Towards Excellence in Chemistry08 Latest

8/2/2019 Towards Excellence in Chemistry08 Latest

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TOWARDS EXCELLENCE

IN CHEMISTRY

BY

NORIZAN ISMAILSMKMS


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Pendahuluan

Tidak semua pelajar yang cemerlang akan memperolehi keputusangred A1 atau A2 dalam subjek kimia. Begitu juga tidak semua pelajaryang tidak cemerlang tidak akan memperolehi gred A1 atau A2. Biasa

berlaku, pelajar begitu yakin boleh menjawab soalan dengan betul,tetapi apabila keputusan dikeluarkan, jauh dari yang diharapkan.Kenapa begitu ?

Panduan ini bukan menjamin calon akan memperolehi gred A1 atau A2.

Calon mestilah mempunyai pengetahuan kimia sedia ada atau asas yanglengkap, matang dan terkini. Dengan pengetahuan tersebut dankemahiran penggunaan teknik-teknik bagaimana hendak menjawab

soalan, keputusan cemerlang amat mudah dicapai.

Jawapan yang diterima oleh Lembaga Peperiksaan KementerianPendidikan tidak semestinya yang paling tepat, tetapi kemahiran teknikmenjawab yang calon perolehi sekurang-kurangnya dapat membantumereka menjawab ke tahap terbaik yang diharapkan dalam skema SPM.Oleh itu pendedahan teknik bagaimana hendak menjawab soalan amatpenting sebelum calon mengambil peperiksaan Kimia kertas 4541.


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Beberapa kesilapan yang sering dibuat oleh calonsemasa menjawab kertas ini.

1. Menggunakan simbol atau formula bagi nama bahan kimia dalamhuraian.

2. Dalam huraian eksperimen tidak memberi keadaan bahan tindak balasdengan lengkap seperti kepekatan larutan, pemanasan kuat atauperlahan dan senarai radas tidak lengkap.

3. Melukis gambar rajah bagi eksperimen dengan seluruh gabusdalam mulut bekas dan hujung salur penghantar lebih tinggi daripermukaan air semasa mengutip gas.

4. Menggunakan kependekan (abbreviations) untuk istilah-istilah yang

penting, umpamanya j.a.r. s.e.k dan sebagainya. Amalan ini tidakdigalakkan langsung.

5. Tidak teliti. Umpamanya bacaan awal termometer dan bacaanakhir tidak dicatatkan.


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A. Tujuan Kertas Peperiksaan Kimia SPM4541 ialahuntuk menguji:-

a) pengetahuan prinsip dan konsep kimia

b) kebolehan memahami fakta-fakta kimia

c) kebolehan menggunakan pengetahuan danprinsip kimia

d) kebolehan menggunakan alat serta kemahiran

membuat pemerhatian

e) kebolehan menyelesaikan masalah


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Exam Formatte

4 papers

Paper 1

Paper 2 Paper 3

Science Practical Work Assesment

SPWA (PEKA)


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PAPER 1

50 objective questions

knowledge (no 1 20)

understanding (no 21 35) application (no 36 50)

25 easy

15 intermediate 10 advance

@ ratio 5 : 3 : 2


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PAPER 2

SECTION A STRUCTURE 6-8 QUESTONS, ANSWER ALL

SECTION B LIMITED RESPOND 2 QUESTIONS, CHOOSE ONE

SECTION C OPENED RESPOND

2 QUESTIONS, CHOOSE ONE


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Paper 2

Item construction No 1 more knowledge (6k, 3u)

No 2 more understanding (4k, 5u)

No 3- more aplication (3k, 3u, 3a)

No 4, 5,6 sintesis and analysis

Essei Section B knowledge, aplication,

analysis

_ Section C Aplication, analysis,

syntesis


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ANSWERING STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

READ THE QUESTION STUDY THE FIGURE/TABLE GIVEN UNDERLINE FACT/ DATA ANSWER

DONT REWRITE THE QUESTION

ONLY WRITE WHAT NEEDED

POINT- REFER TO MARKS GIVEN

FOLLOW THE TIPS

DONT EXAGGERATE


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HOW TO ANSWER ESSAY QUESTIONS

SPEND NOT MORE THAN ONE AND A HALF HOURFOR THIS SECTION

READ ALL QUESTIONS CHOOSE 2 QUESTIONS

- One in each section B and C SCETCH THE POINTS

- Points refers to marks

- Read Questions WRITE THE ANSWER

- Simple sentence- One sentence for each point- Follow the tips

. FIGURE

. CALCULATION

. GRAPH


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BASIC KNOWLEDGE

INLEARNING CHEMISTRY


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KNOWING PARTICLES

Sulfur Dioxide

Zinc

Iodine

Oxygen

Water

Iron(II) chloride

Chromium


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Chemical Formulae

Sodium chloride

Argentum Nitrate

Sulfur trioxideAluminium carbonate

Potassium oxide

Ammonium sulphateIron(II) oxide

Lead(IV)sulphate


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Memorise the Oxidation Number

H

Li

Na

K Ag

NH4 ---------------+1

Al ------ +3

Others +2

Cl

Br

I

F NO3 OH ..-1

SO4 CO3 O -2


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Types of Equation

Chemical Equation

Ionic Equation

Half Equation


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MOLE CONCEPT

Calculate the mass of I molecule ofoxygen.

