KARYA TULIS AKHIR

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Propolis Terhadap Perubahan

Luas Luka Bakar Derajat II B - III Pada Tikus Putih Strain Wistar (Rattus

Norvegicus)

Oleh:

WILDAN FIRMANSYAH

201010330311060

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2014

ii

KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamu’alaikum, Wr. Wb.

Syukur Alhamdulillah penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT atas rahmat dan hidayah-Nya

sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir yang berjudul “Pengaruh Pemberian

Ekstrak Propolis Terhadap Perubahan Luas Luka Bakar Derajat II B - III Pada Tikus Putih

Strain Wistar (Rattus Norvegicus)” sebagai persyaratan untuk menyelesaikan studi

Pendidikan Sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

Peneliti menyadari bahwa penulisan tugas akhir ini terselesaikan karena

adanya bantuan dari berbagai pihak, oleh karena itulah pada kesempatan ini

peneliti ingin menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih yang tak terhingga dan

penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu

dalam penulisan tugas akhir ini:

1. Allah SWT, Berkat rahmat dan petunjuk-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan

tugas akhir ini.

2. dr. Ruby Riana Asparini, Sp.BP, selaku dosen pembimbing I yang telah meluangkan

waktu dan penuh kesabaran berkenan membimbing serta mengarahkan penulis

dalam menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.

3. dr. Bambang Mulyawan, Sp.A, selaku dosen pembimbing II yang penuh kesabaran

berkenan meluangkan waktu untuk membimbing, mengarahkan dan memberi

masukan dalam menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.

iii

4. dr. Diah Hermayanti, Sp.PK, selaku dosen penguji yang telah membantu dan

memberi masukan yang sangat membantu dalam penyelesaian tugas akhir ini.

5. Kunto Hadi dan Sunarti selaku orang tua penulis yang telah bekerja keras untuk

memberikan semua yang terbaik, dan selalu memberikan doa serta semangat

sehingga bisa menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.

6. Rengga Yoga Prima selaku kakak penulis, terima kasih atas do’a, saran, dan idenya

dalam membantu kelancaran tugas akhir ini.

7. Afrida Hadiyanti Salsabilla selaku adik penulis, terima kasih atas do’a, dan support

dalam membantu kelancaran tugas akhir ini.

8. Reny Faristin Putri Arifin, yang telah berkontribusi dalam berbagai hal yang tidak

bisa disebutkan semuanya dalam proses pengerjaan tugas akhir ini.

9. Imron Rosyadi Putra, saling bekerjasama dengan penulis dalam menyelesaikan

seluruh proses penelitian di laboratorium biomedik FK UMM.

10. Genio Rahmadana (Haji Cimeng supplier kodok), yang membantu, mengejek,

menjadi rival dalam proses pengerjaan tugas akhir ini.

11. Agung Rudiardi (Brengos), Indro Catur Raharjo (Om. Tuwek), Choirin Nur (Cak), Riski

Kukuh Widadi (Alay), Abdul Malik Fajri (Oyik), Sigit Dwi Mulyo, Iqbal Margi Syafa’at

(Semok), Harjuna Duta Nuswantara (Pangeran Kodok), Demas Dwi Janitra, Takbir

Riski Prayogi, Wulan Dewi Faricah (Tiwul), selaku sahabat, orang terdekat dan teman

bimbingan yang setia menemani dan membantu memperbaiki kekurangan dalam

setiap proses pengerjaan tugas akhir ini.

12. Mbak Fat, Pak Kus, Mas Miftah, Mas Nyono, Mas Joko laboran FK UMM yang telah

membantu dan membimbing melakukan penelitian ini dengan hasil yang maksimal

dengan penuh kesabaran.

iv

13. Mas Didit, Mas Faisal, Mbak Citra, Mbak Nuke Pak Yono, dan Bu Endah selaku

pegawai TU FK UMM yang telah membantu dalam setiap proses demi kelancaran

pengerjaan tugas akhir ini.

14. Serta semua kontributor dan teman teman lain yang tidak bisa penulis sebutkan satu

per satu disini

Peneliti menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa masih banyak kekurangan pada

penyusunan tugas akhir ini. sehingga peneliti sangat mengharapkan masukan dari

berbagai pihak. Semoga tugas akhir ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi penulis dan

pembaca, menjadi sumbangan yang berguna bagi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan

serta dapat bermanfaat bagi semua pihak. Amin.

