The Collapse Stadium Roof Pindaan 1(Sebab Dan Kesan Runtuh Bumbung) Uitm
Transcript of The Collapse Stadium Roof Pindaan 1(Sebab Dan Kesan Runtuh Bumbung) Uitm
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^mk Iallepsk Ytenjuf Waa`Njsilejfkr8 njeocasjs wes fenk geskn ac fy ljfjtkn dcawlknok, kxpkrjkcik ,nete ecn jc`arfetjac. Jt
fey gk rjomt ar wraco. ^mk purpask js hust ta smerk dcawlknok
Ieusks ecn K``kit A`^mk IallepsknYultec Fjzec Xejcel EgjnjcYtenjuf Waa`
5.2 Jctranuitjac
Yultec Fjzec Xejcel Egjnjc Ytenjufjs efultj-purpask stenjuf jcDuele^krkcooecu,Feleysje,iacstruitkn gy e Yautm Darkec iacstruitjac `jrf. ^aoktmkr wjtmtmk enheikct Fjcj Ytenjuf, jt `arfs tmk ikctrkpjkik a` ^krkcooecu Yparts Iafplkx. Jt
wes uskn fastly `ar`aatgell fetimks. ^mk stenjuf malns ;2,222 pkaplk ecn js cefkne`tkr tmk rkjocjco ^krkcooecu Wulkr, Yultec Fjzec Xejcel Egjnjc. ^mk gjookst stenjuf jctmk Kest Iaest rkojac a` Rkcjcsuler Feleysje, jt wes gujlt ta rkpleikYultec JsfejlCesjrunnjc Ymem Ytenjuf es tmk stetk's fejc stenjuf.Yultec Fjzec Xejcel
Egjnjc mjfskl`, wma wes tmkc tmk 59tmZeco NjRkrtuec Eoaco a``jijetkn tmk stenjuf ac52tm Fey 722=. Jts `jrst fehar usk wes es tmk fejc vkcuk `arYudfe Oefks 722=
7.2 Iallepsk a` tmk raa`
Ac Huck 7, 722:, e fehar pert a` tmk raa` iacstruitjac iallepskn ucnkr carfel wketmkriacnjtjacs, jcilunjco tmk skitjac egavk tmk rayel gax. Jt wes acly egaut e yker e`tkr tmkstenjuf wes a``jijelly apkckn. _jtckss eiiaucts jcnjietkn tmet e laco laun saucn sjfjlerta e hkt kcojck cajsk wes mkern es tmk raa` `kll ta kertm jc pjkiks. E cufgkr a` ste``wkrk jc tmk stenjuf nurjco tmk iallepsk, wjtm prkperetjacs `ar versjty ste`` oefks gkjcofenk. Jc ennjtjac ta tmk oefks okttjco iecikllkn, fecy pjkiks a` kqujpfkct wkrkkjtmkr nefeokn ar nkstraykn ecn vkmjilks perdkn ckergy gkjco nefeokn. @artucetkly,ca iesueltjks wkrk rkpartkn.
9.2 Kljfjcetjac a` prageglk ieusks `ar tmk iallepsk
Kljfjcetjac a` prageglk ieusks `ar tmk iallepsk men ta gk nack et
tmrkk steoks ( praikssks ) a`8-
e. Nksjoc
g. Iacstruitjac
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Mk js ellkokn ta mevk sjockn ecn sugfjttkn tmk naiufkct ta tmk stetk Ruglji _ards
Nkpertfkct (R_N) njrkitar Waslj Xejcel wmjim wes elsa tectefauct ta nkikjvjco tmk
tmkc Ytetk Ykirktery Netud Fadmter Caco jcta gkljkvjco mk wes tmk eppravkn kxefjckr.
^mk jcijnkct aiiurrkn lkss tmec e yker e`tkr tmk mecnavkr a` tmk stenjuf ta kceglk tmk
stetk ta mast tmk Feleysje Oefks (Yudfe) jc Fey 722:.
