UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA UTILIZATION OF PALM...
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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA UTILIZATION OF PALM KERNEL CAKE IN MUSCOVY DUCKS MUSTAFA FADIL MOHAMMED FP 2003 19
Transcript of UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA UTILIZATION OF PALM...
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
UTILIZATION OF PALM KERNEL CAKE IN MUSCOVY DUCKS
MUSTAFA FADIL MOHAMMED
FP 2003 19
UTILIZATION OF PALM KERNEL CAKE IN MUSCOVY DUCKS
By
MUSTAFA FADIL MOHAMMED
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
August 2003
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DEDICATION
TO MY LATE FATHER AND MY DAUGHTER MARY AM
Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
UTILIZATION OF PALM KERNEL CAKE IN MUSCOVY DUCKS
By
MUSTAFA FADIL MOHAMMED
August 2003
Chairman: Associate Professor Abd Razak Alimon, Ph.D.
Faculty: Agriculture
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Four experiments were conducted on Muscovy ducks to evaluate their
utilization, performance and nutrient digestibility when offered diets containing
different levels of palm kernel cake (PKC). In the first experiment, two types of PKC
(solvent and expel ler extracted) were force-fed to male and female ducks 7 weeks of
age and the nutrient digestibility, true metabolizable energy and true amino acid
digestibility were determined. There was no significant (p>0.05) effect on the type of
PKC used on crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), metabolizable energy (ME) and
amino acid (AA) digestibility, except for those of dry matter (DM) and neutral
detergent fibre (NDF) which was higher in solvent extracted compared to expel ler
extracted PKC. It was found that the ducks utilized about 47% of the gross energy in
PKC. The average apparent metabolizable energy value of PKC for Muscovy ducks
was obtained to be 1 870 kcal/kg, which was rather higher than those reported in
broiler chickens.
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The performance of male and female Muscovy ducks when fed diets
containing 1 5% and 35% levels of PKC were investigated. The results indicated that
inclusion of up to 1 5% of PKC in growing diet for ducks did not depress growth nor
feed conversion ratio (FCR) at any significant degree. Given the low cost of PKC,
such usage is l ikely to be economic, depending, to some extent, on cost of added oil .
At this level no negative effect in faecal consistency nor carcass fatness were
observed. As PKC level increased up to 3 5%, the ducks ate more feed and as a result
had poorer FCR. The explanation for the poorer FCR could be related to the decline
in the energy and protein digestibility when ducks were fed at higher PKC level as
compared to the control diet. It could be suggested that addition of oi l to PKC based
diet may improve the palatability and thus the feed intake and the performance of the
ducks.
Differences in the feed efficiency and nutrient digestibil ity between Muscovy
ducks and broiler chickens were found when PKC was included up to 25% in the
diet. Feeding up to 25% level of PKC to ducks was not associated in any detrimental
effects on the performance and FCR. However, FCR was depressed when PKC was
added at 25% level to broiler grower diet. The ME value was found to be higher in
ducks than in chickens. This indicates that the ME value for chickens cannot be
appl ied to ducks. The digestibil ity of NDF was found to be higher for ducks than for
chickens and this could be due to the higher hemicel lulose digestibil ity for ducks
than for chickens.
The effect of feeding PKC on the intestine dimension, vil lus height and shape
was examined after two and five weeks post-feeding. The results showed that there
was no effect of feeding PKC on the intestinal length and weight at both ages. There
was no effect on the villus height of the jejunum of the diet, sex and age. However,
villus height in the ileum of the male ducks fed PKC after two weeks post-feeding
was found to be shorter than those of the control diet. There was no effect in the
villus height of the ileum after five weeks post-feeding. The morphology of different
intestinal parts was examined under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) at both
periods. No damage was found at any intestinal part that could be related to dietary
PKC. The results suggested that PKC have no adverse effect on the intestine of
Muscovy ducks.
Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Doktor Falsafah
PENGGUNAAN HAMP AS ISIRUNG KELAP A SA WIT (PKC) P ADA MAKANAN ITIK MUSCOVY
Oleh
MUSTAFA FADIL MOHAMMED
Ogos 2003
Pengernsi : P rofesor Madya Abd Razak Alimon, Ph.D.