Wassalamu’alaikum,Wr. Wb

Malang, juni 2014

(Penulis)

v

ABSTRAK

Firmansyah, Wildan, 2014. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Propolis Terhadap

Perubahan Luas Luka Bakar Derajat II B-III Tikus PutihStrain

Wistar (Rattus novergicus).Tugas Akhir, Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Pembimbing: Ruby Riana

Asparini*, Bambang Mulyawan**.

Latar Belakang: Luka bakar merupakan salah satu trauma dalam kehidupan

sehari-hari,di indonesia ditemukan lebih dari 40% kasus luka bakar derajat II dan

III. Propolis banyak digunakan untuk pengobatan, salah satunya untuk

penyembuhan luka.

Tujuan: Mengetahui adanya pengaruh pemberian ekstrak propolis terhadap

penurunan luas luka bakar derajat II B-III pada tikus putih strain wistar (rattus

norvegicus).

Metode: Penelitian eksperimental, The Post Test Only Control Group Design.

Sampel dibagi 4 kelompok yang diberi luka bakar dengan, 1: kontrol (hidrogel), 2:

ekstrak propolistiap 24 jam 3: ekstrak propolis tiap 12 jam4:ekstrak propolis tiap

8 jam.Dioleskan tiap hari tanpa dressing pada tikus putih yang diberi luka bakar

selama 14hari. Analisis data menggunakan uji Oneway ANOVA dan uji LSD.

Hasil: Hasil uji Oneway ANOVA menunjukkan pengaruh yang bermakna

terhadap penurunan luas lukabakar dengan nilai sig = 0,000 (p<0,05). Hasil uji

LSD pada kelompok perlakuan 2 menunjukkan nilai sig yang lebih kecil dari 0,05,

ini menunjukkan bahwa kelompok 2(tiap 24 jam) memiliki perbedaan yang

bermakna secara statistik.

Kesimpulan:Pemberian ekstrak propolis berpengaruh pada penurunan luas luka

luka bakar derajat II B-III.

Kata kunci: Ekstrak propolis, penurunan luas luka bakar derajat IIB-III.

* : dr., Sp.BP. Staff pengajar ilmu bedah FK UMM

** : dr., Sp.A. Stafr pengajar ilmu anak FK UMM

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ABSTRACT

Firmansyah, Wildan. 2014. The Effect of Propolis Extracts on Burn Wounds

grade II B - III On White Rats Strain Wistar (Rattus Norvegicus).

Faculty of Medicine. Muhammadiyah University of Malang.

Advisor: (1) Ruby Riana Asparini* (2) Bambang Mulyawan**.

Background : Burn wound is one of some trauma in daily life, more than 40%

burn injury in indonesia run into second and third degree. Propolis is widley used

for medication

Objective : Knowing the effect of propolis extracts on healing II B-III degree of

burn injury on white rats strain wistar (rattus norvegicus).

Methods: An experimental study. The Post Test Only Control Group Design.

Samples was divided into 4 groups which were given burn wound with, 1: control

(hydrogel), 2: propolis extract every 24 hours, 3: propolis extract every 12 hours,

4: propolis extract every 8 hours. Applied every day without dressing in white rats

whit burns for 14 day. Data were analized using One Way ANOVA test and LSD

test.

Results and Discussion: One Way ANOVA test showed a significant effect on

decrease in burn wounds area with sig = 0.000 (p <0.05). LSD test results in

group 2 (every 24 hours) showed sig were less than 0,05, this indicated that group

2 had a statistically significant diference.

Conclusions: Propolis extract has effect on lowering the burns area degree

wounds II B-III.

Keywords: Propolis extract, lowering the burns area degree wounds II B-III..

