionally

coordinates by:

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Balutan Luka Tangan

1 2

3 4

Professionally

coordinates by:

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Luka di bahagian depan

Balutan Luka Dada

Professionally

coordinates by:

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Balutan Luka Dada

Luka di bahagian belakang Professionally

coordinates by:

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Balutan

Luka Bahu

Professionally

coordinates by:

1

2 3

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Balutan Luka Peha

Professionally

coordinates by:

1

2

3

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Balutan Luka Siku

1

2

1 2

Professionally

coordinates by:

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Balutan Luka Lutut

1 2 3

Professionally

coordinates by:

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Professionally

coordinates by:

Balutan Luka Lengan

1 2

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Balutan Luka Jari

Professionally

coordinates by:

1

2

3

4

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Anduh Besar

Anduh Kecil

Anduh Pergelangan Tangan

Anduh Menaik

JENIS ANDUH

Professionally

coordinates by:

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Professionally

coordinates by:

Anduh Besar

1

2

3

4

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Professionally

coordinates by:

Anduh Menaik

1 2 3

(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

Professionally

coordinates by:

Pembalut Cincin (4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

1 2 3

JENIS-JENIS LUKA

Professionally

coordinates by:

1) Luka Terhiris

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

2) Luka Terkoyak

Professionally

coordinates by:

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

3) Luka Tertikam / Tembus

Professionally

coordinates by:

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

4) Luka Lebam

Professionally

coordinates by:

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

5) Luka Kena Tembak

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

CARA MENAHAN DARAH

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

6) Luka Kecil

Professionally

coordinates by:

CARA RAWATAN

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

7) Luka di Perut

Professionally

coordinates by:

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

8) Luka di Dada

Professionally

coordinates by:

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

9) Pendarahan bahagian

dalam Telinga

Professionally

coordinates by:

Di Malaysia terdapat 141 spesis ular, di mana 37 daripadanya adalah berbisa.

Terbahagi kepada 21 Ular Laut dan 16 Ular Darat.

4.PATUKAN ULAR

Professionally

coordinates by:

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

1) Sepasang lubang bekas patukkan.

2) Terasa sakit yang amat pada tempat yang

kena patuk.

3) Bengkak dan merah di sekeliling patukkan.

4) Pernafasan yang tercungap-cungap

5) Kemungkinan terhenti pernafasan.

6) Berpeluh dan penglihatan berpinar-pinar.

SIMPTOM / TANDA AWAL

Professionally

coordinates by:

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Patukan ular berbisa bergantung kepada

spesis, amaun racun, kedudukan dan

kedalaman patukkan.

Boleh membawa kepada maut.

Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.

BAHAYA

Professionally

coordinates by:

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

SAIZ PATUKAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

KESAN PATUKAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Terkelar, terbakar dan melecur adalah

sama keadaannya.

Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap

kecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakar

melibatkan kecederaan yang lebih

serius daripada melecur.

5.TERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECUR

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

Disebabkan terkena:

Air panas

Minyak panas

Wap panas

MELECUR DAN LEBAM

Simptom:

Kulit melecur dan

kemerahan

Bahagian terbakar

mengelembung dan

bengkak dengan cepat

Sakit yang amat sangat

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

1. Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejuk

dan selesa.

2. Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan pada

anggota tercedera seperti; kasut, cincin,

jam tangan, dll.

3. Jika serius elakkan beri minuman dan

makanan.

4. Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.

CARA RAWATAN

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

CARA RAWATAN TERBAKAR RINGAN 2 1

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

Renjatan elektrik boleh menyebabkan maut, mungkin mereka yang cuba membantu turut menemui maut.

6.RENJATAN ELEKTRIK

Professionally

coordinates by:

Matikan suis atau suis utama dan pastikan elektrik sudah terputus.

Menggunakan penebat untuk menyelamatkan mangsa:

1. Gunakan galah yang panjang dan kering

2. Kerusi kayu

3. Tikar getah

4. Kain sal (tuala yang kering)

5. Plastik tebal

6. Tali atau tali nylon yang kering

LANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBIL

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

CARA MENGALIH BAHAYA

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

Sekiranya mangsa tidak bernafas,

pulihkan pernafasan dari mulut ke mulut.

Jika gagal segera lakukan CPR.

Jika ada kesan terbakar beri rawatan

terbakar.

Segerakan mangsa ke hospital.

CARA RAWATAN

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

Kecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retak.

Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku disebabkan pukulan secara langsung atau tidak langsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yang tinggi, tarikan otot anggota yang tertindih, tembakan atau perlanggaran dan sebagainya.

7.PATAH & TERSELIUH

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

Patah tebu Patah kayu muda

JENIS-JENIS PATAH

1 2

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

Patah riuk Patah melarat

JENIS-JENIS PATAH

3 4

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

Lebam dan bengkak

Anggota tidak dapat digerakkan

Terluka atau berubah bentuk

Tajam/berbonjol pada kulit

Sakit

SIMPTOM

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

BLANKET LIFT: Preparation

Professionally

coordinates by:

CARA RAWATAN

BLANKET LIFT: Rolling On

Professionally

coordinates by:

CARA RAWATAN

BLANKET LIFT: Lifting

Professionally

coordinates by:

CARA RAWATAN

8.TERCEKIK

Professionally

coordinates by:

Professionally

coordinates by:

9.LEMAS DI AIR

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

Lakukan pemeriksaan asas seperti,

periksa pernafasan dan nadi.

Periksa tahap kesedaran, buka salur

pernafasan.

Jika perlu lakukan CPR.