Fakulti : Pertanian
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Empat ujikaj i telah dijalankan ke atas itik Muscovy untuk menilai tahap
pengambilan, prestasi dan nilai cerna nutrien apabila diberi diet-diet yang
mengandungi aras PKC yang berbeza. Dalam ujikaj i pertama, dua jenis PKC (secara
pelarut dan perah asak) telah diberikan secara paksa kepada itik jantan dan betina
semasa tempoh pertumbuhan (umur 7 minggu). Nilai cerna nutrien, tenaga
metabolisma sebenar dan nilai cerna asid amino sebenar ditentukan. Tiada perbezaan
ketara diperolehi antara kedua-dua jenis PKC tersebut daripada segi nilai cerna bahan
kering, protein kasar dan asid amino kecuali NDF yang didapati lebih tinggi pada
kumpulan yang diberi makan PKC secara pelarut berbanding dengan PKC perah
asak. Itik-itik ini didapati menggunakan kira-kira 47% tenaga kasar daripada PKC.
Purata nilai tenaga metabolisma PKC pada itik-itik tersebut adalah 1 870 kcallkg.
Kaj ian juga telah dijalankan terhadap prestasi itik Muscovy jantan dan betina
yang diberi PKC pada aras 1 5% dan 35%. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa
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penambahan PKC sehingga 1 5% di dalam makanan itik yang sedang membesar tidak
merencatkan pertumbuhan atau FCR. Berasaskan kos yang murah, penggunaannya
mungkin lebih ekonomi. Walau bagaimanapun, ini bergantung kepada kos minyak
sawit yang ditambahkan. Pada aras ini, tiada kesan negatif didapati pada aliran tahi
dan kegemukkan karkas apabila aras PKC ditingkatkan sehingga 35%, itik-itik
didapati mengambil lebih ban yak makanan sehingga menyebabkan penurunan FCR.
Penurunan FCR ini mungkin berkaitan dengan penurunan nilai cerna tenaga dan
protein apabila ternakan ini diberi makan PKC pada aras 35%, berbanding dengan
diet kawalan. Adalah dicadangkan bahawa penambahan minyak ke dalam diet
berasaskan PKC boleh meningkatkan kecekapan dan pengambilan makanan serta
presatasi itik-itik tersebut.
Perbezaan dalam kecekapan penukaran makanan kepada daging dan nilai
cerna nutrien antara itik M uscovy dan ayam pedaging dikesan apabila aras PKC
ditingkatkan sehingga 25% di dalam makanan. Pengambilan PKC sehingga ke aras
25% tidak memberi sebarang kesan pada prestasi dan FeR itik. Walau
bagaimanapun, di dalam makanan ayam pedaging FCR mula direncat apabila PKC
ditambah ke aras 25%. Nilai ME didapati lebih tinggi pada itik berbanding pada
ayam. Ini menunjukkan bahawa nilai ME untuk ayam tidak boleh d igunakan untuk
itik. N ilai cerna NDF didapati lebih tinggi pada itik berbanding dengan nilai cerna
pada ayam, dan ini terutamanya disebabkan oleh keupayaan mencerna hemiselulosa
yang lebih tinggi pada itik berbanding pada ayam.
Ujian terhadap kesan pengambi lan PKC terhadap morfologi usus,tinggi dan
bentuk vilus telah dijalankan selepas dua dan lima minggu pengambilan makanan
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tersebut. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa pengambilan PKC tidak memberi kesan
terhadap kepanjangan dan berat usus pada kedua-dua peringkat umur. Makanan,
jantina dan umur tidak memberi kesan terhadap tinggi vilus padajejunum. Walaupun
begitu, ketinggian vilus di dalam bahagian ileum pada itik jantan yang mengambil
makanan kawalan didapati lebih panjang berbanding kumpulan itik yang mengambil
PKC selepas dua minggu. Tiada sebarang kesan pada ketinggian vilus di i leum
selepas lima minggu pengambilan. Pemerhatian morfologi pada bahagian usus telah
diperiksa menggunakan mikroskop elektron pada kedua-dua tempoh tersebut. Tiada
terdapat sebarang kerosakan pada bahagian usus yang boleh dikaitkan dengan
pengambilan PKC. Keputusan ini menunjukkan bahawa PKC tidak memudaratkan
usus itik Muscovy.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First, my praise to Almighty Al lah, for giving me the strength and patience to
complete my study and peace is upon the final prophet and messenger Mohammed.
I wish to express my deepest appreciation and gratitude to Associate
Professor Dr. Abd Razak Alimon, chairman of supervisory committee, for his kind
help, guidance, encouragement and invaluable suggestions during my course of the
study. I am much indebted and grateful to Associate Professor Dr. Mohammad Hair
Bejo, Dr. Ismail Idris and Dr. Wan Zahari Mohamed, members of my supervisory
committee, for their encouragement, discussion, advice, comments and suggestions.
