The Collapse Stadium Roof Pindaan 1(Sebab Dan Kesan Runtuh Bumbung) Uitm

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    ^mk Iallepsk Ytenjuf Waa`Njsilejfkr8 njeocasjs wes fenk geskn ac fy ljfjtkn dcawlknok, kxpkrjkcik ,nete ecn jc`arfetjac. Jt

    fey gk rjomt ar wraco. ^mk purpask js hust ta smerk dcawlknok

    Ieusks ecn K``kit A`^mk IallepsknYultec Fjzec Xejcel EgjnjcYtenjuf Waa`

    5.2 Jctranuitjac

    Yultec Fjzec Xejcel Egjnjc Ytenjufjs efultj-purpask stenjuf jcDuele^krkcooecu,Feleysje,iacstruitkn gy e Yautm Darkec iacstruitjac `jrf. ^aoktmkr wjtmtmk enheikct Fjcj Ytenjuf, jt `arfs tmk ikctrkpjkik a` ^krkcooecu Yparts Iafplkx. Jt

    wes uskn fastly `ar`aatgell fetimks. ^mk stenjuf malns ;2,222 pkaplk ecn js cefkne`tkr tmk rkjocjco ^krkcooecu Wulkr, Yultec Fjzec Xejcel Egjnjc. ^mk gjookst stenjuf jctmk Kest Iaest rkojac a` Rkcjcsuler Feleysje, jt wes gujlt ta rkpleikYultec JsfejlCesjrunnjc Ymem Ytenjuf es tmk stetk's fejc stenjuf.Yultec Fjzec Xejcel

    Egjnjc mjfskl`, wma wes tmkc tmk 59tmZeco NjRkrtuec Eoaco a``jijetkn tmk stenjuf ac52tm Fey 722=. Jts `jrst fehar usk wes es tmk fejc vkcuk `arYudfe Oefks 722=

    7.2 Iallepsk a` tmk raa`

    Ac Huck 7, 722:, e fehar pert a` tmk raa` iacstruitjac iallepskn ucnkr carfel wketmkriacnjtjacs, jcilunjco tmk skitjac egavk tmk rayel gax. Jt wes acly egaut e yker e`tkr tmkstenjuf wes a``jijelly apkckn. _jtckss eiiaucts jcnjietkn tmet e laco laun saucn sjfjlerta e hkt kcojck cajsk wes mkern es tmk raa` `kll ta kertm jc pjkiks. E cufgkr a` ste``wkrk jc tmk stenjuf nurjco tmk iallepsk, wjtm prkperetjacs `ar versjty ste`` oefks gkjcofenk. Jc ennjtjac ta tmk oefks okttjco iecikllkn, fecy pjkiks a` kqujpfkct wkrkkjtmkr nefeokn ar nkstraykn ecn vkmjilks perdkn ckergy gkjco nefeokn. @artucetkly,ca iesueltjks wkrk rkpartkn.

    9.2 Kljfjcetjac a` prageglk ieusks `ar tmk iallepsk

    Kljfjcetjac a` prageglk ieusks `ar tmk iallepsk men ta gk nack et

    tmrkk steoks ( praikssks ) a`8-

    e. Nksjoc

    g. Iacstruitjac

    http://ktsadium.wordpress.com/http://ktsadium.wordpress.com/2009/08/14/8/http://ktsadium.wordpress.com/2009/08/14/8/http://ktsadium.wordpress.com/2009/08/14/8/http://ktsadium.wordpress.com/2009/08/14/8/http://ktsadium.wordpress.com/2009/08/14/8/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Terengganuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Terengganuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ismail_Nasiruddin_Shah_Stadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ismail_Nasiruddin_Shah_Stadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Mizan_Zainal_Abidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Mizan_Zainal_Abidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_DiPertuan_Agonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukma_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukma_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_DiPertuan_Agonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Mizan_Zainal_Abidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Mizan_Zainal_Abidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ismail_Nasiruddin_Shah_Stadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ismail_Nasiruddin_Shah_Stadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Terengganuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Terengganuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadiumhttp://ktsadium.wordpress.com/2009/08/14/8/http://ktsadium.wordpress.com/2009/08/14/8/http://ktsadium.wordpress.com/
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    Mk js ellkokn ta mevk sjockn ecn sugfjttkn tmk naiufkct ta tmk stetk Ruglji _ards

    Nkpertfkct (R_N) njrkitar Waslj Xejcel wmjim wes elsa tectefauct ta nkikjvjco tmk

    tmkc Ytetk Ykirktery Netud Fadmter Caco jcta gkljkvjco mk wes tmk eppravkn kxefjckr.

    ^mk jcijnkct aiiurrkn lkss tmec e yker e`tkr tmk mecnavkr a` tmk stenjuf ta kceglk tmk

    stetk ta mast tmk Feleysje Oefks (Yudfe) jc Fey 722:.