>.2 Ieusks a` Iallepsk a` tmk Ytenjuf Waa` Ytruiturk
^mk Wkparts gy tmk Jcvkstjoetjac Iaffjttkk mjomljomtkn e `kw `eitars wmjim iauln mevkiactrjgutkn ta tmk `ejlurk a` tmk raa` struiturks es sufferjskn gklaw 8-
5. ^mk nksjoc wes jcenkquetk7. ^mk raa` wes cat krkitkn prapkrlyrksultjco jc fjseljocfkct9. Ca queljty iactralac Yjtk>. Fetkrjels ecn _ardfecsmjp cat jc eiiarnecik ta spkij`jietjacs;. Eltkrcetjvk nksjocs`raf Iactreitar wes enaptkn wjtmaut prapkr ecelysjs
^mk egavk saucns taa `efjljer ecn sa iaffac jc aur iacstruitjac jcnustry. Elfastkvkry sjtks erk `eikn wjtm tmksk jssuks. Jc `eit, struiturks erk vkry rksjljkct ecn waulncat mevk gkkc ietestrapmji jc iallepsk, kvkc j` ucnkr nksjockn. ^mk iacikpt a` ljfjtstetk nksjoc tedks eiiauct a` tmjs, ellawjco iallepsk ta gk praorkssjvk retmkr tmecietestrapmji. Acly stkkl `refkn struiturks erk fark prack ta iallepsk kspkijelly nurjcokrkitjac pkrjan, ecn pertjiulerly `ar 9N speik `refk struiturks.
Mkrk js e ieusks a` tmk iallepsk 8-
j. ^mk nksjoc wes jcenkquetk
^mk iaffjttkk elsa nktkrfjckn tmet tmk fejc ieusk a` tmk iallepsk
ta gk, efaco atmkrs, `eulty nksjoc wjtm `ejlurk ta tedk jcta eiiauct
tmk suppart iacnjtjac a` tmk raa` struiturk.
Ec jcvkstjoetjac iaffjttkk kstegljsmkn gy tmk Ruglji _ards
Nkpertfkct ta nktkrfjck tmk ieusk a` tmk iallepsk et tmk WF7:7fjlstenjuf ucnkrljckn skvkrel iruijel `eitars jc e nktejlkn 02-peok
iac`jnkctjel rkpart sugfjttkn ta tmk stetk oavkrcfkct ack yker
e`tkr tmk jcijnkct.
jj. ^mk raa` wes cat krkitkn prapkrlyrksultjco jc fjseljocfkct
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_k fust iacsjnkr cat acly wmet laenjco iacnjtjacs fjomt k``kit e
struiturk, gut elsa maw tmask laens erk trecs`krkn `raf tmkjr pajct
a` arjojc tmrauom tmk struiturk ta tmk oraucn. Ytruiutrel nksjoc
nkijsjacs iacikrcjco tmk struiturel `refjco systkf wjll njitetk tmjs
`law a` `ariks. ^mk fast njrkit petm `raf tmk pajct a` laenjco ta tmkoraucn wjll irketk tmk fast k``jijkct struiturk. ^mk iactjcujty a` tmjs
ljck a` trecs`kr js ksskctjel. Mawkvkr, tmjs njrkit petm js cat elweys
passjglk. Es e fettkr a` `eit, nuk ta tmk ceturk a` ljvk laens tmjs petm
js iacstectly imecojco.
jjj. Fetkrjels ecn _ardfecsmjp cat jc eiiarnecik ta spkij`jietjacs
Efaco tmk `eitars ijtkn wkrk skrjaus kcojckkrjco `lews, smanny
wardfecsmjp, jc`krjar fetkrjels ecn leid a` kxpkrtjsk jc tmk dky
prahkit feceokfkct tkef.
jv. Ca queljty iactralac Yjtk, ste`` cat iafpktkcik
Jt elsa stetkn tmet tmk prahkit feceokfkct tkef njn cat mevk tmk
ckikssery sdjlls ecn iafpktkcik ta feceok e prahkit a` suim
feocjtunk ecn iafplkxjty.
v. Eltkrcetjvk nksjocs`raf Iactreitar wes enaptkn wjtmaut prapkr ecelysjs
^mk iaffjttkk elsa nktkrfjckn tmet tmk fejc ieusk a` tmk iallepsk
ta gk, efaco atmkrs, `eulty nksjoc wjtm `ejlurk ta tedk jcta eiiauct
tmk suppart iacnjtjac a` tmk raa` struiturk. ^kimcjiel ste`` et sjtk
nact dcaw (cat iafpktkcik) wmet ta na wmkc tmky rkikjvkn
eltkrcetjvk nksjoc `raf iactreitar. ^mky fust skct ta tmk nksjockr
kcojckr ta ecelysjs tmk eltkrcetjvk nksjoc.
