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FIRE INCIDENT
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Heat convective Olakan Haba
Conduction (pengaliran)
Heating heat bahangan
Direct Terus-menerus 3
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heat transfer occurs in
• liquids & gases.
heat from fire heat the air -
hot temperature. 4
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OLAKAN HABA (HEAT CONVECTION)
heat transfer
• inside materials
• solid materials.
heat from fire
• passed from molecule to molecule
• along material.
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PENGALIRAN (CONDUCTION)
travels in sunrays, in straight lines.
heat from rays - absorbed by combustible
materials- causes them to heat up & ignite.
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BAHANGAN (HEAT)
TERUS-MENERUS (CONTINUOUSLY )
The easiest way fire spreads.
Fuels burned because fire spread through it – if they
get into contact with each other.
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CONSTRUCT BUILDING THAT CAN …..
i. Hold collapse
enough time - residents save
themselves
Follow the rules -
buildings are
designed properly
materials &
structures quality –
comply with
specifications.
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HOW TO OVERCOME THE FIRE FLARE IN BUILDING
ii. CAN DAM UP FROM SMOKE & FIRE FLARE
layout of the building
separate compartment space
& horizontal separated –
floor .
vertical separated – wall
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Fire door
iii. Materials of wall & floor :
not flammable
dam up the fire & prevent smoke from get through
HOW ARE FIRES CLASSIFIED?
Fires are caused by different materials, & classified to 4
categories: 12
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CLASS A
Ordinary combustibles or fibrous material ( wood, paper,
cloth, rubber & some plastics )
CLASS B
Flammable @ combustible liquids : gasoline,
kerosene, paint, paint thinners .
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CLASS C
Energized electrical equipment (appliance , switches,
panel boxes & power tools)
CLASS D
Combustible metals : magnesium, titanium, potassium & sodium.
- burn at high temperatures
- React violently with water @ other chemicals - handled with care.
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CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE & FIRE FIGHTING METHODS
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KELAS API
CONTOH ALAT PEMADAM API PERMULAAN
A Solid types – paper , wood dust , cloth
ABC (dry chemical fire extinguishers containing monoammonium phosphate) Water spray foam
B Liquid types – oil, gasolin, alkohol
ABC, foam, CO2 , water , halon
C Gas types – acetylene , ammonia, butane
ABC , water , halon (BCF )
D Metal type – aluminium , calsium, magnesium
ABC
SYMBOL RELATED TO FIRE SAFETY IN BUILDING
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CAUSES OF FIRES
Use of flammable materials in
buildings
Careless use of electrical
appliances /appliance is damaged .
Imperfect electrical wiring
circuit /not safe.
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Throw cigarette butts all
over the place
Careless use of mosquito coils, gas
stoves, kerosene / flammable fuel.
Willful / treacherous
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Terms of fire fighting
a. Starvation
i. Transfer the fuel -
not burned to another
place.
ii. Transfer the fuel
burned to another
place.
iii. Breaking @ crushing
of fuel burned – easily
off.
b. Smothering
Preventing the
entry of air.
cover the surface of
the burning fuel
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c. Cooling .
cheap & cool - accelerate the
heat transfer by reducing heat
temperature low -
flame goes out.
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d. Memutuskan Rantai Tindakbalas.
Break the chemical chain -
fire extinguisher
such as CO2 ,BCF
& dry powder
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begins when heat, oxygen
& fuel source
combine
• a chemical reaction resulting in fire.
known as “ignition”
• represented by a very small fire which often goes out on its own, before following stages are reached
provides your best
chance
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• suppression or escape.
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where the structures fire load and oxygen are used as
fuel for the fire.
factors affecting the growth stage including where the
fire started, what combustibles are near it,
ceiling height and the potential for “thermal
layering”
It is during this shortest of the 4 stages when a deadly
“flashover” can occur; potentially trapping, injuring
or killing firefighters. -
Growth
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When the growth stage has reached its max and all combustible materials have been ignited, a fire is considered fully developed
This is the hottest phase of a fire and the most
dangerous for anybody trapped within.
Fully Developed
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WHAT IS PASSIVE SYSTEM??
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FIRE PREVENTION SYSTEM
Berkaitan
unsur-unsur dalam bangunan bertujuan untuk:
beri perlindungan kepada penghuni dari kecederaan semasa
kebakaran bangunan
beri kemudahan semasa anggota penyelamat
menjalankan tugas
elak api & asap merebak dari
bangunan ke bangunan
beri perlindungan kepada harta benda
dari kemusnahan
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laluan perlindungan kepada penghuni
bangunan kebakaran
laluan perlindungan kepada anggota bomba
di waktu kecemasan
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Lampu kecemasan ( emergency light )
Pengudaraan & pencahayaan cukup (adequate
ventilation & lighting )
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i) Jalan Keluar Keselamatan (security exit). Road conditions are held:
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Free from any obstruction Bebas daripada sebarang halangan
Fire resistance door Pintu rintangan api
Exit signs installed in the emergency lane
Tanda keluar dipasang pada laluan kecemasan
PENGUDARAAN (VENTILATION)
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untuk menjamin keselamatan penghuni
keluar dari bangunan semasa selamatkan
diri .
Jenis-jenis sistem pengudaraan pada
bangunan : pengudaraan biasa spt
tingkap & struktur terbuka.