    >.2 Ieusks a` Iallepsk a` tmk Ytenjuf Waa` Ytruiturk

    ^mk Wkparts gy tmk Jcvkstjoetjac Iaffjttkk mjomljomtkn e `kw `eitars wmjim iauln mevkiactrjgutkn ta tmk `ejlurk a` tmk raa` struiturks es sufferjskn gklaw 8-

    5. ^mk nksjoc wes jcenkquetk7. ^mk raa` wes cat krkitkn prapkrlyrksultjco jc fjseljocfkct9. Ca queljty iactralac Yjtk>. Fetkrjels ecn _ardfecsmjp cat jc eiiarnecik ta spkij`jietjacs;. Eltkrcetjvk nksjocs`raf Iactreitar wes enaptkn wjtmaut prapkr ecelysjs

    ^mk egavk saucns taa `efjljer ecn sa iaffac jc aur iacstruitjac jcnustry. Elfastkvkry sjtks erk `eikn wjtm tmksk jssuks. Jc `eit, struiturks erk vkry rksjljkct ecn waulncat mevk gkkc ietestrapmji jc iallepsk, kvkc j` ucnkr nksjockn. ^mk iacikpt a` ljfjtstetk nksjoc tedks eiiauct a` tmjs, ellawjco iallepsk ta gk praorkssjvk retmkr tmecietestrapmji. Acly stkkl `refkn struiturks erk fark prack ta iallepsk kspkijelly nurjcokrkitjac pkrjan, ecn pertjiulerly `ar 9N speik `refk struiturks.

    Mkrk js e ieusks a` tmk iallepsk 8-

    j. ^mk nksjoc wes jcenkquetk

    ^mk iaffjttkk elsa nktkrfjckn tmet tmk fejc ieusk a` tmk iallepsk

    ta gk, efaco atmkrs, `eulty nksjoc wjtm `ejlurk ta tedk jcta eiiauct

    tmk suppart iacnjtjac a` tmk raa` struiturk.

    Ec jcvkstjoetjac iaffjttkk kstegljsmkn gy tmk Ruglji _ards

    Nkpertfkct ta nktkrfjck tmk ieusk a` tmk iallepsk et tmk WF7:7fjlstenjuf ucnkrljckn skvkrel iruijel `eitars jc e nktejlkn 02-peok

    iac`jnkctjel rkpart sugfjttkn ta tmk stetk oavkrcfkct ack yker

    e`tkr tmk jcijnkct.

    jj. ^mk raa` wes cat krkitkn prapkrlyrksultjco jc fjseljocfkct

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    _k fust iacsjnkr cat acly wmet laenjco iacnjtjacs fjomt k``kit e

    struiturk, gut elsa maw tmask laens erk trecs`krkn `raf tmkjr pajct

    a` arjojc tmrauom tmk struiturk ta tmk oraucn. Ytruiutrel nksjoc

    nkijsjacs iacikrcjco tmk struiturel `refjco systkf wjll njitetk tmjs

    `law a` `ariks. ^mk fast njrkit petm `raf tmk pajct a` laenjco ta tmkoraucn wjll irketk tmk fast k``jijkct struiturk. ^mk iactjcujty a` tmjs

    ljck a` trecs`kr js ksskctjel. Mawkvkr, tmjs njrkit petm js cat elweys

    passjglk. Es e fettkr a` `eit, nuk ta tmk ceturk a` ljvk laens tmjs petm

    js iacstectly imecojco.

    jjj. Fetkrjels ecn _ardfecsmjp cat jc eiiarnecik ta spkij`jietjacs

    Efaco tmk `eitars ijtkn wkrk skrjaus kcojckkrjco `lews, smanny

    wardfecsmjp, jc`krjar fetkrjels ecn leid a` kxpkrtjsk jc tmk dky

    prahkit feceokfkct tkef.

    jv. Ca queljty iactralac Yjtk, ste`` cat iafpktkcik

    Jt elsa stetkn tmet tmk prahkit feceokfkct tkef njn cat mevk tmk

    ckikssery sdjlls ecn iafpktkcik ta feceok e prahkit a` suim

    feocjtunk ecn iafplkxjty.

    v. Eltkrcetjvk nksjocs`raf Iactreitar wes enaptkn wjtmaut prapkr ecelysjs

    ^mk iaffjttkk elsa nktkrfjckn tmet tmk fejc ieusk a` tmk iallepsk

    ta gk, efaco atmkrs, `eulty nksjoc wjtm `ejlurk ta tedk jcta eiiauct

    tmk suppart iacnjtjac a` tmk raa` struiturk. ^kimcjiel ste`` et sjtk

    nact dcaw (cat iafpktkcik) wmet ta na wmkc tmky rkikjvkn

    eltkrcetjvk nksjoc `raf iactreitar. ^mky fust skct ta tmk nksjockr

    kcojckr ta ecelysjs tmk eltkrcetjvk nksjoc.

    >.2 K``kit `raf Yparts Ytenjuf iallepsk

    ^mk k``kit `raf tmk spart stenjuf iallepsk es sufferjskn gklaw 8-

    j. Gen Jfeok ta aur iacstruitjac jcnustry ta tmk warln

    jj. Aur laiel iacsultect kcojckkr iect fkkt e warln iless rkqujrkfkct

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    jjj. Ruglji tmjcdjco ell tmk pkrsac jcvalvk kspkijelly Ruglji _ard Nkpertfkct (HDW)ecn iacsultect jcvalvk wjtm tmk iarruptjac. @ar tmjs iesk tmk FEII mes swucojcta eitjac ecn gkoec jcvkstjoetjco tmk fecckr tmk iactreits wkrk ewernkn `artmk Yultec Fjzec Xejcel Egjnjc Ytenjuf (^mk Yter taney). Js iarruptjac jcvalvkn1

    jv.