>.2 K``kit `raf Yparts Ytenjuf iallepsk
^mk k``kit `raf tmk spart stenjuf iallepsk es sufferjskn gklaw 8-
j. Gen Jfeok ta aur iacstruitjac jcnustry ta tmk warln
jj. Aur laiel iacsultect kcojckkr iect fkkt e warln iless rkqujrkfkct
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jjj. Ruglji tmjcdjco ell tmk pkrsac jcvalvk kspkijelly Ruglji _ard Nkpertfkct (HDW)ecn iacsultect jcvalvk wjtm tmk iarruptjac. @ar tmjs iesk tmk FEII mes swucojcta eitjac ecn gkoec jcvkstjoetjco tmk fecckr tmk iactreits wkrk ewernkn `artmk Yultec Fjzec Xejcel Egjnjc Ytenjuf (^mk Yter taney). Js iarruptjac jcvalvkn1
jv.
Gleid ljst aur laiel iacsultect kcojckkr ecn pkceljzkn
Jc Ckws Ytrejt jfks netkn H uck 9, 722: stetkn tmet tmk ia csu ltect
kcojckkr wes imerokn avkr krkcooecu s tenjuf ia l lepsk
Geskn ac tmk imerok smkkt, _ec Fecec _ec Coem Rrjcijpel `raf iacsultect
iafpecy wes ellkokn ta mevk eitkn ljdk ec eppravkn kxefjckr jc jssujco e
naiufkct netkn Hec 5;, 722: ac tmk fejc raa` truss systkf ecn jts rkletkn
wards `ar tmk prapasel ta iacstruit tmk fejc stenjuf, dcawc es tmk
^krkcooecu Ypart Iafplkx.
Mk js ellkokn ta mevk sjockn ecn sugfjttkn tmk naiufkct ta tmk stetk Ruglji_ards Nkpertfkct (R_N) njrkitar Waslj Xejcel wmjim wes elsa tectefauct tankikjvjco tmk tmkc Ytetk Ykirktery Netud Fadmter Caco jcta gkljkvjco mk westmk eppravkn kxefjckr
v. Jfeok a` kcojckkr a` Ruglji _ard Nkpertfkct (HDW) cat sa oaan. Caw ell tmkHDW kcojckkr `raf stetk a` ^krkcooecu elrkeny trecs`kr ta HDW Feleysje ecn
fust tedk e iaursk ta fedk tmkjr iafpktkct kspkijelly ta feceok ecnsupkrvjsk gjo prahkit ecn fedk dcawlknok jc nksjoc
vj. Ca fark ward ta gk ojvkc ta iacsultjco kcojckkr
vjj. ^mk nefeok wes kxtkcsjvk, es preitjielly tmk wmalk kest wjco iefk irusmnawc, e `kw iers wkrk nefeokn. ^mk iactreitar wes e Yautm Darkec
Iafpecy wmjlk tmk Iacsultects wkrk laiel Feleysjecs. Oavkrcfkct oajco taspkct egaut WF9;fjl ([Y$52fjl) `ar rkpejrkn wards.
vj j j . Jc Ckws Ytrejt jfks netkn Huck 9, 722: stetkn tmet tmk iacsu ltect
kcojckkr wes imerokn avkr krkcooecu s tenjuf ia l lepsk
Geskn ac tmk imerok smkkt, _ec Fecec `raf iacsultect iafpecy wes
ellkokn ta mevk eitkn ljdk ec eppravkn kxefjckr jc jssujco e naiufkct netkn
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Hec 5;, 722: ac tmk fejc raa` truss systkf ecn jts rkletkn wards `ar tmk
prapasel ta iacstruit tmk fejc stenjuf, dcawc es tmk ^krkcooecu Ypart
Iafplkx.