1 mol molecule-------------- 32 g

6 x 1023

molecule----------- 32 g 1 molecule ---------- (32/ (6 x 10 23 )g


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Solubility of Salts in Water

- All nitrates soluble - All K+, Na+, NH4

+soluble

- All carbonates insoluble exceptK, Na, NH4

- All chlorides soluble except

Pb, Ag, Hg - All sulphates soluble except

Pb, Ba, Ca


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Series

ELECTROCHEMICALTopic : Electrochemistry,

Oxidation and Reduction

REACTIVITYTopic : Empirical Formulae

Involving reaction withoxygen


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Series

Electrochemical Series K Na Ca Mg

Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H

Cu Hg Ag Au ..For all reactions excluding

metal oxides

Reactivity series K Na Ca Mg

Al C Zn H Fe Sn

Pb Cu Hg Ag Au

. For metal oxides only


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KATA TUGAS IN QUESTIONS


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NAME

Write the full name/ notsymbol or formula

Magnesium (/)Mg (x)


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state

State without giving reason


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What

State what needed without

reason


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State the differences

List the differences betweenthe two given


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Explain

Give the answer completely


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Give reason

Write the reasons why

something happen


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Compare and contrast

List all the similarities and thedifferences about two given


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Deduct

Give logically deduction

whether from the questionor knowledge


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Define

Give meaning precisely


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CALCULATE

Show all step by step

calculations


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10 TIPS

10 things to remember

when

answering Paper 2 and 3


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TIPS 1

NAME

- Full name

- Physical state- Types of particle- Not a symbol

Example: 1. Name one example of electrolyte 2. Name one oxidation agent


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TIPS 2

WRITING FORMULAE alphabet

not equationExample :1. Write the formula of

magnesium oxide

Mg2++ O2- MgO (x)

MgO (/)

2 P t b A 9 B 12 W it th


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2. Proton number A,9 B,12. Write thechemical formula for the compound of A

and B

BA2 (/)

B2+ + 2A- BA2 (x)


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TIPS 3

EQUATION Balanced

Types ArrowFractionMultiplication Physical state


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TIPS 4

COLOURExample :

Water : Colourless,not white


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TIPS 5

TERMS

Correct SpellingEg : Saponification

Capital LetterEg: Haber Process


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Anode and cathode


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DEFINITION OF ANODE

AND CATHODE

ANODE Where electrondonated/released

CATHODE Where electronaccepted


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Anode Cathode

Electrolysis positive negative

Chemicalcell /Voltaic cell

negativepositive


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TIPS 6

FIGURE Stopcock

Shade Heating

Delivery tube

Apparatus

Clamp Functioned

Label


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4 Gambar rajah


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a) Jika no. atom untuk X = 11 dan Y = 17,lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian XY yangterbentuk.

Skema Jawapan:

Bilangan elektron pada semua petala X dan semua

petala Y betul ...... 1Label Cas X + , Y- 1

4. Gambar rajah

0 + 1

4 Gambar rajah


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a) Jika no. atom untuk X = 11 dan Y = 17,lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian XYyang terbentuk.Skema Jawapan:

Bilangan elektron pada semua petala X dan semuapetala Y betul ...... 1

Cas X+

, Y-

...... 1

4. Gambar rajah

1 + 1


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ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM

Exotermic Reaction

ENergy HCl + NaOH

NaCl + H2O

H = -57kJmol-1

- X axis, not needed

- Do not upside down


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asid sulfurik

natriumhidroksida

susunan radas = 0radas salah

label = 0/1

asid sulfurik

natriumhidroksida

susunan radas = 0 tidak lorek

label = 0/1


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asid sulfurik

natriumhidroksida

natriumhidroksida

asid sulfurik

susunan radas = 0- tidak lorek

label = 0/1

susunan radas = 1

label = 0


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larutan asid sulfurik

larutan natrium hidroksida

susunan radas = 1

label = 1

JAWAPAN TERBAIK


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TIPS 7

OBSERVATION

What you see

Hear

Smell

Touch


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Examples of Observation

Equation

Cu2+ +2e Cu

Cu Cu2+ + 2e

2H+ + 2e H2

2I- I2 + 2e

Fe2+ Fe3+ + e

Observation

Shiny Brown solid deposited

Copper rod thinner

Effervescent / Bubbles ofgas

Brown gas released

Green solution turns brown.