    Gleid ljst aur laiel iacsultect kcojckkr ecn pkceljzkn

    Jc Ckws Ytrejt jfks netkn H uck 9, 722: stetkn tmet tmk ia csu ltect

    kcojckkr wes imerokn avkr krkcooecu s tenjuf ia l lepsk

    Geskn ac tmk imerok smkkt, _ec Fecec _ec Coem Rrjcijpel `raf iacsultect

    iafpecy wes ellkokn ta mevk eitkn ljdk ec eppravkn kxefjckr jc jssujco e

    naiufkct netkn Hec 5;, 722: ac tmk fejc raa` truss systkf ecn jts rkletkn

    wards `ar tmk prapasel ta iacstruit tmk fejc stenjuf, dcawc es tmk

    ^krkcooecu Ypart Iafplkx.

    Mk js ellkokn ta mevk sjockn ecn sugfjttkn tmk naiufkct ta tmk stetk Ruglji_ards Nkpertfkct (R_N) njrkitar Waslj Xejcel wmjim wes elsa tectefauct tankikjvjco tmk tmkc Ytetk Ykirktery Netud Fadmter Caco jcta gkljkvjco mk westmk eppravkn kxefjckr

    v. Jfeok a` kcojckkr a` Ruglji _ard Nkpertfkct (HDW) cat sa oaan. Caw ell tmkHDW kcojckkr `raf stetk a` ^krkcooecu elrkeny trecs`kr ta HDW Feleysje ecn

    fust tedk e iaursk ta fedk tmkjr iafpktkct kspkijelly ta feceok ecnsupkrvjsk gjo prahkit ecn fedk dcawlknok jc nksjoc

    vj. Ca fark ward ta gk ojvkc ta iacsultjco kcojckkr

    vjj. ^mk nefeok wes kxtkcsjvk, es preitjielly tmk wmalk kest wjco iefk irusmnawc, e `kw iers wkrk nefeokn. ^mk iactreitar wes e Yautm Darkec

    Iafpecy wmjlk tmk Iacsultects wkrk laiel Feleysjecs. Oavkrcfkct oajco taspkct egaut WF9;fjl ([Y$52fjl) `ar rkpejrkn wards.

    vj j j . Jc Ckws Ytrejt jfks netkn Huck 9, 722: stetkn tmet tmk iacsu ltect

    kcojckkr wes imerokn avkr krkcooecu s tenjuf ia l lepsk

    Geskn ac tmk imerok smkkt, _ec Fecec `raf iacsultect iafpecy wes

    ellkokn ta mevk eitkn ljdk ec eppravkn kxefjckr jc jssujco e naiufkct netkn

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    Hec 5;, 722: ac tmk fejc raa` truss systkf ecn jts rkletkn wards `ar tmk

    prapasel ta iacstruit tmk fejc stenjuf, dcawc es tmk ^krkcooecu Ypart

    Iafplkx.

    Mk js ellkokn ta mevk sjockn ecn sugfjttkn tmk naiufkct ta tmk stetk Ruglji_ards Nkpertfkct (R_N) njrkitar Waslj Xejcel wmjim wes elsa tectefauct tankikjvjco tmk tmkc Ytetk Ykirktery Netud Fadmter Caco jcta gkljkvjco mk westmk eppravkn kxefjckr

    Jt wes rkpartkn jc Huck 722:, jc Duele ^krrkcooecu, Feleysje, tmet tmk raa`a` e WF922 fjl ([Y $:2 fjl) Yparts Ytenjuf iallepsk sunnkcly hust e`tkr jtwes rkikctly iafplktkn.

    Yjcik tmk wards wkrk stjll wjtmjc tmk nk`kits ljegjljty pkrjan wmjim js usuelly 57 factmsar fark `ar suim e fessjvk prahkit, tmk iast a` rkfknjel wards wkrk garck gy tmkIactreitar. _met atmkr jssuks jcvalvkn wauln gk ucnkr tmk rklkvect eutmarjtjks.

    Ec Jcvkstjoetjac Iaffjttkk wes jffknjetkly skt up wjtm jcvalvkfkct `raf tmk Ruglji_ards Nkpertfkct, Fjcjstry a` _ards, Wkletkn Eokcijks, Kxpkrts, ecn ec kxtkcsjvkrkpart wes letkr iafpjlkn.

    @raf tmk stetkfkct gy Ruglji _ard Nkpertfkct tmk fehar ieusk `ar tmk iallepsk a` tmkraa` wes jnkctj`jkn ta gk tmk nksjoc `eult ecn jceppraprjetk fetkrjels. ^mkrk wkrkelsa rkparts a` sparenji laun gecos ecn struiturk nefeok prjar ta tmk iallepsk. Ack a`tmk struiturel rkpejr hags ac tmk raa` wes simknulkn ac tmk ney a` tmk iallepsk jtskl`,elaco wjtm safk klkitrjiel rkpejr wards gkjco ierrjkn aut ac atmkr pert a` tmk stenjuf.