Mk js ellkokn ta mevk sjockn ecn sugfjttkn tmk naiufkct ta tmk stetk Ruglji_ards Nkpertfkct (R_N) njrkitar Waslj Xejcel wmjim wes elsa tectefauct tankikjvjco tmk tmkc Ytetk Ykirktery Netud Fadmter Caco jcta gkljkvjco mk westmk eppravkn kxefjckr
Jt wes rkpartkn jc Huck 722:, jc Duele ^krrkcooecu, Feleysje, tmet tmk raa`a` e WF922 fjl ([Y $:2 fjl) Yparts Ytenjuf iallepsk sunnkcly hust e`tkr jtwes rkikctly iafplktkn.
Yjcik tmk wards wkrk stjll wjtmjc tmk nk`kits ljegjljty pkrjan wmjim js usuelly 57 factmsar fark `ar suim e fessjvk prahkit, tmk iast a` rkfknjel wards wkrk garck gy tmkIactreitar. _met atmkr jssuks jcvalvkn wauln gk ucnkr tmk rklkvect eutmarjtjks.
Ec Jcvkstjoetjac Iaffjttkk wes jffknjetkly skt up wjtm jcvalvkfkct `raf tmk Ruglji_ards Nkpertfkct, Fjcjstry a` _ards, Wkletkn Eokcijks, Kxpkrts, ecn ec kxtkcsjvkrkpart wes letkr iafpjlkn.
@raf tmk stetkfkct gy Ruglji _ard Nkpertfkct tmk fehar ieusk `ar tmk iallepsk a` tmkraa` wes jnkctj`jkn ta gk tmk nksjoc `eult ecn jceppraprjetk fetkrjels. ^mkrk wkrkelsa rkparts a` sparenji laun gecos ecn struiturk nefeok prjar ta tmk iallepsk. Ack a`tmk struiturel rkpejr hags ac tmk raa` wes simknulkn ac tmk ney a` tmk iallepsk jtskl`,elaco wjtm safk klkitrjiel rkpejr wards gkjco ierrjkn aut ac atmkr pert a` tmk stenjuf.
Es a` Huck 7252, tmk ilkecjco ward ecn rklaietjac a` tmk iallepskn raa` wkrk cat`jcjsmkn.
Yafk a` tmk pmataorepms a` tmk raa` stenjuf iallepsk wauln gk rkvkeljco 8-
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Ekrjel Rjiturk a` tmkIallepskn Waa`. Catk tmettmk atmkr struiturks erk
jcteit, jt js acly tmk raa`wmjim `ejlkn ecn tmk raa` jseituelly e Rraprjktery Ypeik@refk Ytruiturk, ecn catnksjockn ecn `egrjietkn gylaiel iactreitars ac sjtk.Catk elsa tmet Ypeik @refkserk ell Rjcckn Hajctkn ecnnksjockn geskn ac njrkit`ariks, tkcsjac ar
iafprkssjac.
Rert a` tmk Waa` Ytruiturkwmjim smaws tmk Ypeik@refks jcvalvkn
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Fark pjiturks smawjco tmkkxtkcsjvk iallepsk a` tmkwmalk raa`.
Catk tmet Ypeik @refks erk
jctkrnkpkcnkct ac keimatmkr `ar strkcotm. Jt js vkrywked ecn ucsteglk uctjl jt jskrkitkn ecn `ariks erktrecsfjttkn `raf tap nawc.Jt js elsa vkry skcsjtjvk ecnecy `ejlurk wauln gk fark a`e "nafjca k``kit"
Kxtkcsjvk Ljvks wauln mevkgkkc last men tmk YpartsYtenjuf gkkc aiiupjknnurjco tmk Feleysje Oefks !
Nksjockrs ecn pertjiulerlyYtruiturel Kcojckkrs fust gkeiutkly ewerk tmet ecystruiturks yau na fust ckvkr`ejl ucnkr ecy ijriufsteciks,
es ecy `ejlurks iauln rksult jciallepsk ecn last a` ljvks, catta sey vkry iastly.
Ytenjuf gk`ark iallepsk
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Rji 7
Jfeojck j` tmk iallepsk meppkckn et tmjs fafkct. ^mausecns a` pkaplk wjll gk djllkn ecn
jchurkn!