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TIPS 8

CHEMICAL TEST

PROCEDUREOBSERVATION


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Hydrogen Test

Collect the gas in a test tube

Put the burning splinter to the mouth oftest tube.

Pop sound heard.


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Oxygen Test

Collect the gas into a test tube

Put the glowing splinter into the testtube

The glowing splinter burning.


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Carbon dioxide Test

Flow the gas through the lime water

Lime water becomes cloudy/ chalky.


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Fe3+ ion Test

Put a few drop of Sodium hydroxidesolution into the test tube containingthe ion.

Brown precipitate is formed.


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TIPS 9

CALCULATION

Show every step

Unit, if mentioned, must becorrect

Variables


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TIPS 10

GRAPH

-Size of the graph: 75 % of the

graph paper-Label the Axis with unit

-Correct coordinates-Smooth

5 Lakarkan graf


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5. Lakarkan graf.

isipadu / cm 3

masa / s

5

10

15

20

25

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

x

x

xx

x x x

P aksi

S kala

T itik

L icin


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EXAMPLES OF INCOMPLETESTATEMENT


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Sodium donates electron

Each Sodium atom donates oneelectron


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Electron structure is stable

Electronarrangementofatom is stable


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Nuclei attraction to the

outermost shell

Nuclei attraction to the electronin the outermost shell

Enough electron in the


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Enough electron in theoutermost shell

Attain/ achieve the stableelectron arrangement


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Sodium atom has 3 shells

Sodium atom has 3 shellsoccupied with electrons


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Element size increase

Size of atomincrease


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Ionic compound can conduct

electricity

Ionic compound can conductelectricity in aqueous andmolten state


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Relative atomic mass of an

element is how many times theatom is heavier compared to

hydrogen

Relative atomic mass of an element ishow many times the atom is heaviercompared to a hydrogen

atom

.

Ionic compound forces is


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Ionic compound forces isstronger

Attraction forces betweenthe ions (electrostaticforces) is stronger


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Hydrocarbon is a compound

which consists of carbonand hydrogen

Hydrocarbon is a compound which isonly consists of carbonand hydrogen atoms.


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Fe2+ Fe3+

Oxidation number of ironchange

Oxidation number of ironincrease


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Zinc decreases

Total surface areaofZinc decreases /

Massof zinc decreases


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Hydrochloric acid decreases

Concentrationofhydrochloric acid decreases

Attraction forces in the


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Attraction forces in themolecule weaker

Attraction forces betweenthemolecules (intermolecular)weaker


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Boiling point is the state when

the solid becomes a liquid

Boiling point is the temperaturewhen the solid becomes a liquid

Polystyrene case will prevent


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the leakage/loss of the heat

energy

Polystyrene case willreducethe loss of heatenergy

Hydrochloric acid is


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Hydrochloric acid isstronger than the ethanoic

acid

Hydrochloric acid is a strong

acid whereas ethanoic acid isa weak acid.

P l i b hi h


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Polymer is a substance whichconsist of monomers.

Polymer is a long chained

compoundwhich consists ofrepeatable monomers.


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Weak acid is the acid whichhave a lower concentration ofH+ ion.

Weak acid is the acid which ispartially ionised in water to

produce a lower concentrationof H+ ion.

The colour of acidified


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potassium

manganate (VII ) solutionbecomes colourless.

Thepurplecolour of acidifiedpotassium manganate (VII )

solution becomes colourless.

Neutralisation is not a redox reaction


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Neutralisation is not a redox reactionbecause it is not involves the oxidation

and the reduction process.

Netralisation is not a redox reactionbecause it is not involves the

donation (releasing) and acception(receiving) of electron.


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Salt is the product whenacid reacts with alkali

Salt is the compound thatproduced when acid reacts with

alkali

Electrolysis is a decomposition


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y pprocess

of substances to theirelements.

Electrolysis is a decompositionprocess of compounds to their

elements with the presence ofelectricity.


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Acid is a compound which

decompose in water toproduce hydrogen ion

Acid is a compound whichdiscociatesin water to

produce hydrogen ion


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Example of analgesic is

panadol

Example of analgesic isparacetamol


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Dry the crystal on the filter

paper / under the sun

Dry the crystal by pressingit between two filter papers

Molecular formulae is a


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formula which shows the real

number of atom of eachelement in a compound.

Molecular formulae is the formulawhich shows the real numberof atom of each element in amolecule.