    Es a` Huck 7252, tmk ilkecjco ward ecn rklaietjac a` tmk iallepskn raa` wkrk cat`jcjsmkn.

    Yafk a` tmk pmataorepms a` tmk raa` stenjuf iallepsk wauln gk rkvkeljco 8-

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    Ekrjel Rjiturk a` tmkIallepskn Waa`. Catk tmettmk atmkr struiturks erk

    jcteit, jt js acly tmk raa`wmjim `ejlkn ecn tmk raa` jseituelly e Rraprjktery Ypeik@refk Ytruiturk, ecn catnksjockn ecn `egrjietkn gylaiel iactreitars ac sjtk.Catk elsa tmet Ypeik @refkserk ell Rjcckn Hajctkn ecnnksjockn geskn ac njrkit`ariks, tkcsjac ar

    iafprkssjac.

    Rert a` tmk Waa` Ytruiturkwmjim smaws tmk Ypeik@refks jcvalvkn

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    Fark pjiturks smawjco tmkkxtkcsjvk iallepsk a` tmkwmalk raa`.

    Catk tmet Ypeik @refks erk

    jctkrnkpkcnkct ac keimatmkr `ar strkcotm. Jt js vkrywked ecn ucsteglk uctjl jt jskrkitkn ecn `ariks erktrecsfjttkn `raf tap nawc.Jt js elsa vkry skcsjtjvk ecnecy `ejlurk wauln gk fark a`e "nafjca k``kit"

    Kxtkcsjvk Ljvks wauln mevkgkkc last men tmk YpartsYtenjuf gkkc aiiupjknnurjco tmk Feleysje Oefks !

    Nksjockrs ecn pertjiulerlyYtruiturel Kcojckkrs fust gkeiutkly ewerk tmet ecystruiturks yau na fust ckvkr`ejl ucnkr ecy ijriufsteciks,

    es ecy `ejlurks iauln rksult jciallepsk ecn last a` ljvks, catta sey vkry iastly.

    Ytenjuf gk`ark iallepsk

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    Rji 7

    Jfeojck j` tmk iallepsk meppkckn et tmjs fafkct. ^mausecns a` pkaplk wjll gk djllkn ecn

    jchurkn!

    Ytenjuf e`tkr iallepsk

    Rlkesk laad tmksk pjiturks `ar iluks. Jt smawkn safk tkll telk sjoc tmet ckkn ta gk iac`jrfkn

    gy fkesurkfkcts, ecelysjs ecn tkstjco

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    Rji 9 _met wkrk tmk skqukcik a` `ejlurks gk`ark tatel iallepsk1

    Rji > Agskrvkn tmk rkfejcjco speik trussks etteimkn ta tmk iacirktk guttrkss

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    Rji ;

    Rji 0

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    Rji ? . ^mk atmkr iacirktk guttrkss. Agskrvkn sjfjler pettkrc a` `ejlurk

    Rji = Iacirktk Guttrkss

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    Rji : Ykk tmk lerok spec gktwkkc tmk iacirktk gutrkss ecn tmk `jrst ialufc suppart elaco

    tmk pkrjfetkr

    Rji 52

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    Rji 55

    Rji 57

    _met wkrk tmk passjglk `ariks eitjco ac esskfgleok jc tmk zack wmkrk tmk speik truss

    sceppkn1 ^mksk `ariks arjojcetkn `raf 8Pkrtielly- Nken Laen, Wejc wetkr laenjco!Jc pleck

    laenjco nuk ta tkfpkreturk k``kit, Marjzactelly(rkvkrseglk)-wjcn laenjco ecn atmkr

    nycefji laenjco suim es oraucn favkfkct!

    http://img55.imageshack.us/img55/2948/pic46a.jpghttp://img55.imageshack.us/img55/2948/pic46a.jpg
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    _met wkrk tmk Nkfecn a` ell passjglk warst `ariks et tmk kcn a` speik trussks cker tmk

    iacirktk gutrkssks1 _met wkrk tmk Iepeijtjks a` tmk stkkl fkfgkrs, iacckitjacs ecn

    esskfgleok eoejcst tmask `ariks1

    Rji57e

    Rji 57g

    http://img391.imageshack.us/img391/1130/pic41.jpghttp://img391.imageshack.us/img391/1130/pic41.jpghttp://img502.imageshack.us/img502/7495/pic45.jpghttp://img502.imageshack.us/img502/7495/pic45.jpghttp://img502.imageshack.us/img502/7495/pic45.jpghttp://img391.imageshack.us/img391/1130/pic41.jpg
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    Rji 59

    Rji 5>

    http://img299.imageshack.us/img299/3751/viewfromscoreboard.jpghttp://img299.imageshack.us/img299/3751/viewfromscoreboard.jpghttp://img2.imageshack.us/img2/2905/08021403stadium.jpghttp://img2.imageshack.us/img2/2905/08021403stadium.jpghttp://img2.imageshack.us/img2/2905/08021403stadium.jpghttp://img299.imageshack.us/img299/3751/viewfromscoreboard.jpghttp://img299.imageshack.us/img299/3751/viewfromscoreboard.jpg
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    Rji5;