Ytenjuf e`tkr iallepsk
Rlkesk laad tmksk pjiturks `ar iluks. Jt smawkn safk tkll telk sjoc tmet ckkn ta gk iac`jrfkn
gy fkesurkfkcts, ecelysjs ecn tkstjco
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Rji 9 _met wkrk tmk skqukcik a` `ejlurks gk`ark tatel iallepsk1
Rji > Agskrvkn tmk rkfejcjco speik trussks etteimkn ta tmk iacirktk guttrkss
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Rji ;
Rji 0
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Rji ? . ^mk atmkr iacirktk guttrkss. Agskrvkn sjfjler pettkrc a` `ejlurk
Rji = Iacirktk Guttrkss
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Rji : Ykk tmk lerok spec gktwkkc tmk iacirktk gutrkss ecn tmk `jrst ialufc suppart elaco
tmk pkrjfetkr
Rji 52
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Rji 55
Rji 57
_met wkrk tmk passjglk `ariks eitjco ac esskfgleok jc tmk zack wmkrk tmk speik truss
sceppkn1 ^mksk `ariks arjojcetkn `raf 8Pkrtielly- Nken Laen, Wejc wetkr laenjco!Jc pleck
laenjco nuk ta tkfpkreturk k``kit, Marjzactelly(rkvkrseglk)-wjcn laenjco ecn atmkr
nycefji laenjco suim es oraucn favkfkct!
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_met wkrk tmk Nkfecn a` ell passjglk warst `ariks et tmk kcn a` speik trussks cker tmk
iacirktk gutrkssks1 _met wkrk tmk Iepeijtjks a` tmk stkkl fkfgkrs, iacckitjacs ecn
esskfgleok eoejcst tmask `ariks1
Rji57e
Rji 57g
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Rji 59
Rji 5>
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Rji5;
Rji 50
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Rji50eIljid ac tmk ieptjac ta kclerok tmk pji.
^mjs pmata smawkn tmk speik `refks wkrk suppartkn gy iacckitjac et tmk ialufc gutrkss
ecn tmk ialufcs elaco tmk pkrjfktkr a` tmk stenjuf. ^mjs ialufc `rkk partjac ac gatm sjnk
a` tmk stenjuf laads ucsteglk. ^mk speik `refk wes fejcly suppartkn gy tmk ialufcs
pleikn elaco tmk pkrjfktkr a` tmk stenjuf.(Ykk pmata 5=,57,72 ecn 77.
Uukstjac8
_met wes tmk enkqueiy a` tmksk ialufcs ta suppart tmk warst
laenjco `raf tmk speik `refk1 Agskrvk tmk sjzk a` tmk lest pkrjfktkr
stkkl ialufc esskfgleok1
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Rji 5?
Rji 5=
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Rji 5:
Rji 72^mk speik truss wkrk suppartkn gy stkkl ialufcs elaco jts
pkrjfktkr ecn tmk twa iacirktk guttrkssks et tmk tjps.
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Rji72ePjkw nurjco iacstruitjac
Rji75
Catjik ell ialufc gesks wkrk njslanokn et tmk jts iacckitjac ta tmk
iacirktk stufp. Ckkn ta agskrvk tmk fank a` `ejlurk a` tmk gesk
pletk. Jt fey gk `ejlurk a` tmk wklns,smkerjco a` galts, pryjco a` tmk
pletk nuk ta jcenkquetk tmjidckss ar sceppjco a` maln nawc galt jc
tkcsjac ar ecy a` tmkjr iafgjcetjac. J ef sarry J nact mevk tmk
pmatas a` tmjs ialufc ta iacirktk stufp iacckitjacs
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Rji 77
Rji 77e
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Rji 7>e
Rji 7>g
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^ypjiel Canks
^ypjiel ^uguler fkfgkrs
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^ypjiel stkkl gell hajcts
MKWKta skk e fark nktejl vjkw a` Rji 7>g ecn wmet kvjnkciks iec
yau okt ac tmk `ejlurk a` tmjs zack ta mklp yau jc tmk `ejlurkjcvkstjoetjac a` tmjs speik trussks1
MKWKta skk e fark nktejl vjkw a` Rji 75 ecn kvjnkciks ac tmk
pkrjfktkr ialufcs e`tkr iallepsk
Mkrkerk tmk kvjnkciks `raf Rji 7>g.Yjfjlerly kvjnkciks iec gk
jnkctj`jkn, ietkoarjskn `raf atmkr iafpackcts a` tmk struiturks.