I wish to thank Dr. Izzeldin Babiker Ismail, Dr. Goh Y ong Meng and Dr. Lan
Gan Qiu for their valuable advice and suggestions related to my experiments. I
would also like to thank Associate Professor Dr. Fauziah Othman of Institute of
Bioscience and Dr. Wan Nordin Wan Mahmud, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Universiti Putra Malaysia for allowing me to use the facil ities of their laboratories.
I am indebted to Mr. Ibrahim Mohsin, Mr. Saparin Demin, Mr. Islahuddin
Musa, Miss Azilah Ab. Jalil, Mr. Ho Oi Kuan, Mrs. Sapiah Jalal and Mr. Mohd
Sharudin Mohd Ali for their technical assistance while conducting my study.
I am most grateful to the Government of Malaysia for the IRPA Grant for the
financial support. I wish to express my deepest appreciation to the staff of graduate
school for al l kinds of assistance provided to the international students.
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Finally, I wish to thank my wife Norazanah 8ajuri, and my mother Madeeha
Ali for their support and encouragement.
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I certify that an Examination Committee met on 1 9 August 2003 to conduct the final examination of Mustafa Fadil Mohammed on his Doctor of Philosophy thesis entitled "Utilization of Palm Kernel Cake in Muscovy Ducks" in accordance with Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Regulations 1 98 1 . The committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree. Members ofthe Examination Committee are as follows:
Liang Juan Boo, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman)
Abd Razak Alimon, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)
Mohd. Hair Bejo, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)
Ismail Idris, Ph.D. Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)
Wan Zahari Mohamed, Ph.D. Livestock Research Centre MARDI (Member)
Hyung Tai Shin, Ph.D. Professor Col lege of Life Science and Technology Sung Kyun Kwan University (Independent Examiner)
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date : 0 4 DEC 2003
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This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Phi losophy. The members of the Supervisory Committee are as follows:
Abd Razak Alimon, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman)
Mohd. Hair Bejo, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)
Ismail Idris, Ph.D. Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)
Wan Zahari Mohamed, Ph.D. Livestock Research Centre MARDI (Member)
� - . t · J f1IIUi --------------- ------------
AINI IDERIS, Ph.D. Professor/Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia
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I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citations, which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or currently submitted for any other degree at UPM or other institutions.
MUSTAFA FADIL MOHAMMED
Date : 3>. 11· 2 C> 0 S
T ABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION ABSTRACT
Page 2 3
ABSTRAK ACKNOWLEDGMEl\TS APPROVAL DECLARATION
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LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
I
II
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTON
LITERATURE REVIEW Muscovy Ducks
Origin and Characteristics Growth Rate and Performance
Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) Production of PKC Nutrient Composition of PKC Amino Acid Content and Digestibility of PKC for Poultry Treatment Methods of PKC
Feeding Value of PKC for Livestock Utilization of PKC by Ruminants Util ization of PKC by Pigs Util ization of PKC by Poultry
Metabolizable Energy (ME) Definition and Determination ME Value for Ducks and Other Poultry _Species
Dieta!") Fibre Definition and Determination Influence of Fibre on Energy Utilization Influence of Fibre on Protein Utilization
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33 34 36 36 36 37 38 38 40 4 1 4 1 42 45
Influence of Fibre on Mineral Utilization 45 Digestive System of Ducks 47
Structure of Avian Intestine 47 Development and Morphology of the Gastrointestinal Tract 48 Influence of Dietary Fibre on Intestinal Morphology and Villus Height 49 Factors Influencing Villus Height and Morphology 50 Intestinal Microflora 5 1