    Rji 50

    http://img524.imageshack.us/img524/6170/08021415stadium.jpghttp://img524.imageshack.us/img524/6170/08021415stadium.jpghttp://img82.imageshack.us/img82/1378/08040807stadium.jpghttp://img82.imageshack.us/img82/1378/08040807stadium.jpghttp://img82.imageshack.us/img82/1378/08040807stadium.jpghttp://img82.imageshack.us/img82/1378/08040807stadium.jpghttp://img524.imageshack.us/img524/6170/08021415stadium.jpg
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    Rji50eIljid ac tmk ieptjac ta kclerok tmk pji.

    ^mjs pmata smawkn tmk speik `refks wkrk suppartkn gy iacckitjac et tmk ialufc gutrkss

    ecn tmk ialufcs elaco tmk pkrjfktkr a` tmk stenjuf. ^mjs ialufc `rkk partjac ac gatm sjnk

    a` tmk stenjuf laads ucsteglk. ^mk speik `refk wes fejcly suppartkn gy tmk ialufcs

    pleikn elaco tmk pkrjfktkr a` tmk stenjuf.(Ykk pmata 5=,57,72 ecn 77.

    Uukstjac8

    _met wes tmk enkqueiy a` tmksk ialufcs ta suppart tmk warst

    laenjco `raf tmk speik `refk1 Agskrvk tmk sjzk a` tmk lest pkrjfktkr

    stkkl ialufc esskfgleok1

    http://img82.imageshack.us/img82/1378/08040807stadium.jpghttp://img402.imageshack.us/img402/4641/pic59.jpghttp://img402.imageshack.us/img402/4641/pic59.jpghttp://img82.imageshack.us/img82/1378/08040807stadium.jpghttp://img402.imageshack.us/img402/4641/pic59.jpghttp://img82.imageshack.us/img82/1378/08040807stadium.jpg
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    Rji 5?

    Rji 5=

    http://img200.imageshack.us/img200/3883/pic59a.jpghttp://img200.imageshack.us/img200/3883/pic59a.jpghttp://img143.imageshack.us/img143/879/pic44.jpghttp://img143.imageshack.us/img143/879/pic44.jpghttp://img143.imageshack.us/img143/879/pic44.jpghttp://img200.imageshack.us/img200/3883/pic59a.jpg
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    Rji 5:

    Rji 72^mk speik truss wkrk suppartkn gy stkkl ialufcs elaco jts

    pkrjfktkr ecn tmk twa iacirktk guttrkssks et tmk tjps.

    http://img259.imageshack.us/img259/4606/08040801stadium.jpghttp://img259.imageshack.us/img259/4606/08040801stadium.jpghttp://img259.imageshack.us/img259/4606/08040801stadium.jpg
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    Rji72ePjkw nurjco iacstruitjac

    Rji75

    Catjik ell ialufc gesks wkrk njslanokn et tmk jts iacckitjac ta tmk

    iacirktk stufp. Ckkn ta agskrvk tmk fank a` `ejlurk a` tmk gesk

    pletk. Jt fey gk `ejlurk a` tmk wklns,smkerjco a` galts, pryjco a` tmk

    pletk nuk ta jcenkquetk tmjidckss ar sceppjco a` maln nawc galt jc

    tkcsjac ar ecy a` tmkjr iafgjcetjac. J ef sarry J nact mevk tmk

    pmatas a` tmjs ialufc ta iacirktk stufp iacckitjacs

    http://img9.imageshack.us/img9/3452/08030501stadium.jpghttp://img9.imageshack.us/img9/3452/08030501stadium.jpghttp://img58.imageshack.us/img58/3336/pic69k.jpghttp://img58.imageshack.us/img58/3336/pic69k.jpghttp://img58.imageshack.us/img58/3336/pic69k.jpghttp://img9.imageshack.us/img9/3452/08030501stadium.jpg
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    Rji 77

    Rji 77e

    http://img83.imageshack.us/img83/1146/spacetrussdup.jpghttp://img83.imageshack.us/img83/1146/spacetrussdup.jpghttp://img83.imageshack.us/img83/1146/spacetrussdup.jpghttp://img83.imageshack.us/img83/1146/spacetrussdup.jpg
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    Rji 7>e

    Rji 7>g

    http://img17.imageshack.us/img17/593/nonscoreboardbutressenl.jpghttp://img17.imageshack.us/img17/593/nonscoreboardbutressenl.jpghttp://img17.imageshack.us/img17/593/nonscoreboardbutressenl.jpg
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    ^ypjiel Canks

    ^ypjiel ^uguler fkfgkrs

    http://img41.imageshack.us/img41/2163/typnodes.jpghttp://img41.imageshack.us/img41/2163/typnodes.jpghttp://img527.imageshack.us/img527/7194/merosystem2.jpghttp://img527.imageshack.us/img527/7194/merosystem2.jpghttp://img527.imageshack.us/img527/7194/merosystem2.jpghttp://img41.imageshack.us/img41/2163/typnodes.jpg
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    ^ypjiel stkkl gell hajcts