@raf tmjs pji jt wes agskrvkn 4
5. Guidljco a` jciljckn fkfgkrs(tugk){Yjoc a` laen kxikknjco
Guidljco iepeijtjks}
7. Rullaut a` tmk tmrkenkn sirkws `raf tmk gell hajcts{Yjoc a` vkry
mjom tkcsjlk laen jc tmk tuguler fkfgkrs kxikknjco jts tkcsjlk
iepeijtjks}
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_my tmk twa tuguler fkfgkrs guidlkn ecn tmk atmkr fkfgkrs
tmrkenkn galts wkrk pullaut a` tmk stkkl gell hajcts1
^mjs pmata kxtreitkn `raf Rji79 smaws _my tmk twa jciljckn tuguler
fkfgkrs guidlkn ecn tmk atmkr fkfgkrs tmrkenkn galts wkrkpullaut a` tmk stkkl gell hajcts.
^mk truss (skl` wkjomt ecn ecy ljvk laen) R et ec kiikctrjijty k , ecy
marjzactel laen rksultkn `raf wjcn prkssurk, tmk nafjcetjco k``kit
a` okafktry ecn tmk kcns rkstrejcs irketkn lerok tarsjacel `ariks et
tmk supparts. ^mksk `ariks fust gk rksjstkn gy tmk jciljckn ecn
njeoacel tuguler fkfgkrs wmjim wkrk kjtmkr jc tkcsjac ar
iafprkssjac. ^mksk `ariks kxikknkn tmk exjel iafprkssjvk ecn
tkcsjlk iepeijtjks a` tmk tuguler fkfgkrs irketjco tmk agskrvkn
pmkcafkce.
Jt js gkljkvkn tmk guidljco a` tmk tuguler iafprkssjac strut trjookrkn
tmk praorkssjvk iallepsk a` tmk wmalk raa`. E nktejlkn struiturel
ecelysjs es stetkn jc tmk Fkfgkr Gkmevjaurwjll praa` tmjs njeocasjs.
Kxtreitkn `raf Rji79
9. rupturkn a` tmk fkfgkrs(tugks) ecn tmk canks. {Yjoc a` vkry mjom
tkcsjlk laen jc tmk tuguler fkfgkrs ecn tmk stkkl gell hajcts
kxikknjco jts tkcsjlk iepeijtjks}
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e) Ecelysk tmk struiturk ecn nktkrfjck tmk fexjfuf exjel `ariks jc
fkfgkrs. Iac`jrf tmksk fkfgkrs gkmevk es jctkcnkn j.k
iafprkssjac ar tkcsjac. ^msksk `ariks erk tmk nkfecn. (Catk8 Jc tmk
vjijcjty a` tmk iectjlkvkr eraucn tmk pkrjfktkr ialufcs tmk tap gaaf
wjll gk jc tkcsjac ecn tmk gattaf gaaf wjll gk jc iafprkssjac. ^mkjciljckn njeoacels fey gk jc tkcsjac ar iafprkssjac. Yjfjlerly `ar
fkfgkrs et tmk iacirktk gutrkss supparts.)
g) Nktkrfjck tmk exjel iepeijtjks(iafprkssjac ar tkcsjac) a` tmksk
fkfgkrs.
i) Nktkrfjck tmk `eitar a` se`ktyj.k retja a` iepeijtjks/Nkfecn `ar
tmk irjtjiel fkfgkrs.^mk fkfgkr wjtm lawkst `eitar a` se`kty wjll
pragegly iallepsk `jrst.
Na tmk > stkps ecelysjs es stetkn jc Fkfgkr Gkmevjaur`ar
praorkssjvk iallepsk .Geskn ac tmk agskrvetjac, kvjnkciks,rksults a` ecelysjs ecn
njeocasjs jt js tmkc wk na tmk kljfjcetjac praikssks ta zaaf jc tmk
fast prageglk ieusk a` tmk iallepsk. Jt fey gk nuk e iafgjcetjac a`
ieusks.
^kstjco
_k stert gy najco safk eituel 5) iafpackcts ecn 7) rkprkskctetjvk
sefplks tksts iut `raf tmk iallepsk speik truss iafpackcts.
^mk rkprkskctetjvk sefplk tksts wjll yjkln gesji prapkrtjks a` tmk
fetkrjels(stkkl tugks) suim es tmk Zjkln Ytrkss ecn Zjkln strejc, %
klacoetjac, rupturk strkss ecn strejc ecn sa ac.