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III GENERAL MATERIALS AND METHODS 53 Location and Housing 53 Experimental Animals 53 Sanitation of the House 54 Ambient Temperature and Humidity 54 Rearing Period up to 1 4 Days 54 Growth Trial 55 Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) 55 Digestibility Trial 55 Mixing of Diets and Chemical Analysis 56 Proximate Analysis 57
Dry Matter (DM) Determination 57 Ash Determination 57 Gross Energy (GE) Determination 58 Crude Protein (CP) Determination 59 Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF) Determination 60 Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF) Determination 6 1 Mineral Determination 62 Phosphorus (P) Determination 62
Amino Acid (AA) Determination 63 Acid Hydrolysis 63 Derivatization 63 Separation 64 Chromatography 64
Microscopic Procedure 64 Light Microscopy 64 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 65
IV NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY OF PALM KERNEL CAKE FOR MUSCOVY DUCKS 67 Introduction 67 Materials and Methods 68
Analysis of PKC Samples 68 Birds 69 Housing and Feeding Procedure 69 Calculations 70
Statistical Analysis 7 1 Results 74 Chemical and Amino Acid Analysis of PKC 74 Nutrient Digestibility of PKC for Muscovy Ducks 74 Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Digestibil ity of PKC for Muscovy Ducks 77 Discussion 80 Conclusion 82
V PERFORMANCE OF MUSCOVY DUCKS OFFERED DIET CONTAINING DIFFERENT INCLUSION LEVELS OF PALM KERNEL CAKE 83 Introduction 83 Materials and Methods 84
Animals and Housing 84 Diets 85 Balance Trial 85 Carcass Evaluation 85
Data Collection 86 Statistical Analysis 86 Results 88 Growth Performance 88
Body Weight 88 Feed Intake 90 Weight Gain 90 Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) 9 1
Balance Trial 92 Carcass Evaluation 97 Discussion 98 Conclusion 103
VI COMP ARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF MUSCOVY DUCKS AND BROILER CHICKENS FED DIET CONTAINING PALM KERNEL CAKE 1 05 Introduction 1 05 Materials and Methods 1 06
Animals and Housing 1 06 Diets 106 Balance Trial 1 06 Carcass Evaluation 107
Data Col lection 1 07 Statistical Analysis 107 Results 109 Growth Performance 1 09 Balance Trial Carcass Evaluation Discussion Conclusion
VII INFLUENCE OF FEEDING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PALM KERNEL CAKE ON THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT MORPHOLOGY
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OF MUSCOVY DUCKS 1 1 7 Introduction 1 1 7 Materials and Methods 1 1 8
Animals and Housing 1 1 8
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Intestinal Measurements Histological Exam ination Scanning Electron M icroscope (SEM)
Statistical Analysis Results Intestinal Measurements Histological Examination Scanning Electron M icroscope (SEM) Discussion Conclusion
VIII GENERAL DISCUSSION
IX CONCLUSIONS
BIBILIOGRAPHY
BIODATA OF THE AUTHOR
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1 60
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Table
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LIST OF TABLES
Nutrient content (% dry matter) of PKC cited from different literature
Amino acid composition (%) of PKC
Nutrient composition of PKC tested in metabolic study
Amino acid content (%) of P KC used in metabolic study
Dry matter, CP, EE and NDF digestibi l ities of PKC for male and female Muscovy ducks
AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn values of PKC for male and female Muscovy ducks
True amino acid availabil ity (%) of PKC of male and female Muscovy ducks
Amino acid composition of PKC in relation to NRC ( 1 994) requirements for ducks at growing period
Composition of the diets using different levels of PKC
Nutrient composition of the diets and PKC
Effects of different levels of PKC on mean body weight of Muscovy ducks fed from 2nd to th weeks of age
Effects of di fferent levels of PKC on mean feed intake of Muscovy ducks fed from 2nd to th weeks of age
Effects of different levels of PKC on mean weight gain of Muscovy ducks fed from 2nd to 7th weeks of age
Effects of di fferent levels of PKC on mean feed conversion ratio of Muscovy ducks fed from 2nd to th weeks of age
Effects of different levels of PKC on total feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio of Muscovy ducks fed from 2nd
to th weeks of age
Effects of different levels of PKC on apparent OM, energy and CP util ization by Muscovy ducks
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1 7 Effects of different levels of PKC on the util ization o f fibre component by Muscovy ducks 94