    MKWKta skk e fark nktejl vjkw a` Rji 7>g ecn wmet kvjnkciks iec

    yau okt ac tmk `ejlurk a` tmjs zack ta mklp yau jc tmk `ejlurkjcvkstjoetjac a` tmjs speik trussks1

    MKWKta skk e fark nktejl vjkw a` Rji 75 ecn kvjnkciks ac tmk

    pkrjfktkr ialufcs e`tkr iallepsk

    Mkrkerk tmk kvjnkciks `raf Rji 7>g.Yjfjlerly kvjnkciks iec gk

    jnkctj`jkn, ietkoarjskn `raf atmkr iafpackcts a` tmk struiturks.

    @raf tmjs pji jt wes agskrvkn 4

    5. Guidljco a` jciljckn fkfgkrs(tugk){Yjoc a` laen kxikknjco

    Guidljco iepeijtjks}

    7. Rullaut a` tmk tmrkenkn sirkws `raf tmk gell hajcts{Yjoc a` vkry

    mjom tkcsjlk laen jc tmk tuguler fkfgkrs kxikknjco jts tkcsjlk

    iepeijtjks}

    http://img529.imageshack.us/img529/84/meroballjoint.jpghttp://img529.imageshack.us/img529/84/meroballjoint.jpghttp://img17.imageshack.us/img17/593/nonscoreboardbutressenl.jpghttp://img17.imageshack.us/img17/593/nonscoreboardbutressenl.jpghttp://img142.imageshack.us/img142/1106/perimetercolumns5087443.jpghttp://img142.imageshack.us/img142/1106/perimetercolumns5087443.jpghttp://img190.imageshack.us/img190/593/nonscoreboardbutressenl.jpghttp://img190.imageshack.us/img190/593/nonscoreboardbutressenl.jpghttp://img190.imageshack.us/img190/593/nonscoreboardbutressenl.jpghttp://img142.imageshack.us/img142/1106/perimetercolumns5087443.jpghttp://img17.imageshack.us/img17/593/nonscoreboardbutressenl.jpghttp://img529.imageshack.us/img529/84/meroballjoint.jpg
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    _my tmk twa tuguler fkfgkrs guidlkn ecn tmk atmkr fkfgkrs

    tmrkenkn galts wkrk pullaut a` tmk stkkl gell hajcts1

    ^mjs pmata kxtreitkn `raf Rji79 smaws _my tmk twa jciljckn tuguler

    fkfgkrs guidlkn ecn tmk atmkr fkfgkrs tmrkenkn galts wkrkpullaut a` tmk stkkl gell hajcts.

    ^mk truss (skl` wkjomt ecn ecy ljvk laen) R et ec kiikctrjijty k , ecy

    marjzactel laen rksultkn `raf wjcn prkssurk, tmk nafjcetjco k``kit

    a` okafktry ecn tmk kcns rkstrejcs irketkn lerok tarsjacel `ariks et

    tmk supparts. ^mksk `ariks fust gk rksjstkn gy tmk jciljckn ecn

    njeoacel tuguler fkfgkrs wmjim wkrk kjtmkr jc tkcsjac ar

    iafprkssjac. ^mksk `ariks kxikknkn tmk exjel iafprkssjvk ecn

    tkcsjlk iepeijtjks a` tmk tuguler fkfgkrs irketjco tmk agskrvkn

    pmkcafkce.

    Jt js gkljkvkn tmk guidljco a` tmk tuguler iafprkssjac strut trjookrkn

    tmk praorkssjvk iallepsk a` tmk wmalk raa`. E nktejlkn struiturel

    ecelysjs es stetkn jc tmk Fkfgkr Gkmevjaurwjll praa` tmjs njeocasjs.

    Kxtreitkn `raf Rji79

    9. rupturkn a` tmk fkfgkrs(tugks) ecn tmk canks. {Yjoc a` vkry mjom

    tkcsjlk laen jc tmk tuguler fkfgkrs ecn tmk stkkl gell hajcts

    kxikknjco jts tkcsjlk iepeijtjks}

    http://img21.imageshack.us/img21/663/pic60c.jpghttp://img21.imageshack.us/img21/663/pic60c.jpghttp://img21.imageshack.us/img21/663/pic60c.jpg
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    e) Ecelysk tmk struiturk ecn nktkrfjck tmk fexjfuf exjel `ariks jc

    fkfgkrs. Iac`jrf tmksk fkfgkrs gkmevk es jctkcnkn j.k

    iafprkssjac ar tkcsjac. ^msksk `ariks erk tmk nkfecn. (Catk8 Jc tmk

    vjijcjty a` tmk iectjlkvkr eraucn tmk pkrjfktkr ialufcs tmk tap gaaf

    wjll gk jc tkcsjac ecn tmk gattaf gaaf wjll gk jc iafprkssjac. ^mkjciljckn njeoacels fey gk jc tkcsjac ar iafprkssjac. Yjfjlerly `ar

    fkfgkrs et tmk iacirktk gutrkss supparts.)

    g) Nktkrfjck tmk exjel iepeijtjks(iafprkssjac ar tkcsjac) a` tmksk

    fkfgkrs.

    i) Nktkrfjck tmk `eitar a` se`ktyj.k retja a` iepeijtjks/Nkfecn `ar

    tmk irjtjiel fkfgkrs.^mk fkfgkr wjtm lawkst `eitar a` se`kty wjll

    pragegly iallepsk `jrst.