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Electron Arrangement of

Sodium :2:8:1

Electron arrangement ofsodium atom : 2.8.1


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In electrolysis,

Observation: anode corrodes

In electrolysis,Observation :anode becomesthinner


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Rate or reaction is faster

Rate of reaction ishigher


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More collision occurs.

More/higher frequencyof collision betweenparticles occur.


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Factor that effect the rate of

reaction;Size ofParticles (x)

Size of substance/total

surface area of substance (/)


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Unsaturated Hydrocarbon is a

hydrocarbon which havedouble bond carbon.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon is ahydrocarbon which have one or

more double bond betweencarbon-carbon atoms.


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The function of salt bridge isto complete the circuit.

The function of salt bridge

is to allow the flow of ionsto complete the circuit.


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Catalyst is a substance

which fastened the reaction.

Catalyst is a substance thatincrease / reduce the rate

of reaction.

H lf ti t th d


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Half equation at the anode

Cu - 2e Cu2+

Half equation at the anodeCu Cu2+ + 2e


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Heat of combustion is :

Heat released when 1 mol offuel/substance burnt in excess

oxygen under a standard

condition.


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Observation when Magnesium

mixed with hydrogen chloride inmethyl benzene

No reaction (X)

No changes (/)


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Initial reading of burette :

25 cm3 (x)

25.00 cm3 (/)


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Electron flows from zinc rode tocopper in the solution. (x)

Electron flows from zinc tocopper through the outer circuit

(/)

To state the relationship between


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. and(paper 3)

Rate of reaction is directlyproportioned to the temperature (2marks)

Rate of reaction is affected by thetemperature (1 mark)

Rate of reaction higher when thetemperature increase (3 marks)

HURAIAN EKSPERIMEN


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HURAIAN EKSPERIMEN

RADAS / apparatus

BAHAN KIMIA / chemicals KAEDAH / procedure

- CARA SPESIFIK / specific method- KUANTITI SESUAI / suitable quantity- NAMA BAHAN / name of substance

- KEPEKATAN SESUAI /suitable concentration- RADAS / suitable apparatus- GAMBAR RAJAH berfungsi/ lablelled figure

PEMERHATIAN/KEPUTUSAN/ observation

PERBINCANGAN/ Explanation- PENGIRAAN/ calculation- GRAF/ graph (PSTL)- PERSAMAAN /equation

KESIMPULAN/ conclusion

Contoh jawapan esei

1. Terangkan satu eksperimen untuk menukarkan ion Fe2+


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kepada ion ion Fe3+ di makmal. Dalam jawapan anda sertakanjuga pemerhatian , ujian pengesahan dan persamaan ion yangterlibat. [10]

- masukkan 5 cm3 1 moldm-3 ferum(II) sulfat kedalamtabung didih- Tambahkan 5 cm3 air bromin- Panaskan campuran dengan perlahan-lahan

- Larutan hijau bertukar menjadi perang- Ion Fe2+ dioksidakan kepada ion Fe3+- Tambahkan larutan natrium hidroksida- Mendakan perang terbentuk- Persamaan ion bagi tindak balas pengosidaan

Fe2+

-->Fe3+

+ e- Persamaan ion bagi tindak balas penurunan

Br2 + 2e --> 2Br-

- Persamaan ion keseluruhan2Fe2+ + Br2 --> 2Fe

3+ + 2Br -

No. proton D, 6 dan no. proton E, 8. Terangkan dari segi


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susunan elektron bagaimana ikatan antara A dan E berlaku

Susunan elektron atom D 2.4 Susunan elektron atom E 2.6

Susunanelektron ini tidak stabil, untuk mencapaisusunan elektron stabil

Setiap atom D menyumbang 4 elektron untuk dikongsi

Setiap atom E menyumbang 2 elektron untuk dikongsi

2 atom E dan satu atom D berkongsi 4 pasang elektron

membentuk sebatian kovalen dengan formula DE2 Ikatan ini dinamakan ikatan kovalen gandadua


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No. proton A, 11 dan no. proton B, 8. Terangkan dari segisusunan elektron bagaimana ikatan antara A dan B


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susunan elektron bagaimana ikatan antara A dan Bberlaku.

Susunan elektron atom A 2.8.1 Susunan elektron atom B 2.6

Susunan elektron ini tidak stabil ,untuk mencapaisusunan elektron stabil

setiap atom A menderma satu elektron kepada atom Bmembentuk ion A+

Setiap atom B menerima dua elektron membentuk

ion B-2

Dua ion A+ dan satu ion B-2 ditarik oleh dayaelektrostatik membentuk sebatian ionik dengan denganformula A2B


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THANK YOU


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THANK YOU

EXPECTING TO SEEYOUR BIG SMILE ON

MAC 2009

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