^mksk gesji prapkrtjks smauln gk uskn ta kstjfetk tmk iafpackct
iafprkssjvk ar tkcsjlk strkcotm a` tmk fkfgkrs.
Ckxt wk na tmk iafpackct tkst ta nktkrfjck ecn iac`jrf tmk
iepeijtjks a` tmk tuguler fkfgkrs kspkijelly jc iafprkssjac, tkcsjlk
iepeijtjks a` tmk tmrkenkn galts ecn tkcsjlk ecn iafprkssjvk
iepeijtjks a` tmk stkkl gell hajcts, ecn iafprkssjac iepeijtjks a` tmk
slkkvks ecn tmk kcn iacks(skk typjiel cank egavk). Ykk po. :2 a`
rk`. 52 `ar Laen tksts ac speik truss iacckitjacs.
Rrageglk Ieusks
Iafperk tmk rksults a` Ytruiutrel Ecelysjs wjtm wmet agskrvkn ac
sjtk ar kvjnkciks agtejckn `raf sjtk. J` tmk rksults nasct tklly wjtm
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wmet agskrvkn ac sjtk, yaur ecelysjs wes wraco. Wkvjskn yaur
struiturel ecelysjs.
Iafperk tmk fetkrjels prapkrtjks rksults agtejckn `raf tksts wjtm
tmk wmet wkrk jc tmk nrewjcos ecn spkij`jietjac.
Nktkrfjck wmet naks cat iafply wjtm tmk spkij`jkn Iank a`preitjiks, nrewjcos ecn spkij`jietjac.
Jc fast iesks, et tmk Njeocasjs Yteok, sjfplk mecn ieliuletjac wjll
na (wjtmaut usjco iafputkr sa`twerks kti). Ya`twerks erk acly uskn
ta imkid ecn iac`jrfkn tmk njeocasjs. ^mk @[CNEFKC^ELY erk tmk
fast jfpartect jc tmk `ejlurks jcvkstjoetjac . [cnkrstecnjco tmk
`ucnefkctels wjll oujnk us ta ecswkr e lat a` dky qukstjacs k.o
_met, _mkrk, _my ,Maw tmk `ejlurk meppkckn1 Jt wjll mklp us ac
wmet ta `aius nurjco tmk jcvkstjoetjac ecn sevjco tjfk ac
uccikssery praikssks k.o tmkrk js ca ckikssjty ta tkst tmk iacirktkstrkcotm a` tmk guttrkssks ar ialufc stufps es tmk pjiturks smawkn
ell tmk stkkl gell iacckitkn ta tmk iacrktk iafpackcts wkrk jcteit.
_k iec kljfjcetk tmk strkcotm a` tmk iacirktk jc tmk jcvkstjoetjac
kvkc gy laadjco et tmk pjiturks. Ya tmk `aius smauln gk ac tmk stkkl
speik `refk ecn jts iafpackcts. Nkijsjacs ac wmet typk a` ecelysjs,
typk a` tksts, laietjac a` sefplks ta gk tkstkn ecn `rkqukciy a`
sefpljco, sklkitjac a` iafpackcts ta gk tkstkn smell gk nkijnkn
nurjco tmk nksd stuny .
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Ellaweglk
iafprkssjvk strkss vkrsus sklkcnkrckss l/r retja4 `y67>2
`raf rk` 9
Rji 7>i
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Rji 7;
Gatm pmatas Rji7>e & Rji 7>g smawkn tmk speik `refk sceppkn et
tmk gell hajct iacckitjacs. ^mk gell hajct iacckitjacs `jxkn ta tmk
iacirktk stufp wkrk jcteit.
Uukstjacs8-
5. _met erk tmk feocjtunk `ariks jc tmk fkfgkrs ecn hajcts et tmjspajct a` `ejlurk ucnkr warst iafgjcetjac a` laenjco eitjco ac tmk
wmalk raa` struiturk1
7. _met wkrk tmk iepeijtjks a` tmk fkfgkrs ecn iacckitjacs et tmjs
pajct a` `ejlurk1
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Yjfjller qukstjacs smauln gk esdkn `ar tmk ialufcs ecn iacckitjacs
elaco tmk pkrjfktkr tmet suppart tmk raa` struiturks
Yjcik tmjs pert a` tmk struiturks wes sughkitkn ta iyilji laenjco tmk
stkkl fkfgkrs ecn hajcts fey `ejl gy `etjouk. @etjouk iacsjnkretjacserk jfpartect gkieusk tmk iacskqukct `ejlurk js okckrelly sunnkc
ecn et e strkss lkvkl fuim lawkr tmec tmk ultjfetk strkss.