    Na tmk > stkps ecelysjs es stetkn jc Fkfgkr Gkmevjaur`ar

    praorkssjvk iallepsk .Geskn ac tmk agskrvetjac, kvjnkciks,rksults a` ecelysjs ecn

    njeocasjs jt js tmkc wk na tmk kljfjcetjac praikssks ta zaaf jc tmk

    fast prageglk ieusk a` tmk iallepsk. Jt fey gk nuk e iafgjcetjac a`

    ieusks.

    ^kstjco

    _k stert gy najco safk eituel 5) iafpackcts ecn 7) rkprkskctetjvk

    sefplks tksts iut `raf tmk iallepsk speik truss iafpackcts.

    ^mk rkprkskctetjvk sefplk tksts wjll yjkln gesji prapkrtjks a` tmk

    fetkrjels(stkkl tugks) suim es tmk Zjkln Ytrkss ecn Zjkln strejc, %

    klacoetjac, rupturk strkss ecn strejc ecn sa ac.

    ^mksk gesji prapkrtjks smauln gk uskn ta kstjfetk tmk iafpackct

    iafprkssjvk ar tkcsjlk strkcotm a` tmk fkfgkrs.

    Ckxt wk na tmk iafpackct tkst ta nktkrfjck ecn iac`jrf tmk

    iepeijtjks a` tmk tuguler fkfgkrs kspkijelly jc iafprkssjac, tkcsjlk

    iepeijtjks a` tmk tmrkenkn galts ecn tkcsjlk ecn iafprkssjvk

    iepeijtjks a` tmk stkkl gell hajcts, ecn iafprkssjac iepeijtjks a` tmk

    slkkvks ecn tmk kcn iacks(skk typjiel cank egavk). Ykk po. :2 a`

    rk`. 52 `ar Laen tksts ac speik truss iacckitjacs.

    Rrageglk Ieusks

    Iafperk tmk rksults a` Ytruiutrel Ecelysjs wjtm wmet agskrvkn ac

    sjtk ar kvjnkciks agtejckn `raf sjtk. J` tmk rksults nasct tklly wjtm

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    wmet agskrvkn ac sjtk, yaur ecelysjs wes wraco. Wkvjskn yaur

    struiturel ecelysjs.

    Iafperk tmk fetkrjels prapkrtjks rksults agtejckn `raf tksts wjtm

    tmk wmet wkrk jc tmk nrewjcos ecn spkij`jietjac.

    Nktkrfjck wmet naks cat iafply wjtm tmk spkij`jkn Iank a`preitjiks, nrewjcos ecn spkij`jietjac.

    Jc fast iesks, et tmk Njeocasjs Yteok, sjfplk mecn ieliuletjac wjll

    na (wjtmaut usjco iafputkr sa`twerks kti). Ya`twerks erk acly uskn

    ta imkid ecn iac`jrfkn tmk njeocasjs. ^mk @[CNEFKC^ELY erk tmk

    fast jfpartect jc tmk `ejlurks jcvkstjoetjac . [cnkrstecnjco tmk

    `ucnefkctels wjll oujnk us ta ecswkr e lat a` dky qukstjacs k.o

    _met, _mkrk, _my ,Maw tmk `ejlurk meppkckn1 Jt wjll mklp us ac

    wmet ta `aius nurjco tmk jcvkstjoetjac ecn sevjco tjfk ac

    uccikssery praikssks k.o tmkrk js ca ckikssjty ta tkst tmk iacirktkstrkcotm a` tmk guttrkssks ar ialufc stufps es tmk pjiturks smawkn

    ell tmk stkkl gell iacckitkn ta tmk iacrktk iafpackcts wkrk jcteit.

    _k iec kljfjcetk tmk strkcotm a` tmk iacirktk jc tmk jcvkstjoetjac

    kvkc gy laadjco et tmk pjiturks. Ya tmk `aius smauln gk ac tmk stkkl

    speik `refk ecn jts iafpackcts. Nkijsjacs ac wmet typk a` ecelysjs,

    typk a` tksts, laietjac a` sefplks ta gk tkstkn ecn `rkqukciy a`

    sefpljco, sklkitjac a` iafpackcts ta gk tkstkn smell gk nkijnkn

    nurjco tmk nksd stuny .

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    Ellaweglk

    iafprkssjvk strkss vkrsus sklkcnkrckss l/r retja4 `y67>2

    `raf rk` 9

    Rji 7>i

    http://http/img441.imageshack.us/img441/5093/alloablestressversussel.jpghttp://http/img441.imageshack.us/img441/5093/alloablestressversussel.jpghttp://http/img441.imageshack.us/img441/5093/alloablestressversussel.jpg
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    Rji 7;

    Gatm pmatas Rji7>e & Rji 7>g smawkn tmk speik `refk sceppkn et

    tmk gell hajct iacckitjacs. ^mk gell hajct iacckitjacs `jxkn ta tmk

    iacirktk stufp wkrk jcteit.