RAWATAN

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

Apa-apa bahan jika

dimasukkan ke

dalam kuantiti yang

mencukupi boleh

mengakibatkan

kemudaratan.

10.KERACUNAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

Mulut – makan, minum

Paru-paru – sedut gas/asap

Suntikan – gigitan, patukan, jarum

Kulit – semburan racun perosak

PUNCA KERACUNAN

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

1. Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat.

2. Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat.

3. Kesan melecur pada mulut – beri minum air

atau susu sedikit demi sedikit.

4. Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma.

5. Jika tidak sedar – lakukan ‘primary survey’.

RAWATAN

(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

Melalui 3 cara:

1. Resusitasi secara hembusan (mulut ke mulut)

2. Resusitasi secara tekanan (kardio-pulmonari)

3. Holger Nielson

TEKNIK-TEKNIK

(6)PEMULIHAN PERNAFASAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

Holger Neilson 1 (6)PEMULIHAN

PERNAFASAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

2 Holger Neilson (6)PEMULIHAN

PERNAFASAN

Professionally

coordinates by:

Professionally

coordinates by:

Rescue Breathing

Is a way of breathing air into an unconscious

victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.

CPR (on adults & large children)

(see handout) Giving chest compressions.

Position the heel of the right hand on the lower half of the

breast bone, right between the nipples.

Position left hand on top of the right hand.

Position shoulders directly over the hands and push

straight down, pushing the breastbone down 1.5 – 2

inches.

15 chest compressions, then 2 breaths.

After 3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of circulation.

RICE Treatment

Rest For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required for severe

injuries.

Ice Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs. Applying cold

helps reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.

Compression

Wrap the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it is not too tight!

Elevation

Raise the injured part above heart level to reduce swelling and drain blood and fluid from the area.

AED (Automated External

Defibrillator) What is an automated external defibrillator

(AED)?

An AED is a device about the size of a laptop

computer that analyzes the heart's rhythm for

any abnormalities and, if necessary, directs

the rescuer to deliver an electrical shock to the

victim. This shock, called defibrillation, may

help the heart to reestablish an effective

rhythm of its own.

AED (Automated External

Defibrillator) How does an AED work?

An AED is easy to operate. It uses voice prompts to

instruct the rescuer. Once the machine is turned on,

the rescuer will be prompted to apply two electrodes

provided with the AED to the victim's chest. Once

applied, the AED will begin to monitor the victim's

heart rhythm. If a "shockable" rhythm is detected, the

machine will charge itself and instruct the rescuer to

stand clear of the victim and to press the shock

button.

AED (Automated External

Defibrillator) AED’s are required to be in most large public

buildings.

Such as malls, schools, and stadiums.

Splints

A material or device used to protect and immobilize a body part.

A splint should be used only if it can be applied without hurting the victim.

Two Types of Splints

Soft splints are made from blankets, towels, sheets, or bandages.

Rigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapers or boards.

Appling Splints…

Attempt to splint the injury in the position you find it.

Make sure it is not too tight!

On Fractured Bones

Must include the joint above and below the injured bone.

On Injured Joints

Must include the bone above and below the injured joint.

Slings

Is a wide piece of cloth looped under an inured

arm for support.

Example: Triangular Bandage

Treatments for Common

Injuries

Types Bleeding Wounds

Bruise

Is a wound blood vessels cause bleeding under the skin.

Incision

Is a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such a razor, scissors, broken glass.

Laceration

Is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of the skin.

Types Bleeding Wounds

Abrasion

AKA a scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping

away the skin.

Avulsion

Is a wound in which skin or other body tissue is separated

or completely torn away from the body.

Puncture

Is a wound produced when a pointed instrument or

projectile pierces the skin.

The risk of infection is high with this type of wound.

Controlling Bleeding

What is the procedure for controlling bleeding

that we covered last class?

Shock

Is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the

body tissues.

Signs of shock include…rapid, shallow

breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak

pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting.

What is the treatment for shock that we

covered last class?

Fractures

Is a break or crack in a bone.

Two Types

Open Fracture There is also a break in the skin.

Closed Fracture There is no break in the skin.

Treatment

Treat for bleeding and shock, splint the injury, apply ice.

Dislocations

Is the movement of a bone away from its joint.

Treatment

Splint above and below the dislocated joint, apply

a cold compress.

Never try and set a dislocation!

Sprains and Strains

Sprain – is an injury to the ligaments, tendons,

and soft tissue around a joint caused by undue

stretching.

Strain – is an overstretching of muscles and/or

tendons.

Treatment – Apply the RICE treatment.

Weather Related Injuries

Heat Cramps – are painful muscle spasms in the

legs and arms due to excessive fluid loss through

sweating.

Treatment – have victim rest in a cool, shaded area; drink

cool water; and stretch stiff muscles.

Heat Exhaustion – is extreme tiredness due to the

body’s inability to regulate its temperature.

Treatment – have victim lie down with feet elevated in a

cool, shaded area; give cool water to drink.

Weather Related Injuries

Heat Stroke – is an overheating of the body

that is life-threatening. Sweating ceases, so

that the body cannot regulate its temperature.

Treatment – have victim lie in cool, wet towels or

sheets; place ice backs near the neck, armpits,

and groin.

Weather Related Injuries

Frostbite – is the freezing of body parts, often the tissues of the extremities.

Treatment – do not attempt rewarming; handle the affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.

Hypothermia – is a reduction of the body temperature so that it is lower than normal.

Treatment – move the victim to a warm environment; remove any wet clothing; cover their head with blankets.