1 8 Effects of different levels of PKC on Ca, P, Mn, Cu and Zn util ization by Muscovy ducks 96
1 9 Total faeces, dry faeces, water content of faeces and t ime of digesta passage by Muscovy ducks fed d ifferent levels of PKC 97
20 Dressing percentage and organ proportion (body weight %) of Muscovy ducks fed different levels of PKC 98
2 1 Composit ion of the experimental d iets 1 08
22 Nutrient composition of the experimental d iets 1 09
23 Effects of inclus ion of PKC on the body weight, feed intake, weight gain and FCR of Muscovy ducks and broiler chickens fed from 2nd to th weeks of age 1 1 0
24 Apparent digestib il ity (%) of OM, CP and energy for Muscovy ducks and broiler chickens I I I
25 Digestib il ity of fibre component (%) in Muscovy ducks and broiler chickens 1 1 2
26 Dressing percentage and organ proportion (body weight %) of Muscovy ducks and broiler chickens 1 1 3
27 Mean length (cmlkg) of various intestinal parts of Muscovy ducks fed different levels of PKC after two weeks post-feeding 1 2 1
28 Mean weight (gil 00 g body weight) of various intestinal parts of Muscovy ducks fed different levels of PKC after two weeks post-feeding 1 22
29 Mean length (cmlkg) of various intestinal parts of Muscovy ducks fed different levels of PKC after five weeks post-feeding 1 23
30 Mean weight (gl 1 00 g body weight) of various intestinal parts of Muscovy ducks fed different levels of PKC after five weeks post-feeding 1 23
3 1 Mean height and width (J...lm) of intestinal vil l i of Muscovy ducks fed different levels of PKC after two weeks post-feeding 1 24
32 Mean height and width (!J.m) of intestinal villi of Muscovy ducks fed different levels of PKC at ih week of age 1 25
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Male (left) and female (right) Muscovy ducks at 9 weeks of age 30
2 The extraction rate of PKC 32
3 A stainless steel funnel with a stainless plunger used for force feeding in Muscovy ducks 72
4 Force feeding in Muscovy ducks 73
5 Body weight of male and female Muscovy ducks during the growing period 89
6 Jejunum of male (a) and female (b) Muscovy ducks fed the control diet after two weeks post-feeding. HE, 40X (Bar = 250
!lm) 1 30
7 Ileum of male Muscovy ducks fed (a) control diet and (b) 35% PKC after two weeks post-feeding. HE, 40X (Bar = 250!lm) 1 3 1
8 Jejunum of male (a) and female (b) Muscovy ducks fed the control diet after five weeks post-feeding. HE, 40X (Bar = 250 Jlm) 1 32
9 I leum of male (a) and female (b) Muscovy ducks fed the control diet after five weeks post-feeding. HE, 40X (Bar = 250
!lm) 1 33
1 0 Duodenum of male Muscovy ducks fed corn-soybean meal diet after two weeks post-feeding. SEM, 85X 1 34
I I Jejunum of male Muscovy ducks fed corn-soybean meal diet after two weeks post-feeding. SEM, 85X 1 34
1 2 I leum of male Muscovy ducks fed corn-soybean meal diet two weeks post-feeding. SEM, I 20X 1 35
1 3 Colon of male Muscovy ducks fed corn-soybean meal diet after two weeks post-feeding. SEM, 85X 1 35
1 4 Proximal caecum of male Muscovy ducks fed corn-soybean meal diet after two weeks post-feeding. SEM, 85X 1 36
1 5 Distal caecum of male Muscovy ducks fed corn-soybean meal diet after two weeks post-feeding. SEM, 85X 1 36
1 6 Duodenum of male Muscovy ducks fed corn-soybean meal diet after five weeks post-feeding. SEM, 85X 1 37
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AA
ANOYA
AOAC
ADF
AME
AMEn
Ca
CF
CP
cm
Cu
DCP
DE
OM
EE
FCR
g
GE
Kcal
kg
ME
Mg
Min
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Amino Acid
Analysis of Yariance
Association Official Agricultural Chemists
Acid Detergent Fibre
Apparent Metabolizable Energy
Apparent Metabolizable Energy Corrected to Zero Nitrogen
Calcium
Crude Fibre
Crude Protein
Centimetre
Copper
Di Calcium Phosphate
Digestible Energy
Dry Matter
Ether Extract
Feed Conversion Ratio
Gram
Gross Energy
Kilocalorie ( 1 Kcal = 4. 1 86 kJ)
Kilogram
Metabolizable Energy
Magnesium
Minute
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Mn
N
NRC
NDF
NFE
NS
P
PITC
PKC
PTC
SE
SEM
TEA
TME
TMEn
VFA
Zn
Manganese
Nitrogen
National Research Council
Neutral Detergent Fibre
Nitrogen Free Extract
Not Significant
Phosphorus
Phenylisothiocyanate
Palm Kernel Cake
Phenylthiocarbamyl
Standard Error
Scanning Electron Microscope
Triethylamine
True Metabolizable Energy
True Metabolizable Energy Corrected to Zero Nitrogen
Volatile Fatty Acid
Zinc
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