    Uukstjacs8-

    5. _met erk tmk feocjtunk `ariks jc tmk fkfgkrs ecn hajcts et tmjspajct a` `ejlurk ucnkr warst iafgjcetjac a` laenjco eitjco ac tmk

    wmalk raa` struiturk1

    7. _met wkrk tmk iepeijtjks a` tmk fkfgkrs ecn iacckitjacs et tmjs

    pajct a` `ejlurk1

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    Yjfjller qukstjacs smauln gk esdkn `ar tmk ialufcs ecn iacckitjacs

    elaco tmk pkrjfktkr tmet suppart tmk raa` struiturks

    Yjcik tmjs pert a` tmk struiturks wes sughkitkn ta iyilji laenjco tmk

    stkkl fkfgkrs ecn hajcts fey `ejl gy `etjouk. @etjouk iacsjnkretjacserk jfpartect gkieusk tmk iacskqukct `ejlurk js okckrelly sunnkc

    ecn et e strkss lkvkl fuim lawkr tmec tmk ultjfetk strkss.

    Uukstjacs8-

    _jll tmk iac`jouretjac ecn esskfgleok a` fkfgkrs ecn hajcts es

    smawc jc `jo 7; gkjco eglk ta wjtmstecn tmk warst `ariks et tmjs

    laietjac1 Nk`jcjtkly jt iect gkieusk jt sceppkn et tmjs pajct. _my1_met njn tmk esskfgleok jcnjietkn 1

    ^mk iac`jouretjac ecn esskfgleok a` fkfgkrs ecn iacckitjacs es

    smawc jc `jo 7; wkrk cat sujteglk `ar ecy rkvkrsel a` laens suim es

    wjcn ar nycefji laenjco.

    Ymem Elef Ytenjuf

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    Rji 70

    Rji 7?^mk lettjikn smkll raa`s wkrk suppartkn rjojnly ac ell tmrkk sjnks

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    Rji 7=

    ^mk smepk(skk tmk nafjcetjco k``kit a` okafktry jc etteimkn ertjilk) ecn tmk kcns rkstrejcs

    erk vkry jfpartect jc tmjs koo smkll ljdk struiturks.

    Maln ec E> sjzk pepkr elaco tmk smartkr knoks wjtm yau lk`t ecn rjomt mecn rkspkitjvkly.

    Favk yaur mecns e gjt tawerns keim atmkr sa tmet tmk pepkr `arf e iurvks. ^mk njstceik

    gktwkkc tmk `jcourks a` tmk mecns js tmk spec a` tmk tmjc smkll4 Jt iec spec tmausecns a`

    tjfk a` jts tmjidckss.

    Caw maln tmk pepkr hust elaco ack a` tmk lacojtunjcel knok. ^mk pepkr iect kvkc supparts

    jts awc wkjomt.

    ^mk tmrkk knoks fust gk nksjockn ta pravjnk tmk rkqujrkn rjojnjty(skk Ymem Elef

    Ytenjuf(pji 7=).

    Laens eppljkn ta tmk smkll erk ierrjkn gy jc okckrel tmrauom e iafgjcetjac a` gkcnjco ecn

    strktimjco(jcpleck fkfgreck tkcsjac ar iafprkssjac a` struts) eitjacs, wmjim okckrelly

    very `raf pajct ta pajct.

    @ar `let raa` smkll ar lettjikn smklls gkcnjco wes tmk nafjcect

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    Rraprjktery Ypeik @refk

    ^mk egavk saucns taa `efjljer ecn sa iaffac jc aur iacstruitjac jcnustry. Elfastkvkry sjtks erk `eikn wjtm tmksk jssuks. Jc `eit, struiturks erk vkry rksjljkct ecn waulncat mevk gkkc ietestrapmji jc iallepsk, kvkc j` ucnkr nksjockn. ^mk iacikpt a` ljfjtstetk nksjoc tedks eiiauct a` tmjs, ellawjco iallepsk ta gk praorkssjvk retmkr tmecietestrapmji. Acly stkkl `refkn struiturks erk fark prack ta iallepsk kspkijelly nurjcokrkitjac pkrjan, ecn pertjiulerly `ar 9N speik `refk struiturks.

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    ^mk GJO Uukstjac js "_ma js rkspacsjglk `ar tmjs1"

    Jt js ceturel `ar kvkryack ta pajct et tmk Iactreitar`jrst ecn tmkc tmkIacsultects, gut jc fecy iesks tmk Kfplaykr ar Awckr erk ta gk glefkn. Jcvkstjoetjacsiec ckvkr gk `jcel ecn tmk iesks wjll nreo ac `ar eoks usuelly ta tmk iaurts. ^mk gkst

    eppraeim js taEPAJNtmjs kvkr meppkcjco ta yau ecn yaur prahkits, wmktmkr yau erk eIactreitar, e Iacsultect ar ec Kfplaykr. Jc elfast ell iesks, tmjs iec gk evajnkn.