Pengudaraan jalan-jalan keluar keselamatan : fire fighting
lobby, safety ladder & under control corridors
Prevent entry of smoke into protected area
reduce spread of fire caused by smoke 34
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sokongan kepada perlindungan pasif : cahaya kepada laluan keselamatan
Example : light tape
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PENCAHAYAAN ( LIGHTING )
Jalan keluar keselamatan (security exit )
Akses perkakas bomba (Fire Briged tools access )
Pemetakan ( building partition)
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Perlindungan aktif Sistem perlindungan kebakaran - dipasang tetap utk mengawal
& memadam kebakaran - manual @ automatik.
I. Sistem pemasangan sprinkler.
Kawal kebakaran peringkat awal- semburan air bertekanan khusus di zon / kawasan terbabit.
Sistem dihubungkan dengan penggera kebakaran bertindak automatik.
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WHAT IS ACTIVE SYSTEM??
Extinguishing systems using
water
Wet riser
system
Dry riser system
Hose reel
Fire hydrant
Automatic water spray
system
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Sistem pemadam menggunakan gas
(extinguishing system using gas)
Sistem penggera kebakaran
(fire alarm system)
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ALAT PEMADAM API PERMULAAN
Ditandakan simbol kelas api & jenis api yg boleh dipadamkan.
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Cara guna alat pemadam api - PASS :
� P - Pull - Tarik pin di atas alat pemadam api
� A - Aim - Halakan muncung alat pemadam ke punca api
(bahan)
� S - Squeeze - Pusing atau tekan pemegang
� S - Sweep - halakan pancutan ke arah punca api pada jarak 3
meter sehingga api padam.
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Fire Extinguisher
Types
Portable
Types
Permanent
Types
Water base
Foam base
CO2 Gas
Dry powder
Burning material: carbon
materials such as wood,
paper, fabric, solid
material.
Outer tube filled with water - mixed with sodium nitrate & a tube
called cartridges filled with CO2
gas compressed.
Specification :
Red cylinder
Spray distance for weight 10 kg –
4 m.
The time period of use - 1 to 2
min for 10 kg cylinder.
Water base
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Advantages
Not dangerous & easy to use
Act quickly
Can be refilled easily
Disadvantages
Used once
Can’t extinguish fires caused
by oil, electricity & engines
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Not a soluble liquid &
floating on the surface.
Could cover fire &
separate oxygen
Extinguish the fire involving oil,
flammable liquids & fats.
Cylinder:yellow
Jet distance by weight of cylinder
10 kg - 4 to 5 m
use of 30-90 seconds for weight 10
kg cylinder
The rate of expansion 1: 8
materials in cylinder: 8%
sodium bicarbonate mixed
with 3% stabilizer
Foam
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Advantages
Not
dangers ,
easily
handled,
refillable
Can
distinguish a
small fire due
to oil &
chemical
liquids
Covering
the fire
quickly.
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Disadvantages
Cannot
extinguish fire
due to
electrical.
Do not place in
a hot
temperature
& do not keep
in a max cold
temperature .
Used only once.
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Extinguish fire from
electrical – CO2 spray
Principle: smothering &
cool the fire
CO2 gas filled in the tube - a
compressed liquid at a
pressure of 744 psi - at a
temperature of 600F.
Advantages :
Gas produced clean & not danger
Do not leave the effect.
Disadvantages :
Cannot be refilled
Gas content can not be seen
Specifications :
Black cylinder
Jet distance by cylinder
weighing 10 kg: 2 to 3 m ( 8 –
30 sec)
CO2 Gas
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Extinguish all types of
fires – blue cylinder- jet
distance for 10kg weight
= 4-6 m
Chemical substances :
97% sodium bikarbonat
1.5% magnesium stearat ( filled in the outer tube)
1% magnesium karbonat
0.5% trikalsium fosfat
Advantages:
Act more effectively
compared with others.
Disadvantage :used once
CO2 gas filled in the
tube / cartridge
Dry Powder
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OTHERS FIRE EXTINGUISHER TYPES .
Fire Blanket
Supplied in cylinders with a
clips that released immediately
Asbestos
Rolled glass /
animal fur
Small fire ( workshop @
house )
Sand
Pail
10 litres capacity of
bucket
galvanised steel
painted red
Location : nearby portable fire
extinguisher - immediate use – small
fire.
Fire
Hydrant
Use by fire fighter
Water supply
from water
distribution pipe
Hydrant provide 200 gallons of water –out of building & certain
distance
Each building- provide a fire hydrant located
< 91.5 m from nearest route of fire brigade
Dry Riser
Install at building
height over 18.3 m @ <
30.5 m
100 mm dia pipe installed vertically from ground to top
floor
In normal condition,
hose reel did not contain
water.
Location of pipe installation : lift
lobby / stair case space .
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Source connector installed under
the pipe to connect a fire hose to fire
truck
Wet Riser
Pipes installed vertically in a 13-
storeys building /> 30.5 m
Dia. Pipe 150 mm supply water from tank breaker contain 45,000
liters using pump.
Pipes filled with water
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4. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM SISTEM PEMERCIK AUTOMATIK
- automatic action
- high risk building & unoccupied (tidak dihuni ),> 2 storeys / tall
building.
Water pipes installed as grid system-separated by a
distance of 2 m / pipe line system , max distance 4
m
Connected directly from main water supply pipe
through pipe risers Disambung terus dr paip bekalan air utama melalui paip penaik. 54
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During fire, pressure of color liquid in the glass
bulb will increase & expand until reaching a point -
glass will break upon heat. ( 68 0 C – 1800 C ).
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