* : dr., Sp.BP. (Lecturer of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medical in Muhammadiyah

University of Malang)

** : dr., Sp.A. (Lecturer of Pediatric, Faculty of Medical in Muhammadiyah

University of Malang)

vii

DAFTAR ISI

Sampul ....................................................................................................................... i

Kata Pengantar ........................................................................................................... ii

Abstrak ...................................................................................................................... v

Daftar Isi..................................................................................................................... vii

Daftar Tabel ............................................................................................................... x

Daftar Gambar ............................................................................................................ xi

Daftar Singkatan ........................................................................................................ xii

BAB 1 Pendahuluan ................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ..................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................................ 3

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................................................. 3

1.3.1 Tujuan umum .......................................................................................... 3

1.3.2 Tujuan khusus ......................................................................................... 3

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................................... 3

BAB 2 Tinjauan Pustaka ............................................................................................ 4

2.1 Propolis ................................................................................................................ 5

2.1.1 Karakteristik propolis ................................................................................ 6

2.1.2 Kandungan propolis ................................................................................... 6

2.1.2.1 Cafefeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) .......................................... 7

2.1.2.2 Quercertin ...................................................................................... 9

viii

2.1.2.3 Kaempferol ................................................................................... 10

2.1.2.4 Myricetin ................................................................................... 10

2.2 Luka Bakar ..................................................................................................... 10

2.2.1 Definisi ............................................................................................... 10

2.2.2 Etiologi luka bakar ............................................................................. 11

2.2.3 Klasifikasi luka bakar ......................................................................... 12

2.2.4 Tingkat keparahan luka ...................................................................... 15

2.2.5 Berat dan ringannya luka.................................................................... 15

2.3 Proses penutupan luka ..................................................................................... 16

2.3.1 Penutupan luka primer .......................................................................... 16

2.3.2 Penutupan luka sekunder ...................................................................... 17

2.3.3 penutupan luka primer tertunda ............................................................ 17

2.4 Penatalaksanaan .............................................................................................. 17

BAB 3 Kerangka Konseptual dan Hipotesis Penelitian ........................................ 27

3.1 Hipotesis Penelitian ......................................................................................... 28

BAB 4 Metode Penelitian ..................................................................................... 29

4.1 Jenis Penelitian ................................................................................................ 29

4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian .......................................................................... 29

4.3 Populasi dan Sampel ....................................................................................... 29

4.3.1 Populasi ................................................................................................. 29

4.3.2 Sampel ................................................................................................... 29

4.3.3 Karakteristik sampel penelitian ............................................................. 30

4.4 Jenis Variabel .................................................................................................. 30

ix

4.4.1 Variabel bebas ....................................................................................... 30

4.4.2 Variabel tergantung ............................................................................... 30

4.5 Definisi Operasional........................................................................................ 31

4.6 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian ............................................................................... 32

4.7 Alur Penelitian ................................................................................................ 34

4.8 Skema alur pebelitian ...................................................................................... 38

4.9 Analisis data .................................................................................................... 39

BAB 5 Hasil Penelitian dan Analisis Data ............................................................ 40

5.1 Hasil Penelitian ........................................................................................ 40

5.2 Analisis Data ............................................................................................ 42

5.3 Keterbatasan Penelitian ............................................................................ 44

BAB 6 Pembahasan .............................................................................................. 45

BAB 7 Kesimpulan dan Saran .............................................................................. 49

7.1 Kesimpulan .............................................................................................. 49

7.2 Saran ........................................................................................................ 49

Daftar Pustaka ....................................................................................................... 50

Lampiran ............................................................................................................... 54

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman

2.1 Pembagian luka berdasarkan Rule of nine ...................................................... 15

2.2 Rumus cairan rumatan..................................................................................... 20

4.1 Hasil penelitian pendahuluan .......................................................................... 35

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman

2.1 Propolis Apis Mellifera ................................................................................... 6

2.2 Struktur bahan kimia yang terdapat dalam propolis ....................................... 7

2.3 Struktur kimia Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) ..................................... 9

2.4 Rumus parkland .............................................................................................. 20

2.5 Rumus bexter .................................................................................................. 21

3.1 Kerangka Konsep Penelitian ........................................................................... 27

4.8 Skema Alur Penelitian..................................................................................... 27

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DAFTAR SINGKATAN

ANOVA : Analisis of variance

AINS ; Anti Inflamasi Non Steroid

ATP : Adenosine Triphosphatase

CAPE : Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester

CDC : Centre for Disease Control

DNA :Deoxyribonucleic Acid

INOS : Inducible Nitric Oxide

IL : Interleukin

IFN : Interfenon

LPS : Lipopolisakarida

LSD : Least Significant Different

NO : Nitric Oxide

SIRS : Systemic Inflamatory Respon Syndrome

SPSS : Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

SSD : Silver Sulfadiazine

TLPT : Total Luas Permukaan Tubuh

TNF : Tumor Necrosis Factor

RNA : Ribonucleic Acid

xiii

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