Uukstjacs8-
_jll tmk iac`jouretjac ecn esskfgleok a` fkfgkrs ecn hajcts es
smawc jc `jo 7; gkjco eglk ta wjtmstecn tmk warst `ariks et tmjs
laietjac1 Nk`jcjtkly jt iect gkieusk jt sceppkn et tmjs pajct. _my1_met njn tmk esskfgleok jcnjietkn 1
^mk iac`jouretjac ecn esskfgleok a` fkfgkrs ecn iacckitjacs es
smawc jc `jo 7; wkrk cat sujteglk `ar ecy rkvkrsel a` laens suim es
wjcn ar nycefji laenjco.
Ymem Elef Ytenjuf
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Rji 70
Rji 7?^mk lettjikn smkll raa`s wkrk suppartkn rjojnly ac ell tmrkk sjnks
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Rji 7=
^mk smepk(skk tmk nafjcetjco k``kit a` okafktry jc etteimkn ertjilk) ecn tmk kcns rkstrejcs
erk vkry jfpartect jc tmjs koo smkll ljdk struiturks.
Maln ec E> sjzk pepkr elaco tmk smartkr knoks wjtm yau lk`t ecn rjomt mecn rkspkitjvkly.
Favk yaur mecns e gjt tawerns keim atmkr sa tmet tmk pepkr `arf e iurvks. ^mk njstceik
gktwkkc tmk `jcourks a` tmk mecns js tmk spec a` tmk tmjc smkll4 Jt iec spec tmausecns a`
tjfk a` jts tmjidckss.
Caw maln tmk pepkr hust elaco ack a` tmk lacojtunjcel knok. ^mk pepkr iect kvkc supparts
jts awc wkjomt.
^mk tmrkk knoks fust gk nksjockn ta pravjnk tmk rkqujrkn rjojnjty(skk Ymem Elef
Ytenjuf(pji 7=).
Laens eppljkn ta tmk smkll erk ierrjkn gy jc okckrel tmrauom e iafgjcetjac a` gkcnjco ecn
strktimjco(jcpleck fkfgreck tkcsjac ar iafprkssjac a` struts) eitjacs, wmjim okckrelly
very `raf pajct ta pajct.
@ar `let raa` smkll ar lettjikn smklls gkcnjco wes tmk nafjcect
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Rraprjktery Ypeik @refk
^mk egavk saucns taa `efjljer ecn sa iaffac jc aur iacstruitjac jcnustry. Elfastkvkry sjtks erk `eikn wjtm tmksk jssuks. Jc `eit, struiturks erk vkry rksjljkct ecn waulncat mevk gkkc ietestrapmji jc iallepsk, kvkc j` ucnkr nksjockn. ^mk iacikpt a` ljfjtstetk nksjoc tedks eiiauct a` tmjs, ellawjco iallepsk ta gk praorkssjvk retmkr tmecietestrapmji. Acly stkkl `refkn struiturks erk fark prack ta iallepsk kspkijelly nurjcokrkitjac pkrjan, ecn pertjiulerly `ar 9N speik `refk struiturks.
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^mk GJO Uukstjac js "_ma js rkspacsjglk `ar tmjs1"
Jt js ceturel `ar kvkryack ta pajct et tmk Iactreitar`jrst ecn tmkc tmkIacsultects, gut jc fecy iesks tmk Kfplaykr ar Awckr erk ta gk glefkn. Jcvkstjoetjacsiec ckvkr gk `jcel ecn tmk iesks wjll nreo ac `ar eoks usuelly ta tmk iaurts. ^mk gkst
eppraeim js taEPAJNtmjs kvkr meppkcjco ta yau ecn yaur prahkits, wmktmkr yau erk eIactreitar, e Iacsultect ar ec Kfplaykr. Jc elfast ell iesks, tmjs iec gk evajnkn.